O papel da agricultura de conservação na luta contra a erosão do solo em particular em Angola

A agricultura de conservação, conseguindo reduzir as perdas de solo por erosão e aumentando o seu teor em matéria orgânica, permite aos agricultores produzirem mais alimentos com menos trabalho. Oferece-lhes uma possibilidade de melhorar a sua qualidade de vida. Várias abordagens sobre agricultura de conservação do solo, incluindo rotação e consorciação de culturas, são componentes deste sistema aplicável a diferentes níveis. A sementeira direta e o menor distúrbio de solo, são princípios primordiais da conservação do solo, fornecem benefícios direitos para a agricultura e o meio ambiente, questões da maior relevância para a agricultura Angolana, apesar da pouca importância que atualmente lhes é dedicada. Logo, é preciso uma conversão e transição de tecnologias e técnicas para implementar a agricultura de conservação e o controle da erosão dos solos no país. As técnicas de conservação utilizadas pelos pequenos e grandes produtores, embora sejam bem-intencionadas, não oferecem a proteção contra a erosão do solo e a conservação da água. Tanto as entidades políticas, como o Programa de Acão do Ministério da Agricultura e do Desenvolvimento Rural (MINADER) e os agricultores angolanos devem entender a importância da agricultura de conservação para a segurança alimentar e dar continuidade para as gerações futuras. Não basta a reformulação e consolidação dos objetivos traçados no período de 2009 a 2013, sem que haja a aplicação prática. Portanto, para sair do atual conceito oficial de agricultura tradicional/convencional e optar para agricultura capaz de responder às necessidades de Angola é necessário seguir modelos semelhantes aos desenvolvidos por países tropicais de condições naturais semelhantes às de Angola; The role of conservation agriculture in the fight against soil erosion particularly in Angola ABSTRACT: Conservation agriculture, managed to reduce soil losses by erosion and to increase its content of organic matter, allow farmers to produce more food with less work. It offers them a chance to improve their quality of life. Several approaches to soil conservation agriculture, including rotation and intercropping, are components of this system applicable to different levels. Direct sowing and less soil disturbance, are key principles of soil conservation providiy benefits for agriculture and the environment, issues of great importance for the Angolan agriculture, in spite of the little importance that is currently dedicated to them. Therefore, we need a conversion and transition technologies and techniques to implement conservation agriculture and soil erosion control in the country. Conservation techniques used by small and large producers, although well-intentioned, do not offer protection against soil erosion and water conservation. Both political entities, such as the Program of Action of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MINADER) and Angolan farmers should understand the importance of conservation agriculture for food security and continuity for future generations. Not just the redesign and consolidation of the objectives outlined in the period 2009 to 2013, without practical application. Therefore, to exit the current official concept of traditional / conventional farming and opt for agriculture able to meet the needs of Angola is necessary to follow models similar to those developed by tropical countries of natural conditions similar to Angola.

Towards Conservation Agriculture systems in Moldova

As the world population and food production demands rise, keeping agricultural soils and landscapes healthy and productive are of paramount importance to sustaining local and global food security and the flow of ecosystem services to society. The global population, expected to reach 9.7 billion people by 2050, will put additional pressure on the available land area and resources for agricultural production. Sustainable production intensification for food security is a major challenge to both industrialized and developing countries. The paper focuses on the results from long-term multi-factorial experiments involving tillage practices, crop rotations and fertilization to study the interactions amongst the treatments in the context of sustainable production intensification. The paper discusses the results in relation to reported performance of crops and soil quality in Conservation Agriculture systems that are based on no or minimum soil disturbance (no-till seeding and weeding), maintenance of soil mulch cover with crop biomass and cover crops, and diversified cropping systems involving annuals and perennials. Conservation Agriculture also emphasizes the necessity of an agro-ecosystems approach to the management of agricultural land for sustainable production intensification, as well as to the site-specificity of agricultural production. Arguments in favor of avoiding the use of soil tillage are discussed together with agro-ecological principles for sustainable intensification of agriculture. More interdisciplinary systems research is required to support the transformation of agriculture from the conventional tillage agriculture to a more sustainable agriculture based on the principles and practices of Conservation Agriculture, along with other complementary practices of integrated crop, nutrient, water, pest, energy and farm power management.

Mobilizing Greater Crop and Land Potentials Sustainably

The supply side of the food security engine is the way we farm. The current engine of conventional tillage farming is faltering and needs to be replaced. This presentation will address supply side issues of agriculture to meet future agricultural demands for food and industry using the alternate no-till Conservation Agriculture (CA) paradigm (involving no-till farming with mulch soil cover and diversified cropping) that is able to raise productivity sustainably and efficiently, reduce inputs, regenerate degraded land, minimise soil erosion, and harness the flow of ecosystem services. CA is an ecosystems approach to farming capable of enhancing not only the economic and environmental performance of crop production and land management, but also promotes a mindset change for producing ‘more from less’, the key attitude towards sustainable production intensification. CA is now spreading globally in all continents at an annual rate of 10 Mha and covers some 157 Mha of cropland. Today global agriculture produces enough food to feed three times the current population of 7.21 billion. In 1976, when the world population was 4.15 billion, world food production far exceeded the amount necessary to feed that population. However, our urban and industrialised lifestyle leads to wastage of food of some 30%-40%, as well as waste of enormous amount of energy and protein while transforming crop-based food into animal-derived food; we have a higher proportion of people than ever before who are obese; we continue to degrade our ecosystems including much of our agricultural land of which some 400 Mha is reported to be abandoned due to severe soil and land degradation; and yields of staple cereals appear to have stagnated. These are signs of unsustainability at the structural level in the society, and it is at the structural level, for both supply side and demand side, that we need transformed mind sets about production, consumption and distribution. CA not only provides the possibility of increased crop yields for the low input smallholder farmer, it also provides a pro-poor rural and agricultural development model to support agricultural intensification in an affordable manner. For the high output farmer, it offers greater efficiency (productivity) and profit, resilience and stewardship. For farming anywhere, it addresses the root causes of agricultural land degradation, sub-optimal ecological crop and land potentials or yield ceilings, and poor crop phenotypic expressions or yield gaps. As national economies expand and diversify, more people become integrated into the economy and are able to access food. However, for those whose livelihoods continue to depend on agriculture to feed themselves and the rest of the world population, the challenge is for agriculture to produce the needed food and raw material for industry with minimum harm to the environment and the society, and to produce it with maximum efficiency and resilience against abiotic and biotic stresses, including those arising from climate change. There is growing empirical and scientific evidence worldwide that the future global supplies of food and agricultural raw materials can be assured sustainably at much lower environmental and economic cost by shifting away from conventional tillage-based food and agriculture systems to no-till CA-based food and agriculture systems. To achieve this goal will require effective national and global policy and institutional support (including research and education).

Future climate change impacts on maize production in the Cerrado of Brazil.

2015

Animal GRIN database user manual for the management of genetic resources.

Introduction to Animal GRIN; Navigating the Database; Setting Up the Database (Super Users); Create Taxonomy Structure; Set Up Location Structure; Form Descriptions (All Users); Form Descriptions (Super Users); Entering Shipments; E-R Diagram for Incoming Orders; Entering Requests; Reports.

Soil attributes and grain yield of upland rice as affected by cover crops.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pearl millet intercropped with other cover crops on mineral forms of N and urease activity in soil, nitrate reductase activity in the leaves of the follow-up rice crop, as well as the yield components of this rice crop. The experiment was performed in the year 2012/2013 at two locations of the Brazilian Cerrado.

Rice affected by seed treatment, soil compaction and nitrogen at no-tillage and conventional tillage.

The objective of this study was to determine the best combination of management options for upland rice production: seed treatment, N management and soil compaction in zero and conventional tillage methods.

Rice grain yield as affected by grain-producing cover crops in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of biomass and grain cover crops, yield components, and grain yield of rice in Mozambique. The study was conducted in two sites located in the province of Cabo Delgado, in Mozambique.

Transaction costs in an association of organic farmers in Goiania, Brazil.

This study aimed to analyse the transaction costs of an association of organic farmers located in Goiania, Goias state, Brazil. We analysed the marketing and organisation relations based on data collected at the Association for the Development of Organic Farming in Goias state (ADAO/GO).

Agronomic performance of selected sweet potato cultivars under greenhouse and field infested with meloigogyne incognita and soilborne insect pests.

The root knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, is widespread worldwide and a major pathogen of several cultivated crops. The use of resistant genotypes is the most effective and environmentally sound way to manage RKN. In this study, we screened 16 selected sweet potato cultivars including Amanda, Bárbara, Beatriz, Beauregard, Brazlândia Branca, Brazlândia Rosada, Brazlândia Roxa, BRS Amélia, BRS Cuia, BRS Rubissol, Carolina Vitória, Duda, Júlia, Marcela, PA-26/2009, and Princesa obtained from Embrapa and Universidade Federal do Tocantins? germplasm bank. Studies were conducted under greenhouse and field conditions and the agronomic performance of the cultivars was evaluated in a nematode and soilborne insect-infested field. All 16 sweet potato cultivars tested were rated as resistant to this nematode both under greenhouse and field conditions with reproduction factors < 1. In the field infested with M. incognita, sweet potato cultivars Duda, BRS Amélia, Beauregard, Brazlândia Rosada, and Brazlândia Roxa stood out as superior cultivars, with average yield ranging from 26 to 47 tons per ha. Overall, most cultivars exhibited a fusiform to near fusiform root shape, a good characteristic for the market, and were moderately affected by insects (attack incidence 1 to 30%). As global demand for energy continues to rise, selecting new cultivars of sweet potatoes with increased resistance to nematode diseases and with high yield will be important for food security and biofuel production.

The influence of climatic conditions on the phenolic composition of tropical Brazilian wines.

2012

Development of methodology for the determination of organic acids in must, grape juice and wine by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

2012