Derivada parcial de un campo vectorial respecto de una variable escalar

Derivar un campo vectorial respecto una variable escalar (por ejemplo el tiempo o la frecuencia) no es nada evidente. Hay un momento en que nos encontramos con la necesidad de derivar los vectores unitarios de la base del sistema de coordenadas respecto de esa variable escalar. Si trabajamos con coordenadas cilíndricas o esféricas dicha derivada no tiene por qué ser nula y hay que calcularla, que es lo difícil del asunto. Para poder calcularla habrá que hacer un cálculo tedioso que involucrará un cambio a coordenadas cartesianas.

Diseño de receptor de torre central para generación directa de vapor con perfil de potencia variable longitudinal y transversalmente

En este estudio se ha realizado el diseño de un receptor de una central de Torre Central de energía solar para generación directa de vapor, mediante el uso de métodos numéricos, con un perfil de potencia incidente variable longitudinal y transversalmente. Para ello se ha dividido la geometría del receptor según el método de diferencias finitas, y se ha procedido a resolver las ecuaciones del balance de energía. Una vez resuelto el sistema de ecuaciones se dispone de la distribución de temperaturas en el receptor y se puede proceder a analizar los resultados así como a calcular otros datos de interés. ABSTRACT In this study it has been made a Central Receiver Solar Thermal Power Plant’s Receiver design for direct steam production, by using numerical methods, with a variable longitudinally and transversely income solar power profile. With this propose, the receiver’s geometry has been divided using the finite difference method, and the energy balance equations have been solved. Once the equations system has been solved, the receiver´s temperature distribution is known, and you can analyze the results as well as calculate other interesting data.

Analytic optical design of linear Fresnel collectors with variable widths and shifts of mirrors

Linear Fresnel collectors still present a large margin to improve efficiency. Solar fields of this kind installed until current time, both prototypes and commercial plants, are designed with widths and shifts of mirrors that are constant across the solar field. However, the physical processes that limit the width of the mirrors depend on their relative locations to the receiver; the same applies to shading and blocking effects, that oblige to have a minimum shift between mirrors. In this work such phenomena are studied analytically in order to obtain a coherent design, able to improve the efficiency with no increase in cost. A ray tracing simulation along one year has been carried out for a given design, obtaining a moderate increase in radiation collecting efficiency in comparison to conventional designs. Moreover, this analytic theory can guide future designs aiming at fully optimizing linear Fresnel collectors' performance.

Variable-density jet flows induced by concentrated sources of momentum and energy

The planar and axisymmetric variable-density flows induced in a quiescent gas by a concentrated source of momentum that is simultaneously either a source or a sink of energy are investigated for application to the description of the velocity and temperature far fields in laminar gaseous jets with either large or small values of the initial jet-to-ambient temperature ratio. The source fluxes of momentum and heat are used to construct the characteristic scales of velocity and length in the region where the density differences are of the order of the ambient density, which is slender for the large values of the Reynolds number considered herein. The problem reduces to the integration of the dimensionless boundary-layer conservation equations, giving a solution that depends on the gas transport properties but is otherwise free of parameters. The boundary conditions at the jet exit for integration are obtained by analysing the self-similar flow that appears near the heat source in planar and axisymmetric configurations and also near the heat sink in the planar case. Numerical integrations of the boundary-layer equations with these conditions give solutions that describe accurately the velocity and temperature fields of very hot planar and round jets and also of very cold plane jets in the far field region where the density and temperature differences are comparable to the ambient values. Simple scaling arguments indicate that the point source description does not apply, however, to cold round jets, whose far field region is not large compared with the jet development region, as verified by numerical integrations

Control of a Teleoperation System by State Convergence with Variable Time Delay

In this paper, we propose a novel control scheme for bilateral teleoperation of n degree-of-freedom (DOF) nonlinear robotic systems with time-varying communication delay. We consider that the human operator contains a constant force on the local manipulator. The local and remote manipulators are coupled using state convergence control scheme. By choosing a Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, we show that the local-remote teleoperation system is asymptotically stable. It is also shown that, in the case of reliable communication protocols, the proposed scheme guarantees that the remote manipulator tracks the delayed trajectory of the local manipulator. The time delay of communication channel is assumed to be unknown and randomly time varying, but the upper bounds of the delay interval and the derivative of the delay are assumed to be known.

Stability Analysis of Teleoperation System by State Convergence with Variable Time Delay

We propose a novel control scheme for bilateral teleoperation of n degree-of-freedom (DOF) nonlinear robotic systems with time-varying communication delay. A major contribution from this work lies in the demonstration that the structure of a state convergence algorithm can be also applied to nth-order nonlinear teleoperation systems. By choosing a Lyapunov Krasovskii functional, we show that the local-remote teleoperation system is asymptotically stable. The time delay of communication channel is assumed to be unknown and randomly time varying, but the upper bounds of the delay interval and the derivative of the delay are assumed to be known.

Variable threshold algorithm for division of labor analyzed as a dynamical system

Division of labor is a widely studied aspect of colony behavior of social insects. Division of labor models indicate how individuals distribute themselves in order to perform different tasks simultaneously. However, models that study division of labor from a dynamical system point of view cannot be found in the literature. In this paper, we define a division of labor model as a discrete-time dynamical system, in order to study the equilibrium points and their properties related to convergence and stability. By making use of this analytical model, an adaptive algorithm based on division of labor can be designed to satisfy dynamic criteria. In this way, we have designed and tested an algorithm that varies the response thresholds in order to modify the dynamic behavior of the system. This behavior modification allows the system to adapt to specific environmental and collective situations, making the algorithm a good candidate for distributed control applications. The variable threshold algorithm is based on specialization mechanisms. It is able to achieve an asymptotically stable behavior of the system in different environments and independently of the number of individuals. The algorithm has been successfully tested under several initial conditions and number of individuals.

9-fold Fresnel-Kohler concentrator with Fresnel lens of variable focal point

Non-uniform irradiance patterns over Multi-Junction Cells gives rise to power losses, especially when considering spectral irradiance distributions over different junctions. Thermal effects on Silicone-on-Glass lenses affect spectral irradiance distributions. A new Photovoltaic Concentrator (CPV), formed by nine optical channels, each one with a Köhler configuration, has been designed to overcome these effects at high concentrations for a large acceptance angle. A Fresnel Lens with a Variable Focal Point is proposed to prevent optical crosstalk in multichannel systems. When integrated into the concentrator, improves the acceptance angle. These designs are designed to fulfill the expected requirements of four junction CPV systems.

Railway Rapid Transit timetables with variable and elastic demand.

This paper focuses on the design of railway timetables considering a variable elastic demand profile along a whole design day. Timetabling is the third stage in the classical hierarchical railway planning process. Most of previous works on this topic consider a uniform demand behavior for short planning intervals. In this paper, we propose a MINLP model for designing non-periodic timetables on a railway corridor where demand is dependent on waiting times. In the elastic demand case, long waiting times lead to a loss of passengers, who may select an alternative transportation mode. The mode choice is modeled using two alternative methods. The first one is based on a sigmoid function and can be used in case of absence of information for competitor modes. In the second one, the mode choice probability is obtained using a Logit model that explicitly considers the existence of a main alternative mode. With the purpose of obtaining optimal departure times, in both cases, a minimization of the loss of passengers is used as objective function. Finally, as illustration, the timetabling MINLP model with both mode choice methods is applied to a real case and computational results are shown.

Puente mixto de canto variable sobre la A-30 en Murcia

El puente mixto sobre la A-30 se engloba dentro de las obras para la construcción de la autovía A-33, que conecta 3 corredores de gran importancia entre el centro peninsular y levante, concretamente la A-31 (Madrid-Alicante), la A-30 (Albacete-Cartagena) y la A-35 (Albacete-Valencia); y permite la conexión entre las autovías A-30 y A-33. Para esta estructura se adoptó una tipología del tablero de viga de canto constante con cartelas de refuerzo sobre apoyos, más propia de puentes de hormigón que de puentes mixtos, para lograr una mayor ligereza y transparencia de la estructura. El canto necesario para salvar el gran vano central derivado del esviaje en el cruce de vías y el estricto gálibo previsto, implican la necesidad de disminuir el peso visual del tablero para equilibrarlo con la luz aparente del vano principal, que es la percibida por los usuarios de la vía, y la reducida altura de pilas.

Designer-driven 3D buildings generated using variable neighborhood search

This paper presents a mechanism to generate virtual buildings considering designer constraints and guidelines. This mechanism is implemented as a pipeline of different Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) optimization processes in which several subproblems are tackled (1) rooms locations, (2) connectivity graph, and (3) element placement. The core VNS algorithm includes some variants to improve its performance, such as, for example constraint handling and biased operator selection. The optimization process uses a toolkit of construction primitives implemented as "smart objects" providing basic elements such as rooms, doors, staircases and other connectors. The paper also shows experimental results of the application of different designer constraints to a wide range of buildings from small houses to a large castle with several underground levels.

Temporally flat top pulse generation from gain switched semiconductor lasers based on a polarization interferometer with variable transfer function

We propose the use of a polarization based interferometer with variable transfer function for the generation of temporally flat top pulses from gain switched single mode semiconductor lasers. The main advantage of the presented technique is its flexibility in terms of input pulse characteristics, as pulse duration, spectral bandwidth and operating wavelength. Theoretical predictions and experimental demonstrations are presented and the proposed technique is applied to two different semiconductor laser sources emitting in the 1550 nm region. Flat top pulses are successfully obtained with input seed pulses with duration ranging from 40 ps to 100 ps.

Efficient information reconciliation for Continuous-Variable QKD using Non-Binary Low-Density Parity-Check Codes

We present here an information reconciliation method and demonstrate for the first time that it can achieve efficiencies close to 0.98. This method is based on the belief propagation decoding of non-binary LDPC codes over finite (Galois) fields. In particular, for convenience and faster decoding we only consider power-of-two Galois fields.

Derivada parcial de un campo vectorial respecto de una variable escalar

La derivación parcial de un campo vectorial respecto de una variable escalar es discutida en este documento tomando el tiempo como ejemplo sin que ello suponga pérdida de generalidad. Las conclusiones obtenidas de dicho análisis también pueden extrapolarse a escenarios donde se usen otras variables escalares, como la frecuencia en electromagnetismo o la temperatura en termodinámica.

La certificación energética: Las instalaciones como variable

El objetivo de este Trabajo Fin de Grado es adentrarse en el mundo de la certificación energética para comprender la importancia que las instalaciones tienen en este ámbito. Una vez realizada la investigación correspondiente, procederemos a realizar un caso práctico en el que aplicaremos todo lo aprendido y servirá para !ijar conocimientos. Cada día mostramos una mayor preocupación respecto a las emisiones de CO2 que producimos, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, y buscamos posibles soluciones que puedan mejorar estos niveles de contaminación. Muchas son las acciones que podrían llevarse a cabo a este respecto, sin embargo nosotros focalizaremos nuestra investigación en las instalaciones de los edificios. Previamente, realizamos una incursión sobre temas como el marco normativo de la eficiencia energética, la zonificación climática y la etiqueta energética, los cuales forman la base sobre la que se sustenta este trabajo. Así mismo, realizamos una pequeña exploración en el mundo informático para conocer los diferentes programas de certificación que existen en el mercado. Con una ligera idea de los parámetros que maneja cada uno de ellos, elegimos el programa más adecuado para realizar este caso práctico. Una vez adquiridas estas nociones básicas, realizamos un trabajo minucioso de investigación sobre las diferentes medidas de mejora de la certificación energética de los edificios a través de las instalaciones. La implantación de diferentes sistemas como los paneles solares térmicos, los paneles solares fotovoltaicos, la microcogeneración, las calderas de combustión de alta eficiencia, la caldera de biomasa, la bomba de calor, la incorporación de un recuperador de calor o la mejora de la instalación de iluminación son las diferentes opciones que estudiamos. Todas ellas presentan diferentes características pero persiguen el mismo !in, el ahorro de las emisiones de CO2. Por último, con toda la información de la que disponemos, llevamos a cabo la certificación energética de un edificio terciario y valoramos la posible aplicación de las diferentes mejoras en las instalaciones del mismo. En base a las conclusiones del estudio elegiremos las medidas que mejoren notablemente la calificación energética y que resulten más convenientes para el edificio.