Hybrid heuristic-waterfilling game theory approach in MC-CDMA resource allocation

This paper discusses the power allocation with fixed rate constraint problem in multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) networks, that has been solved through game theoretic perspective by the use of an iterative water-filling algorithm (IWFA). The problem is analyzed under various interference density configurations, and its reliability is studied in terms of solution existence and uniqueness. Moreover, numerical results reveal the approach shortcoming, thus a new method combining swarm intelligence and IWFA is proposed to make practicable the use of game theoretic approaches in realistic MC-CDMA systems scenarios. The contribution of this paper is twofold: (i) provide a complete analysis for the existence and uniqueness of the game solution, from simple to more realist and complex interference scenarios; (ii) propose a hybrid power allocation optimization method combining swarm intelligence, game theory and IWFA. To corroborate the effectiveness of the proposed method, an outage probability analysis in realistic interference scenarios, and a complexity comparison with the classical IWFA are presented. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Space-time relation of post-collisional granitic magmatism in Santa Catarina, southern Brazil: U-Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon geochronology of coeval mafic-felsic magmatism related to the Major Gercino Shear Zone

LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating was performed on syntectonic, early post-collisional granitic and associated mafic rocks that are intrusive in the Brusque Metamorphic Complex and in the Florianopolis Batholith, major tectonic domains separated by the Neoproterozoic Major Gercino Shear Zone (MGSZ) in south Brazil. The inferred ages of magmatic crystallization are consistent with field relationships, and show that the syntectonic granites from both domains are similar, with ages around 630-620 Ma for high-K calc-alkaline metaluminous granites and ca. 610 Ma for slightly peraluminous granites. Although ca. 650 Ma inherited zircon components are identified in granites from both domains, important contrasts on the crustal architecture in each domain are revealed by the patterns of zircon inheritance, indicating different crustal sources for the granites in each domain. The granites from the southern domain (Floriandpolis Batholith) have essentially Neoproterozoic (650-700 Ma and 900-950 Ma) inheritance; with a single 2.0-2.2 Ga inherited age obtained in the peraluminous Mariscal Granite. In the northern Brusque Metamorphic Complex, the metaluminous Rio Pequeno Granite and associated mafic rocks have scarce inherited cores with ages around 1.65 Ga, whereas the slightly peraluminous Serra dos Macacos Granite has abundant Paleoproterozoic (1.8-2.2 Ga) and Archean (2.9-3.4 Ga) inherited zircons. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the MGSZ separates domains with distinct geologic evolution; however, the contemporaneity of 630-610 Ma granitic magmatism with similar structural and geochemical patterns on both sides of this major shear zone indicates that these domains were already part of a single continental mass at 630 Ma, reinforcing the post-collisional character of these granites. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A quantitative view of the transcriptome of Schistosoma mansoni adult-worms using SAGE

Abstract Background Five species of the genus Schistosoma, a parasitic trematode flatworm, are causative agents of Schistosomiasis, a disease that is endemic in a large number of developing countries, affecting millions of patients around the world. By using SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) we describe here the first large-scale quantitative analysis of the Schistosoma mansoni transcriptome, one of the most epidemiologically relevant species of this genus. Results After extracting mRNA from pooled male and female adult-worms, a SAGE library was constructed and sequenced, generating 68,238 tags that covered more than 6,000 genes expressed in this developmental stage. An analysis of the ordered tag-list shows the genes of F10 eggshell protein, pol-polyprotein, HSP86, 14-3-3 and a transcript yet to be identified to be the five top most abundant genes in pooled adult worms. Whereas only 8% of the 100 most abundant tags found in adult worms of S. mansoni could not be assigned to transcripts of this parasite, 46.9% of the total ditags could not be mapped, demonstrating that the 3 sequence of most of the rarest transcripts are still to be identified. Mapping of our SAGE tags to S. mansoni genes suggested the occurrence of alternative-polyadenylation in at least 13 gene transcripts. Most of these events seem to shorten the 3 UTR of the mRNAs, which may have consequences over their stability and regulation. Conclusion SAGE revealed the frequency of expression of the majority of the S. mansoni genes. Transcriptome data suggests that alternative polyadenylation is likely to be used in the control of mRNA stability in this organism. When transcriptome was compared with the proteomic data available, we observed a correlation of about 50%, suggesting that both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation are important for determining protein abundance in S. mansoni. The generation of SAGE tags from other life-cycle stages should contribute to reveal the dynamics of gene expression in this important parasite.

U-Pb zircon in situ dating with LA-MC-ICP-MS using a mixed detector configuration

The LA-MC-ICP-MS method applied to U-Pb in situ dating is still rapidly evolving due to improvements in both lasers and ICP-MS. To test the validity and reproducibility of the method, 5 different zircon samples, including the standard Temora-2, ranging in age between 2.2 Ga and 246 Ma, were dated using both LA-MC-ICP-MS and SHRIMP. The selected zircons were dated by SHRIMP and, after gentle polishing, the laser spot was driven to the same site or on the same zircon phase with a 213 nm laser microprobe coupled to a multi-collector mixed system. The data were collected with a routine spot size of 25 μm and, in some cases, of 15 and 40 μm. A careful cross-calibration using a diluted U-Th-Pb solution to calculate the Faraday reading to counting rate conversion factors and the highly suitable GJ-1 standard zircon for external calibrations were of paramount importance for obtaining reliable results. All age results were concordant within the experimental errors. The assigned age errors using the LA-MC-ICP-MS technique were, in most cases, higher than those obtained by SHRIMP, but if we are not faced with a high resolution stratigraphy, the laser technique has certain advantages.

A spectroscopic and photometric study of stellar populations in a sample of clusters in the Magellanic Clouds

This Ph.D. Thesis has been carried out in the framework of a long-term and large project devoted to describe the main photometric, chemical, evolutionary and integrated properties of a representative sample of Large and Small Magellanic Cloud (LMC and SMC respectively) clusters. The globular clusters system of these two Irregular galaxies provides a rich resource for investigating stellar and chemical evolution and to obtain a detailed view of the star formation history and chemical enrichment of the Clouds. The results discussed here are based on the analysis of high-resolution photometric and spectroscopic datasets obtained by using the last generation of imagers and spectrographs. The principal aims of this project are summarized as follows: • The study of the AGB and RGB sequences in a sample of MC clusters, through the analysis of a wide near-infrared photometric database, including 33 Magellanic globulars obtained in three observing runs with the near-infrared camera SOFI@NTT (ESO, La Silla). • The study of the chemical properties of a sample of MCs clusters, by using optical and near-infrared high-resolution spectra. 3 observing runs have been secured to our group to observe 9 LMC clusters (with ages between 100 Myr and 13 Gyr) with the optical high-resolution spectrograph FLAMES@VLT (ESO, Paranal) and 4 very young (<30 Myr) clusters (3 in the LMC and 1 in the SMC) with the near-infrared high-resolution spectrograph CRIRES@VLT. • The study of the photometric properties of the main evolutive sequences in optical Color- Magnitude Diagrams (CMD) obtained by using HST archive data, with the final aim of dating several clusters via the comparison between the observed CMDs and theoretical isochrones. The determination of the age of a stellar population requires an accurate measure of the Main Sequence (MS) Turn-Off (TO) luminosity and the knowledge of the distance modulus, reddening and overall metallicity. For this purpose, we limited the study of the age just to the clusters already observed with high-resolution spectroscopy, in order to date only clusters with accurate estimates of the overall metallicity.

Analisi e valutazione delle performance acustiche degli aeromobili nella fase di atterraggio

Nella tesi si analizzano le principali fonti del rumore aeronautico, lo stato dell'arte dal punto di vista normativo, tecnologico e procedurale. Si analizza lo stato dell'arte anche riguardo alla classificazione degli aeromobili, proponendo un nuovo indice prestazionale in alternativa a quello indicato dalla metodologia di certificazione (AC36-ICAO) Allo scopo di diminuire l'impatto acustico degli aeromobili in fase di atterraggio, si analizzano col programma INM i benefici di procedure CDA a 3° rispetto alle procedure tradizionali e, di seguito di procedure CDA ad angoli maggiori in termini di riduzione di lunghezza e di area delle isofoniche SEL85, SEL80 e SEL75.

Centrifuge Modeling of Sandy Slopes

Slope failure occurs in many areas throughout the world and it becomes an important problem when it interferes with human activity, in which disasters provoke loss of life and property damage. In this research we investigate the slope failure through the centrifuge modeling, where a reduced-scale model, N times smaller than the full-scale (prototype), is used whereas the acceleration is increased by N times (compared with the gravity acceleration) to preserve the stress and the strain behavior. The aims of this research “Centrifuge modeling of sandy slopes” are in extreme synthesis: 1) test the reliability of the centrifuge modeling as a tool to investigate the behavior of a sandy slope failure; 2) understand how the failure mechanism is affected by changing the slope angle and obtain useful information for the design. In order to achieve this scope we arranged the work as follows: Chapter one: centrifuge modeling of slope failure. In this chapter we provide a general view about the context in which we are working on. Basically we explain what is a slope failure, how it happens and which are the tools available to investigate this phenomenon. Afterwards we introduce the technology used to study this topic, that is the geotechnical centrifuge. Chapter two: testing apparatus. In the first section of this chapter we describe all the procedures and facilities used to perform a test in the centrifuge. Then we explain the characteristics of the soil (Nevada sand), like the dry unit weight, water content, relative density, and its strength parameters (c,φ), which have been calculated in laboratory through the triaxial test. Chapter three: centrifuge tests. In this part of the document are presented all the results from the tests done in centrifuge. When we talk about results we refer to the acceleration at failure for each model tested and its failure surface. In our case study we tested models with the same soil and geometric characteristics but different angles. The angles tested in this research were: 60°, 75° and 90°. Chapter four: slope stability analysis. We introduce the features and the concept of the software: ReSSA (2.0). This software allows us to calculate the theoretical failure surfaces of the prototypes. Then we show in this section the comparisons between the experimental failure surfaces of the prototype, traced in the laboratory, and the one calculated by the software. Chapter five: conclusion. The conclusion of the research presents the results obtained in relation to the two main aims, mentioned above.

An experimental and theoretical approach to correct for the scattered radiation in an X-ray computer tomography system for industrial applications

The main problem connected to cone beam computed tomography (CT) systems for industrial applications employing 450 kV X-ray tubes is the high amount of scattered radiation which is added to the primary radiation (signal). This stray radiation leads to a significant degradation of the image quality. A better understanding of the scattering and methods to reduce its effects are therefore necessary to improve the image quality. Several studies have been carried out in the medical field at lower energies, whereas studies in industrial CT, especially for energies up to 450 kV, are lacking. Moreover, the studies reported in literature do not consider the scattered radiation generated by the CT system structure and the walls of the X-ray room (environmental scatter). In order to investigate the scattering on CT projections a GEANT4-based Monte Carlo (MC) model was developed. The model, which has been validated against experimental data, has enabled the calculation of the scattering including the environmental scatter, the optimization of an anti-scatter grid suitable for the CT system, and the optimization of the hardware components of the CT system. The investigation of multiple scattering in the CT projections showed that its contribution is 2.3 times the one of primary radiation for certain objects. The results of the environmental scatter showed that it is the major component of the scattering for aluminum box objects of front size 70 x 70 mm2 and that it strongly depends on the thickness of the object and therefore on the projection. For that reason, its correction is one of the key factors for achieving high quality images. The anti-scatter grid optimized by means of the developed MC model was found to reduce the scatter-toprimary ratio in the reconstructed images by 20 %. The object and environmental scatter calculated by means of the simulation were used to improve the scatter correction algorithm which could be patented by Empa. The results showed that the cupping effect in the corrected image is strongly reduced. The developed CT simulation is a powerful tool to optimize the design of the CT system and to evaluate the contribution of the scattered radiation to the image. Besides, it has offered a basis for a new scatter correction approach by which it has been possible to achieve images with the same spatial resolution as state-of-the-art well collimated fan-beam CT with a gain in the reconstruction time of a factor 10. This result has a high economic impact in non-destructive testing and evaluation, and reverse engineering.

Risposta del Meiobenthos all'input di detrito da barriere artificiali

Le aree costiere hanno un ruolo fondamentale nello sviluppo economico, sociale e politico della maggior parte dei paesi; esse supportano infatti diversi ecosistemi produttivi che rendono disponibili beni e servizi. L'importanza economica delle aree costiere è destinata a una considerevole crescita a causa del costante aumento delle popolazioni, delle industrie e delle attività  ricreazionali che si concentrano sempre di più sulle coste e ciò può provocare un'alterazione delle linee di costa, imputabile a più fattori e un deterioramento delle condizioni naturali. E' necessario anche tenere da conto dei processi erosivi, sia imputabili a cause naturali (correnti oceaniche, movimenti di marea; azione del vento) sia a cause antropiche (subsidenza del terreno indotta dall'uomo, dragaggio al largo, riduzione del rifornimento di sedimento dai fiumi, distruzione di letti algali, paludi e dune sabbiose). A questo panorama va poi aggiunto il problema dell'innalzamento del livello del mare e dell'aumento delle frequenze di tempeste, come conseguenza del cambiamento climatico globale. In questo contesto quindi, le strutture rigide di difesa contro l'erosione e le mareggiate sono diventate molto comuni nelle aree costiere, coinvolgendo in alcune regioni più della metà della linea di costa. Il meccanismo di difesa attuato dalle barriere consiste nel provocare una riduzione dell'energia delle onde e conseguentemente in una limitazione della quantità di sedimento che viene da loro rimosso dalla spiaggia. La presenza di strutture rigide di difesa generalmente comporta una perdita di habitat di fondale molle e, a causa delle variazioni idrodinamiche che la loro presenza comporta, anche delle comunità ad esso associate, sia su scala locale, che su scala regionale. Uno dei problemi che tali strutture possono indurre è l'eccessiva deposizione di detrito prodotto dalle specie che si insediano sul substrato duro artificiale, che normalmente non fanno parte delle comunità "naturali" di fondo molle circostanti le strutture. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di cercare di evidenziare gli effetti che la deposizione di tale detrito potesse avere sulle comunita meiobentoniche di fondale molle. A tale fine è stata campionata un'area antistante la località di Lido di Dante (RA), la quale è protetta dal 1996 da una struttura artificiale, per fronteggiare il problema dell'erosione della zona, in aumento negli ultimi decenni. La struttura è costituita da una barriera semisoffolta e tre pennelli, di cui uno completamente collegato alla barriera. A circa 50 m dalla barriera, e alla profondità di 4 m circa, è stato allestito un esperimento manipolativo in cui è stato valutato l'effetto della deposizione delle due specie dominanti colonizzanti la barriera, Ulva sp. e Mitili sp. sull'ambiente bentonico, e in particolare sulla comunità  di meiofauna. Ulva e Mitili sono stati posti in sacche di rete che sono state depositate sul fondo al fine di simulare la deposizione naturale di detrito, e tali sacche hanno costituito i trattamenti dell'esperimento, i quali sono stati confrontati con un Controllo, costituito da sedimento non manipolato, e un Controllo Procedurale, costituito da una sacca vuota. Il campionamento è stato fatto in tre occasioni nel giugno 2009 (dopo 2 giorni, dopo 7 giorni e dopo 21 giorni dall'allestimento dell'esperimento) per seguire la dinamica temporale degli effetti del detrito. Per ogni combinazione tempo/trattamento sono state prelevate 4 repliche, per un totale di 48 campioni. Successivamente sono stati prelevati ulteriori campioni di meiofauna in condizioni naturali. In particolare sono stati raccolti in due Posizioni diverse, all'Interno e all'Esterno del pennello posto più a Sud, e su due substrati differenti, rispettivamente Ulva proveniente dalle barriere e sedimento privo di detrito. Per ogni combinazione Posizione/Substrato sono state prelevate 3 repliche, ottenendo un totale di 12 campioni. Tutti i campioni prelevati sono stati poi trattati in laboratorio tramite la procedura di filtratura, pulizia e centrifuga indicata dal protocollo. A questa fase è seguito il sorting al microscopio, durante il quale la meiofauna è stata identificata ed enumerata a livello di taxa maggiori. Per quanto riguarda il taxon più abbondante, quello dei Nematodi, si è proceduto anche all'analisi della distribuzione della biomassa per classi di taglia, in quanto descrittore funzionale delle comunità. Per la costruzione degli spettri di biomassa per classi di taglia sono state misurate la lunghezza e larghezza dei primi 100 Nematodi presenti nei campioni. A partire da tali valori dimensionali è stata calcolata la biomassa di ogni individuo, usata poi per la costruzione dei size spectra, tramite tre metodiche messe a confronto: "Nematode Biomass Spectra" (NBS), "Normalised Nematode Biomass Spectra"(NNBS), "Mean Cumulative Biomass Spectra" (MC-NBS). Successivamente la composizione e la struttura della comunità meiobentonica, in termini di consistenza numerica e di rapporti reciproci di densità degli organismi che la compongono e variabili dimensionali, sono state analizzate mediante tecniche di analisi univariate e multivariate. Ciò che emerge generalmente dai risultati dell'esperimento è la mancanza di interazione significativa tra i due fattori, tempi e trattamenti, mentre sono risultati significativi i due fattori principali, considerati singolarmente. Tali esiti sono probabilmente imputabili all'elevata variabilità fra campioni dei trattamenti e delle patches di controllo. Nonostante ciò l'analisi dei risultati ottenuti permette di effettuare alcune considerazioni interessanti. L'analisi univariata ha mostrato che nel confronto tra trattamenti non ci sono differenze significative nel numero medio di taxa rinvenuti, mentre il livello di diversità e di equidistribuzione degli individui nei taxa differisce in maniera significativa, indicando che la struttura delle comunità varia in funzione dei trattamenti e non in funzione del tempo. Nel trattamento Ulva si osservano le densità più elevate della meiofauna totale imputabile prevalentemente alla densità dei Nematodi. Tuttavia, i valori di diversità e di equiripartizione non sono risultati più elevati nei campioni di Ulva, bensì in quelli di Mitili. Tale differenza potrebbe essere imputabile all'inferiorità numerica dei Nematodi nei campioni di Mitili. Questo andamento è stato giustificato dai differenti tempi di degradazione di Mitili e Ulva posti nelle sacche durante l'esperimento, dai quali emerge una più rapida degradazione di Ulva; inoltre la dimensione ridotta della patch analizzata, i limitati tempi di permanenza fanno sì che l'Ulva non rappresenti un fattore di disturbo per la comunità analizzata. Basandosi su questo concetto risulta dunque difficile spiegare l'inferiorità numerica dei Nematodi nei campioni del trattamento Mitili, in quanto i tempi di degradazione durante l'esperimento sono risultati più lenti, ma è anche vero che è nota l'elevata resistenza dei Nematodi ai fenomeni di ipossia/anossia creata da fenomeni di arricchimento organico. E' possibile però ipotizzare che la presenza delle valve dei Mitili aumenti la complessità dell'habitat e favorisca la colonizzazione da parte di più specie, tra cui specie predatrici. Tale effetto di predazione potrebbe provocare la riduzione dell'abbondanza media dei Nematodi rispetto a Ulva e al Controllo, in quanto i Nematodi costituiscono circa l'85% della meiofauna totale rinvenuta nei campioni. A tale riduzione numerica, però, non corrisponde un decremento dei valori medi di biomassa rilevati, probabilmente a causa del fatto che l'arricchimento organico dovuto ai Mitili stessi favorisca la permanenza degli individui più facilmente adattabili a tali condizioni e di dimensioni maggiori, oppure, la colonizzazione in tempi successivi delle patches a Mitili da parte di individui più grandi. Anche i risultati dell'analisi multivariata sono in accordo con quanto rilevato dall'analisi univariata. Oltre alle differenze tra tempi si evidenzia anche un'evoluzione della comunità nel tempo, in particolar modo dopo 7 giorni dall'allestimento dell'esperimento, quando si registrano il maggior numero di individui meiobentonici e il maggior numero di taxa presenti. Il taxon che ha risentito maggiormente dell'influenza dei tempi è quello degli Anfipodi, con densità maggiori nei campioni prelevati al secondo tempo e sul trattamento Ulva. E'importante considerare questo aspetto in quanto gli Anfipodi sono animali che comprendono alcune specie detritivore e altre carnivore; le loro abitudini detritivore potrebbero quindi aumentare il consumo e la degradazione di Ulva, spiegando anche la loro abbondanza maggiore all'interno di questo trattamento, mentre le specie carnivore potrebbero concorrere al decremento del numero medio di Nematodi nei Mitili. Un risultato inatteso della sperimentazione riguarda l'assenza di differenze significative tra trattamenti e controlli, come invece era lecito aspettarsi. Risultati maggiormente significativi sono emersi dall'analisi del confronto tra sedimento privo di detrito e sedimento contenente Ulva provenienti dal contesto naturale. Relativamente all'area esterna alla barriera, sono stati confrontati sedimento privo di detrito e quello sottostante l'Ulva, nelle condizioni sperimentali e naturali. Globalmente notiamo che all'esterno della barriera gli indici univariati, le densità totali di meiofauna, di Nematodi e il numero di taxa, si comportano in maniera analoga nelle condizioni sperimentali e naturali, riportando valori medi maggiori nei campioni prelevati sotto l'Ulva, rispetto a quelli del sedimento privo di detrito. Differente appare invece l'andamento delle variabili e degli indici suddetti riguardanti i campioni prelevati nell'area racchiusa all'interno della barriera, dove invece i valori medi maggiori si rilevano nei campioni prelevati nel sedimento privo di detrito. Tali risultati possono essere spiegati dall'alterazione dell'idrodinamismo esercitato dalla barriera, il quale provoca maggiori tempi di residenza del detrito con conseguente arricchimento di materia organica nell'area interna alla barriera. Le comunità dei sedimenti di quest'area saranno quindi adattate a tale condizioni, ma la deposizione di Ulva in un contesto simile può aggravare la situazione comportando la riduzione delle abbondanze medie dei Nematodi e degli altri organismi meiobentonici sopracitata. Per quel che riguarda i size spectra la tecnica che illustra i risultati in maniera più evidente è quella dei Nematode Biomass Spectra. I risultati statistici fornitici dai campioni dell'esperimento, non evidenziano effetti significativi dei trattamenti, ma a livello visivo, l'osservazione dei grafici evidenzia valori medi di biomassa maggiori nei Nematodi rilevati sui Mitili rispetto a quelli rilevati su Ulva. Differenze significative si rilevano invece a livello dei tempi: a 21 giorni dall'allestimento dell'esperimento infatti, le biomasse dei Nematodi misurati sono più elevate. Relativamente invece ai size spectra costruiti per l'ambiente naturale, mostrano andamento e forma completamente diversi e con differenze significative tra l'interno e l'esterno della barriera; sembra infatti che la biomassa nella zona interna sia inibita, portando a densità maggiori di Nematodi, ma di dimensioni minori. All'esterno della barriera troviamo invece una situazione differente tra i due substrati. Nel sedimento prelevato sotto l'Ulva sembra infatti che siano prevalenti le classi dimensionali maggiori, probabilmente a causa del fatto che l'Ulva tende a soffocare le specie detritivore, permettendo la sopravvivenza delle specie più grosse, composte da predatori poco specializzati, i quali si cibano degli organismi presenti sull'Ulva stessa. Nel sedimento privo di detrito, invece, la distribuzione all'interno delle classi segue un andamento completamente diverso, mostrando una forma del size spectra più regolare. In base a questo si può ipotizzare che la risposta a questo andamento sia da relazionarsi alla capacità di movimento dei Nematodi: a causa della loro conformazione muscolare i Nematodi interstiziali di dimensioni minori sono facilitati nel movimento in un substrato con spazi interstiziali ridotti, come sono nel sedimento sabbioso, invece Nematodi di dimensioni maggiori sono più facilitati in sedimenti con spazi interstiziali maggiori, come l'Ulva. Globalmente si evidenzia una risposta della comunità  bentonica all'incremento di detrito proveniente dalla struttura rigida artificiale, ma la risposta dipende dal tipo di detrito e dai tempi di residenza del detrito stesso, a loro volta influenzati dal livello di alterazione del regime idrodinamico che la struttura comporta. Si evince inoltre come dal punto di vista metodologico, le analisi univariate, multivariate e dei size spectra riescano a porre l'accento su diverse caratteristiche strutturali e funzionali della comunità. Rimane comunque il fatto che nonostante la comunità scientifica stia studiando metodiche "taxonomic free" emerge che, se da un lato queste possono risultare utili, dall'altro, per meglio comprendere l'evoluzione di comunità, è necessaria un'analisi più specifica che punti all'identificazione almeno delle principali famiglie. E'importante infine considerare che l'effetto riscontrato in questo studio potrebbe diventare particolarmente significativo nel momento in cui venisse esteso alle centinaia di km di strutture artificiali che caratterizzano ormai la maggior parte delle coste, la cui gestione dovrebbe tenere conto non soltanto delle esigenze economico-turistiche, e non dovrebbe prescindere dalla conoscenza del contesto ambientale in cui si inseriscono, in quanto, affiancati a conseguenze generali di tali costruzioni, si incontrano molti effetti sitospecifici.

Monte Carlo Simulations of Novel Scintillator Detectors and Dosimetry Calculations

Monte Carlo (MC) simulation techniques are becoming very common in the Medical Physicists community. MC can be used for modeling Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and for dosimetry calculations. 188Re, is a promising candidate for radiotherapeutic production and understanding the mechanisms of the radioresponse of tumor cells "in vitro" is of crucial importance as a first step before "in vivo" studies. The dosimetry of 188Re, used to target different lines of cancer cells, has been evaluated by the MC code GEANT4. The simulations estimate the average energy deposition/per event in the biological samples. The development of prototypes for medical imaging, based on LaBr3:Ce scintillation crystals coupled with a position sensitive photomultiplier, have been studied using GEANT4 simulations. Having tested, in the simulation, surface treatments different from the one applied to the crystal used in our experimental measurements, we found out that the Energy Resolution (ER) and the Spatial Resolution (SR) could be improved, in principle, by machining in a different way the lateral surfaces of the crystal. We have then studied a system able to acquire both echographic and scintigraphic images to let the medical operator obtain the complete anatomic and functional information for tumor diagnosis. The scintigraphic part of the detector is simulated by GEANT4 and first attempts to reconstruct tomographic images have been made using as method of reconstruction a back-projection standard algorithm. The proposed camera is based on slant collimators and LaBr3:Ce crystals. Within the Field of View (FOV) of the camera, it possible to distinguish point sources located in air at a distance of about 2 cm from each other. In particular conditions of uptake, tumor depth and dimension, the preliminary results show that the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values obtained are higher than the standard detection limit.

Salt stress responses in pear and quince: physiological and molecular aspects

The productivity of agricultural crops is seriously limited by salinity. This problem is rapidly increasing, particularly in irrigated lands. Like almost all the fruit tree species, Pyrus communis is generally considered a salt sensitive species, but only little information is available on its behavior under saline conditions. Previous studies, carried out in the Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Science (University of Bologna), focused their attention on pear and quince salt stress responses to understand which rootstock would be the most suitable for pear in order to tolerate a salt stress condition. It has been reported that pear and quince have different ability in the uptake, translocation and accumulation of chloride (Cl-) and sodium (Na+) ions, when plants were irrigated for one season with saline water (5 dS/m). The aim of the present work was to deepen these aspects and investigate salt stress responses in pear and quince. Two different experiments have been performed: a “short-term” trial in a growth chamber and a “long-term” experiment in the open field. In the short-term experiment, three different genotypes usually adopted as pear rootstocks (MC, BA29 and Farold®40) and the pear variety Abbé Fétel own rooted have been compared under salt stress conditions. The trial was performed in a hydroponic culture system, applying a 90 mM NaCl stress to half of the plants, after five weeks of normal growth in Hoagland’s solution. During the three-weeks of salt stress treatment, physiological, mineral and molecular analyses were performed in order to monitor, for each genotype, the development of the salt stress responses in comparison with the corresponding “unstressed” plants. Farold®40 and Abbé Fétel own rooted showed the onset of leaf necrosis, due to salt toxicity, one week before quinces. Moreover, quinces displayed a significant delay in premature senescence of old leaves, while pears emerged for their ability to regenerate new leaves from apparently dead foliage with the salt stress still running. Physiological measurements, such as shoots length, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and photosynthesis, have been carried out and revealed that pears exhibited a significant reduction in water content and a wilting aspect, while for quinces a decrease in Chl content and a growth slowdown were observed. At the end of the trial, all plants were collected and organs separated for dry weight estimation and mineral analyses (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn Mg, Ca, K, Na and Cl). Mineral contents have been affected by salinity; same macro/micro nutrients were altered in some organs or relocated within the plant. This plant response could have partially contributed to face the salt stress. Leaves and roots have been harvested for molecular analyses at four different times during stress conditions. Molecular analyses consisted of the gene expression study of three main ion transporters, well known in Arabidopsis thaliana as salt-tolerance determinants in the “SOS” pathway: NHX1 (tonoplast Na+/H+ antiporter), SOS1 (plasmalemma Na+/H+ antiporter) and HKT1 (K+ high-affinity and Na+ low-affinity transporter). These studies showed that two quince rootstocks adopted different responsive mechanisms to NaCl stress. BA29 increased its Na+ sequestration activity into leaf vacuoles, while MC enhanced temporarily the same ability, but in roots. Farold®40, instead, exhibited increases in SOS1 and HKT1 expression mainly at leaf level in the attempt to retrieve Na+ from xylem, while Abbé Fétel differently altered the expression of these genes in roots. Finally, each genotype showed a peculiar response to salt stress that was the sum of its ability in Na+ exclusion, osmotic tolerance and tissue tolerance. In the long-term experiment, potted trees of the pear variety Abbé Fétel grafted on different rootstocks (MC, BA29 and Farold®40), or own rooted and also rootstocks only were subjected to a salt stress through saline water irrigation with an electrical conductivity of 5 dS/m for two years. The purposes of this study were to evaluate salinity effects on physiological (shoot length, number of buds, photosynthesis, etc.) and yield parameters of cultivar Abbé Fétel in the different combinations and to determine the salt amount that pear is able to tolerate over the years. With this work, we confirmed the previous hypothesis that pear, despite being classified as a salt-sensitive fruit tree, can be cultivated for two years under saline water irrigation, without showing any salt toxicity symptoms or severe drawbacks on plant development and production. Among different combinations, Abbé Fétel grafted on MC resulted interesting for its peculiar behaviors under salt stress conditions. In the near future, further investigations on physiological and molecular aspects will be necessary to enrich and broaden the knowledge of salt stress responses in pear.

Securitization and Special Purpose Vehicles in an International Setting: a Systemic View

The present work tries to display a comprehensive and comparative study of the different legal and regulatory problems involved in international securitization transactions. First, an introduction to securitization is provided, with the basic elements of the transaction, followed by the different varieties of it, including dynamic securitization and synthetic securitization structures. Together with this introduction to the intricacies of the structure, a insight into the influence of securitization in the financial and economic crisis of 2007-2009 is provided too; as well as an overview of the process of regulatory competition and cooperation that constitutes the framework for the international aspects of securitization. The next Chapter focuses on the aspects that constitute the foundations of structured finance: the inception of the vehicle, and the transfer of risks associated to the securitized assets, with particular emphasis on the validity of those elements, and how a securitization transaction could be threatened at its root. In this sense, special importance is given to the validity of the trust as an instrument of finance, to the assignment of future receivables or receivables in block, and to the importance of formalities for the validity of corporations, trusts, assignments, etc., and the interaction of such formalities contained in general corporate, trust and assignment law with those contemplated under specific securitization regulations. Then, the next Chapter (III) focuses on creditor protection aspects. As such, we provide some insights on the debate on the capital structure of the firm, and its inadequacy to assess the financial soundness problems inherent to securitization. Then, we proceed to analyze the importance of rules on creditor protection in the context of securitization. The corollary is in the rules in case of insolvency. In this sense, we divide the cases where a party involved in the transaction goes bankrupt, from those where the transaction itself collapses. Finally, we focus on the scenario where a substance over form analysis may compromise some of the elements of the structure (notably the limited liability of the sponsor, and/or the transfer of assets) by means of veil piercing, substantive consolidation, or recharacterization theories. Once these elements have been covered, the next Chapters focus on the regulatory aspects involved in the transaction. Chapter IV is more referred to “market” regulations, i.e. those concerned with information disclosure and other rules (appointment of the indenture trustee, and elaboration of a rating by a rating agency) concerning the offering of asset-backed securities to the public. Chapter V, on the other hand, focuses on “prudential” regulation of the entity entrusted with securitizing assets (the so-called Special Purpose vehicle), and other entities involved in the process. Regarding the SPV, a reference is made to licensing requirements, restriction of activities and governance structures to prevent abuses. Regarding the sponsor of the transaction, a focus is made on provisions on sound originating practices, and the servicing function. Finally, we study accounting and banking regulations, including the Basel I and Basel II Frameworks, which determine the consolidation of the SPV, and the de-recognition of the securitized asset from the originating company’s balance-sheet, as well as the posterior treatment of those assets, in particular by banks. Chapters VI-IX are concerned with liability matters. Chapter VI is an introduction to the different sources of liability. Chapter VII focuses on the liability by the SPV and its management for the information supplied to investors, the management of the asset pool, and the breach of loyalty (or fiduciary) duties. Chapter VIII rather refers to the liability of the originator as a result of such information and statements, but also as a result of inadequate and reckless originating or servicing practices. Chapter IX finally focuses on third parties entrusted with the soundness of the transaction towards the market, the so-called gatekeepers. In this respect, we make special emphasis on the liability of indenture trustees, underwriters and rating agencies. Chapters X and XI focus on the international aspects of securitization. Chapter X contains a conflicts of laws analysis of the different aspects of structured finance. In this respect, a study is made of the laws applicable to the vehicle, to the transfer of risks (either by assignment or by means of derivatives contracts), to liability issues; and a study is also made of the competent jurisdiction (and applicable law) in bankruptcy cases; as well as in cases where a substance-over-form is performed. Then, special attention is also devoted to the role of financial and securities regulations; as well as to their territorial limits, and extraterritoriality problems involved. Chapter XI supplements the prior Chapter, for it analyzes the limits to the States’ exercise of regulatory power by the personal and “market” freedoms included in the US Constitution or the EU Treaties. A reference is also made to the (still insufficient) rules from the WTO Framework, and their significance to the States’ recognition and regulation of securitization transactions.