Betonielementtien myynnin ja markkinoinnin kehittäminen

Työllä oli kaksi tavoitetta: tutkia betonielementtejä valmistavan Lipa-Betoni Oy:n myynnin ja markkinoinnin tilaa sekä laatia markkinointisuunnitelma Sepa Oy:n kanssa yhteistyössä kehitetylle puubetonivälipohjalaatalle. Tutkimus jakautui nähden tavoitteiden mukaisiin tutkimusosioihin. Rakennusalan markkinointi, tarkemmin betonielementtien markkinointi, voidaan suurelta osin nähdä projektien markkinointina. Siksi työn teoriaosuudessa käsiteltiin rakennusalan markkinointia projektimarkkinoinnin näkökulmasta; erityispiirteitä, vaiheita, referenssien ja asiakassuhteiden merkitystä sekä proaktiivista markkinointistrategiaa. Lisäksi tutkittiin markkinoinnin suunnitteluun, markkinoinnin kilpailukeinoihin sekä markkinoinnin tehokkuuden mittaamiseen liittyviä teorioita. Työn tuloksena esitettiin kehitysehdotukset Lipa-Betoni Oy:n myynnin ja markkinoinnin tehostamiseksi. Konkreettisimmat tulokset tästä tutkimusosiosta ovat asiakkuuksien hoitomalli segmenteittäin ja markkinoinnin tehokkuuden mittaristo. Kehitysehdotuksien yhteenvetona laadittiin Lipa-Betoni Oy:n markkinoinnin prosessimalli. Puubetonivälipohjalaatalle laadittiin markkinointisuunnitelma. Puubetonivälipohjalaatan markkinoinnissa korostuu proaktiivinen markkinointistrategia, jonka avulla saadaan tärkeitä referenssejä tukemaan tulevaisuuden markkinointityötä.

Gross morphology of rhea oropharyngeal cavity

The rhea (Rhea americana americana) is an american bird belonging to Ratite's family. Studies related to its morphology are still scarce. This study aims to describe the macroscopic structures of the oropharyngeal cavity. Five heads (2 to 6 months old) formalin preserved were anatomically dissected to expose the oropharynx. The oropharynx of the rhea was "bell-shaped" composed by the maxillary and mandibular rhamphotheca. The roof and floor presented two distinct regions different in colour of the mucosa. The rostral region was pale pink contrasting to grey coloured caudal region. The median longitudinal ridge extended rostrally from the apex of the choana to the tip of the beak in the roof and it is clearly more prominent and rigid than the homolog in the floor that appeared thin and stretched merely along the rostral portion of the regio interramalis. The floor was formed by the interramal region, (regio interramalis) tongue and laryngeal mound containing glove-shaped glottis. This study confirmed the basic morphology of the oropharinx of the rhea. However, important morphological information not previously described is highlighted and contradictory information present in the literature is clarified.

Atypical actinobacillosis in bulls in Argentina: granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis

Actinobacillosis is a common cause of sporadic infection in cattle. It was mostly characterized as a pyogranulomatous inflammation of the tongue, but also soft tissues as lymph nodes, other digestive tract localization and skin. The aim of this study was to describe an episode of granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis affecting a bull herd in Argentina during 2010. Actinobacillus lignieresii was isolated from samples collected from one of the affected bulls, and characteristic lesions were observed. Lesions other than 'wooden tongue' are usually uncommon; however, actinobacillosis should be included as a differential diagnosis for cutaneous diseases.

Introduction of the T-10 static line parachuting capability to the NH90 helicopter

The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of the Finnish Defence Forces’ NH90 helicopter for parachuting operations with the T-10 static line parachute system. The work was based on the Army Command’s need to compensate for the reduction in the outsourced flight hours for the military static line parachuting training. The aim of the research was to find out the procedures and limitations with which the NH90 IOC+ or FOC version helicopter could be used for static line parachutist training with the T-10B/MC1-1C parachutes. The research area was highly complicated and non-linear. Thus analytical methods could not be applied with sufficient confidence, even with present-day computing power. Therefore an empirical research method was selected, concentrating on flight testing supported with literature study and some calculated estimations. During three flights and 4.5 flight hours in Utti, Finland on 1720 September 2012, a total of 44 parachute drops were made. These consisted of 16 dummy drops and 28 paratrooper jumps. The test results showed that when equipped with the floor mounted PASI-1 anchor line, the deflector bar of the NHIndustries’ Parachuting Kit and Patria’s floor protection panels the Finnish NH90 variant could be safely used for T-10B/MC1-1C static line parachuting operations from the right cabin door at airspeed range of 5080 KIAS (90–150 km/h). The ceiling mounted anchor lines of the NHI’s Parachuting Kit were not usable with the T-10 system. This was due to the static lines’ unsafe behaviour in slipstream when connected to the cabin ceiling level. In conclusion, the NH90 helicopter can be used to meet the Army Command’s requirement for an additional platform for T-10 static line parachutist training. Material dropping, the effect of additional equipment and jumping from the rear ramp should be further studied.

Lean daily management, visual management and continuous improvement

This thesis was part of lean adaptation project started at Outotec Lappeenranta factory in early 2013. The purpose of this thesis was to develop and propose lean tools that could be used in daily management, visual management and continuous improvement. This thesis was “outsiders” view, and as such, did not study the current processes deeply. As result of this thesis, two different Daily Management -boards were designed, one for parallel processes and one for sequential processes. In addition, methods of doing continuous improvement and daily task accountability were framed and standard work for the leaders outlined. The tools presented in this thesis are general tools which support work in lean environment. They are visual and, if used correctly, they provide a basis from which continuous improvement can be done. Lean philosophy emphasizes the deep understanding of the current situation and it would be against the lean principles to blindly implement anything developed “on the outside”. The tools presented should be reviewed and modified further by the people working on the factory floor.

On the Efficiency of Alternatives in Process Plans

Process planning is a very important industrial activity, since it determines how a part or a product is manufactured. Process planning decisions include machine selection, tool selection, and cutting conditions determination, and thus it is a complex activity. In the presence of unstable demand, flexibility has become a very important characteristic of today's successful industries, for which Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMSs) have been proposed as a solution. However, we believe that FMS control software is not flexible enough to adapt to different manufacturing system conditions aiming at increasing the system's efficiency. One means to overcome this limitation is to include pre-planned alternatives in the process plan; then planning decisions are made by the control system in real time to select the most appropriate alternative according to the conditions of the shop floor. Some of the advantages of this approach reported in the literature are the reduction of the number of tool setups, and the selection of a replacement machine for executing an operation. To verify whether the presence of alternatives in process plans actually increases the efficiency of the manufacturing system, an investigation was carried out using simulation and design of experiments techniques for alternative plans on a single machine. The proposed methodology and the results are discussed within this paper.

Introduction of the T-10 static line parachuting capability to the NH90 helicopter

The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of the Finnish Defence Forces’ NH90 helicopter for parachuting operations with the T-10 static line parachute system. The work was based on the Army Command’s need to compensate for the reduction in the outsourced flight hours for the military static line parachuting training. The aim of the research was to find out the procedures and limitations with which the NH90 IOC+ or FOC version helicopter could be used for static line parachutist training with the T- 10B/MC1-1C parachutes. The research area was highly complicated and non-linear. Thus analytical methods could not be applied with sufficient confidence, even with present-day computing power. Therefore an empirical research method was selected, concentrating on flight testing supported with literature study and some calculated estimations. During three flights and 4.5 flight hours in Utti, Finland on 17−20 September 2012, a total of 44 parachute drops were made. These consisted of 16 dummy drops and 28 paratrooper jumps. The test results showed that when equipped with the floor mounted PASI-1 anchor line, the deflector bar of the NHIndustries’ Parachuting Kit and Patria’s floor protection panels the Finnish NH90 variant could be safely used for T-10B/MC1-1C static line parachuting operations from the right cabin door at airspeed range of 50−80 KIAS (∼90–150 km/h). The ceiling mounted anchor lines of the NHI’s Parachuting Kit were not usable with the T-10 system. This was due to the static lines’ unsafe behaviour in slipstream when connected to the cabin ceiling level. In conclusion, the NH90 helicopter can be used to meet the Army Command’s requirement for an additional platform for T-10 static line parachutist training. Material dropping, the effect of additional equipment and jumping from the rear ramp should be further studied.

Koivuvanerin palonkesto-ominaisuuksien parantaminen liimaseoksen koostumusta muuttamalla

Viime vuosina puutuotteiden palonkestävyydelle asetetut vaatimukset ovat kasvaneet. Puutuotteiden käyttöä on mahdollista lisätä, mikäli niiden palonkestävyyttä saadaan parannettua. Tässä diplomityössä tutkittiin palonestoaineiden vaikutusta liimaseoksen ominaisuuksiin, liimautuvuuteen ja palonkestävyyteen. Työn tarkoituksena oli löytää liimaseos, jonka avulla saadaan koivuvanerin palonkestävyyttä parannettua. Teoriaosuudessa on käyty läpi koivuvanerin valmistusprosessi ja käytettävät liimat, ominaisuudet sekä käyttökohteet. Teoriaosuudessa käsitellään myös puutuotteiden syttymistä ja vertaillaan erilaisia palonestoaineita ja niiden vaikutusmekanismeja. Työn kokeellinen osuus koostui hartsiseoksen imeytyvyyden tutkimisesta, liimaseosten ominaisuuksien selvittämisestä, vanerilevyjen liimautuvuuden ja liimauslujuuden testaamisesta sekä palonkestävyysominaisuuksien selvittämisestä. Työssä saavutettiin pientä parannusta levyjen palonkestävyysominaisuuksiin. Tavoitteeksi asetettua palonkestävyyden kaksinkertaistumista ei saavutettu. Työ antaa kuitenkin hyvän pohjan palonestoaineiden ja vanerihartsien palonkestävyys-ominaisuuksien tutkimisen jatkamiselle. Työssä saavutettuja tuloksia tullaan hyödyntämään vanerilevyjen palo-ominaisuuksien parantamiseen tähtäävissä tutki-muksissa.

Porin Kuudennen osan tarinoista rakennettu kulttuuriperintö

Tutkimus käsittelee viranomaisten ja asukkaiden välistä vuorovaikutusta kaavaprosessin aikana. Tutkimusalueena on valtakunnallisesti merkittäväksi kulttuuriympäristöksi luokiteltu Porin Kuudes osa, joka on yksi laajimmista yhtenäisenä säilyneistä 1800-luvun lopun puukaupunkialueista Suomessa. Hermeneuttis-fenomenologista otetta soveltava tutkimus perustuu muistitietoaineistoon, joka avaa näkökulman paikallisen kulttuuriperinnön syntymiseen, periytymiseen ja muutokseen. Kuudennen osan vuonna 2012 voimaan tulleessa asemakaavamuutoksessa suojeltiin 405 rakennusta. Sekä viranomaiset että asukkaat haluavat säilyttää arvokkaan ympäristön jälkipolville. Asukkaiden ja viranomaisten lähtökohdat arvottamiselle ovat kuitenkin erilaiset. Asiantuntijoiden näkemys kulttuuriympäristön arvoista perustuu eksplisiittiseen viralliseen tietoon, joka heijastaa positivistista käsitystä maailmasta mitattavista objekteista koostuvana kokonaisuutena. Asukkaiden arvostus asuinaluetta ja sen rakennuksia kohtaan puolestaan nousee sukupolvelta toiselle siirretyn aineettoman perinnön yhteisöllisestä merkityksestä. Heidän kokemuksensa kiteytyy kodin ja kotiseudun käsitteissä ja se tuodaan esiin rakennuksiin liittyvissä tarinoissa. Tulkinta on virallista tietoa haastavaa ja täydentävää. Kestäviä suojelupäätöksiä voidaan tehdä vain viranomaisten ja asukkaiden väliseen tasa-arvoiseen vuoropuheluun perustuen. Tutkimus nostaa asukkaiden kokemuksellisen, paikkaan sitoutuneen hiljaisen tiedon virallisen tiedon rinnalle, kulttuurisesti kestävän maankäytön suunnittelun perustaksi. Koska ihminen toimii sellaisten asioiden puolesta, jotka hän kokee arvokkaaksi, asukaslähtöinen rakennussuojelu on lähtökohtaisesti yhteisön omakseen kokeman aineettoman kulttuuriperinnön suojelua.

Nutrient cycling disturbance in Atlantic Forest sites affected by air pollution coming from the industrial complex of Cubatão, Southeast Brazil

Several aspects of nutrient cycling were studied at two sites of Atlantic Forest, in São Paulo State, Southeast Brazil (23o46’ S; 46o18’ W), which exhibited different degrees of forest structure decline caused by the air pollution emitted by the industrial complex of Cubatão, being referred here as the most and least affected sites (MAS and LAS, respectively). These investigations were developed during 1984 - 1986, a period in which the most severe negative effects of air pollution could be observed. Concentrations and amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in four ecosystem compartments (leaves, litter layer, soil and roots) and in rainfall, throughfall and litterfall are briefly presented. At each site, the content of mineral elements generally decreased from leaves to litterfall and litter layer on the forest floor. Soil surface layer (0 - 5 cm) in both sites was the richest in mineral elements. Soil fertility was greater at LAS. In general, nutrient amounts remaining in the compartments and cycling through the ecosystem were greater at LAS as well, which could be due to the higher complexity of the forest structure at this site. Rainfall contributed more to soil inputs of K, Ca, Mg and S than litterfall at both sites. The nutrient residence times in the litter layer were higher and the index of nutrient use efficiency was lower at the most affected site. It was concluded that nutrient cycling was disturbed by air pollution at both sites, but to a greater extent at MAS. The main consequences of the air pollution stress were detected in the flux of nutrients through litterfall and in the litter layer on the forest floor.

Frugivory on Margaritaria nobilis L.f. (Euphorbiaceae): poor investment and mimetism

Dehiscent fruits of Euphorbiaceae usually have two stages of seed dispersal, autochory followed by myrmecochory. Two stages of Margaritaria nobilis seed dispersal were described, the first stage autochoric followed by ornithocoric. Their dehiscent fruits are green and after they detached from the tree crown and fall on the ground, they open and expose blue metallic cocas. We studied the seed dispersal system of Margaritaria nobilis in a semi-deciduous forest in Brazil. In 80 h of focal observations, we recorded only 12 visits of frugivores, however the thrush Turdus leucomelas was the only frugivore that swallowed the fruits on the tree crown. Pitylus fuliginosus (Fringilidae) and Pionus maximiliani (Psittacidae) were mainly pulp eaters, dropping the seeds below the tree. On the forest floor, after fruits dehiscence, jays (Cyanocorax chrysops), guans (Penelope superciliaris), doves (Geotrygon montana) and collared-peccaries (Pecari tajacu) were observed eating the blue diaspores of M. nobilis. Experiments in captivity showed that scaly-headed parrots (Pionus maximiliani), toco toucans (Ramphastos toco), jays (Cyanochorax chrysops), and guans (Penelope superciliaris) consumed the fruits and did not prey on the seeds before consumption. The seeds collected from the feces did not germinate in spite of the high viability. The two stages of seed dispersal in M. nobilis resembles the dispersal strategies of some mimetic species. However M. nobilis seeds are associated with an endocarp, it showed low investment in nutrients, and consistent with this hypothesis, M. nobilis shared important characteristics with mimetic fruits, such as bright color display, long seed dormancy and protection by secondary compounds.

Subgeneric diversity of Brasilonema (Cyanobacteria, Scytonemataceae)

The recently described scytonematoid cyanobacterial genus Brasilonema is known mainly from tropical and subtropical rain forests (Mata Atlântica) of southeastern Brazil, where it occurs in aerophytic wooden, stony and iron substrates. This genus was defined according to both molecular and morphological criteria. The type species B. bromeliae was described from the specialized habitat: it grows in phytothelmes, epiphytic on both living and died leaves within the rosettes of large bromeliad plants slightly above or in the zone of the water level. The genus Brasilonema is evidently widely distributed in coastal forests of São Paulo State, where it occurs also in remarkable diversity. According to our results, this genus currently comprises seven taxa, which are distinct by different morphology and ecological characteristics.

Alueellisen lämmitysjärjestelmän valinta hankesuunnitteluvaiheessa

Työn lähtökohtana oli tarkastella hankesuunnitteluvaiheen lämmitysjärjestelmän valintaa ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Työssä käytettiin Case-tarkasteluna Espoon Finnoon aluetta. Rakennusosakeyhtiö Hartela voitti Espoon Finnoon ensimmäisen (Finnoo I) asemakaava-alueen suunnittelu ja toteuttamisen ideakilpailun vuoden 2012 lopussa. Finnoo I alueelle rakennettaan noin 155 000 kerrosmetriä eli huoneistot noin 4000 asukkaalle. Alueen ra-kennukset suunnitellaan energiatehokkaaksi, sekä lämmityksessä ja sähkössä on tarkoitus käyttää uusiutuvaa energiaa. Työssä käsiteltiin alueellista lämmitysjärjestelmää ja sen vaihtoehtoetoja. Työssä tutkittiin myös aurinkosähkön käytön mahdollisuutta alueella. Ensin työssä mitoitettiin rakennusten energiankulutuksen muodostuminen alustavien suunnitelmien ja arvioitujen ominaiskulu-tusten avulla. Sen jälkeen käytiin läpi mahdolliset lämmitysjärjestelmät, joita alueella voi-daan käyttää ja arvioitiin niiden aiheuttamat elinkaarikustannukset koko laskenta-ajan jak-solla. Elinkaarilaskentaan valittiin viisi toteutuskelpoisinta järjestelmää ja niistä laskettiin elinkaarikustannukset. Lisäksi laskettiin järjestelmien hiilidioksidipäästöt vuosittain. Työn tulosten pohjalta voidaan olettaa, että kokonaisvaltaisesti yhtä ainoata parasta lämmi-tysjärjestelmää alueelle ei ole, vaan kaukolämpöä, maalämpöä ja hybridijärjestelmiä tulisi käyttää alueella sekaisin. Lisäksi alue on mahdollista rakentaa niin, että alue käyttäisi nolla-lämpöalueen periaatetta, niin että rakennukset, jotka tuottavat lämpöä liikaa myisivät ne sitä rakennuksille jotka tarvitsevat sitä. Aurinkosähkön potentiaali alueella on hyvä ja sitä käyttämällä voidaan rakennusten E-lukua ja hiilidioksidipäästöjä laskea.

Influence of the test situation on pup retrieval behavior of normal and undernourished lactating rats

Undernutrition of dams and pups disrupts the retrieval efficiency of mothers. However, if the mothers are assessed in their home cages, they spend more time with their litters. In the present study the effect of test conditions on pup retrieval behavior of mothers receiving a 25% (well-nourished group) and 8% casein diet (undernourished group) was examined. In agreement with previous studies, undernourished mothers spent more time with their litters than well-nourished dams as lactation proceeded. Pup retrieval behavior varied with test conditions. In the first experiment, the maternal behavior of dams was assessed by the standard procedure (pups were separated from their mother and scattered over the floor of the home cage). The mother was then returned and the number of retrieved pups was recorded. From day 3 to 8, the retrieval efficiency of undernourished dams decreased, while the retrieval efficiency of well-nourished mothers did not vary. In the second experiment, mothers were subjected to a single retrieval test (on day 9 of lactation) using the procedure described for experiment 1. No difference between well-nourished and undernourished mothers was observed. In the third experiment, seven-day-old pups were separated from the mothers and returned individually to a clean home cage. Dietary treatment did not affect the retrieval efficiency. However, undernourished dams reconstructed the nest more slowly than did well-nourished dams. Taken together, these results suggest that pup retrieval behavior of the undernourished mother is not impaired by dietary restriction when the maternal environment is disturbed minimally.

Evaluating land-use related environmental impacts of biomass value chains for decision-support : Comparison and testing of methodologies proposed for environmental life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most established quantitative tools for environmental impact assessment of products. To be able to provide support to environmentally-aware decision makers on environmental impacts of biomass value-chains, the scope of LCA methodology needs to be augmented to cover landuse related environmental impacts. This dissertation focuses on analysing and discussing potential impact assessment methods, conceptual models and environmental indicators that have been proposed to be implemented into the LCA framework for impacts of land use. The applicability of proposed indicators and impact assessment frameworks is tested from practitioners' perspective, especially focusing on forest biomass value chains. The impacts of land use on biodiversity, resource depletion, climate change and other ecosystem services is analysed and discussed and the interplay in between value choices in LCA modelling and the decision-making situations to be supported is critically discussed. It was found out that land use impact indicators are necessary in LCA in highlighting differences in impacts from distinct land use classes. However, many open questions remain on certainty of highlighting actual impacts of land use, especially regarding impacts of managed forest land use on biodiversity and ecosystem services such as water regulation and purification. The climate impact of energy use of boreal stemwood was found to be higher in the short term and lower in the long-term in comparison with fossil fuels that emit identical amount of CO2 in combustion, due to changes implied to forest C stocks. The climate impacts of energy use of boreal stemwood were found to be higher than the previous estimates suggest on forest residues and stumps. The product lifetime was found to have much higher influence on the climate impacts of woodbased value chains than the origin of stemwood either from thinnings or final fellings. Climate neutrality seems to be likely only in the case when almost all the carbon of harvested wood is stored in long-lived wooden products. In the current form, the land use impacts cannot be modelled with a high degree of certainty nor communicated with adequate level of clarity to decision makers. The academia needs to keep on improving the modelling framework, and more importantly, clearly communicate to decision-makers the limited certainty on whether land-use intensive activities can help in meeting the strict mitigation targets we are globally facing.