Onset of Conduct Disorder, Use of Delinquent Subsistence Strategies, and Street Victimization among Homeless and Runaway Adolescents in the Midwest

This study examines the effects of childhood-onset conduct disorder on later antisocial behavior and street victimization among a group of homeless and runaway adolescents. Four hundred twenty-eight homeless and runaway youth were interviewed directly on the streets and in shelters from four Midwestern states. Key findings include the following. First, compared with those who exhibit adolescent-onset conduct disorder, youth with childhood onset are more likely to engage in a series of antisocial behaviors such as use of sexual and nonsexual survival strategies. Second, youth with childhood-onset conduct disorder are more likely to experience violent victimization; this association, however, is mostly through an intervening process such as engagement in deviant survival strategies.

Deer Guards and Bump Gates for Excluding White-Tailed Deer From Fenced Resources

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) causing damage is a reoccurring theme in the realm of wildlife damage management, especially regarding human safety, disease transmission, and agricultural losses. Fences often are the only reliable long-term nonlethal means of controlling deer damage. The efficacy of fences, however, relies on their weakest link: human-operated gates. Although not overly time-consuming, the act of closing a gate appears to be a burden to individuals, resulting in open-access to an otherwise protected resource. We examined the efficacy of 2 alternatives to traditional gates to evaluate their potential to be used for excluding or containing deer. We evaluated a commercially available kit for mechanically opening and closing gates and a modified deer guard that resembles a common cattle guard but incorporates bearing-mounted rollers as cross members. The gate kit proved effective in restricting deer access to bait throughout the study, but, in supplemental evaluations, we observed excessive rates of functional failure. Deer guards reduced deer entry into exclosures, but efficacy declined with time as deer walked and jumped across guards. With some refining, both guards and gates have potential to be useful components of an integrated biosecurity strategy.

Increased Risk of Chronic Wasting Disease in Rocky Mountain Elk Associated With Decreased Magnesium and Increased Manganese in Brain Tissue

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of Rocky Mountain elk in North America. Recent studies suggest that tissue and blood mineral levels may be valuable in assessing TSE infection in sheep and cattle. The objectives of this study were to examine baseline levels of copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, selenium, and molybdenum in the brains of Rocky Mountain elk with differing prion genotypes and to assess the association of mineral levels with CWD infection. Elk with leucine at prion position 132 had significantly lower magnesium levels than elk with 2 copies of methionine. Chronic wasting disease-positive elk had significantly lower magnesium than control elk. The incorporation of manganese levels in addition to magnesium significantly refined explanatory ability, even though manganese alone was not significantly associated with CWD. This study demonstrated that mineral analysis may provide an additional disease correlate for assessing CWD risk, particularly in conjunction with genotype.

Options for the Control of Disease 3: Targeting the Environment

Management of wildlife disease can be targeted at pathogens, hosts or vector populations, but may also focus on the environment. As constituent elements of any given environment, resident wildlife populations, and their pathogens, may be profoundly influenced by environmental change, in terms of their abundance, distribution and behavior. Hence, it is reasonable to expect that incorporation of environmental manipulation into a program to control wildlife diseases may potentially result in outcomes as effective as direct intervention aimed at hosts, pathogens and vectors.

Crop, Native Vegetation, and Biofuels: Response of White- Tailed Deer to Changing Management Priorities

The expansion of the cellulosic biofuels industry throughout the United States has broad-scale implications for wildlife management on public and private lands. Knowledge is limited on the effects of reverting agriculture to native grass, and vice versa, on size of home range and habitat use of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We followed 68 radio-collared female deer from 1991 through 2004 that were residents of DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge (DNWR) in eastern Nebraska, USA. The refuge was undergoing conversion of vegetation out of row-crop agriculture and into native grass, forest, and emergent aquatic vegetation. Habitat in DNWR consisted of 30% crop in 1991 but removing crops to establish native grass and wetland habitat at DNWR resulted in a 44% reduction in crops by 2004. A decrease in the amount of crops on DNWR contributed to a decline in mean size of annual home range from 400 ha in 1991 to 200 ha in 2005 but percentage of crops in home ranges increased from 21% to 29%. Mean overlap for individuals was 77% between consecutive annual home ranges across 8 years, regardless of crop availability. Conversion of crop to native habitat will not likely result in home range abandonment but may impact disease transmission by increasing rates of contact between deer social groups that occupy adjacent areas. Future research on condition indices or changes in population parameters (e.g., recruitment) could be incorporated into the study design to assess impacts of habitat conversion for biofuel production.

Livestock Protection Dogs for Deterring Deer From Cattle and Feed

Disease transmission between wildlife and livestock is a worldwide issue. Society needs better methods to prevent interspecies transmission to reduce disease risks. Producers have successfully used livestock protection dogs (LPDs) for thousands of years to reduce predation. We theorized that LPDs raised and bonded with cattle could be used to also reduce risk of bovine tuberculosis (Myobacterium bovis; TB) transmission between white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and cattle by minimizing contact between the 2 species and use of cattle feed by deer. We evaluated 4 LPDs over 5 months, utilizing 2 data collection methods (direct observation and motion-activated video) on deer farms that supported higher densities than wild populations. Dogs were highly effective in preventing deer from using concentrated cattle feed (hay bales), likely the greatest risk factor of TB transmission on farms. Dogs also prevented deer from approaching cattle in core areas of pastures (near hay bales) and were very effective throughout pastures. Our research supports the theory that LPDs, specifically trained to remain with cattle, may be a practical tool to minimize potential for livestock to contract TB from infected deer in small-scale cattle operations. Where disease is present in deer, it may be possible to reduce the potential for disease transmission by employing LPDs.

Medical Students' Attitudes Toward The Medical College Admission Test

The following study analyzed the attitudes held by pre-clinical medical students about the Medical College Admission Test or MCAT. One hundred and eighty first-year and second-year medical students at a public Midwestern medical university participated in this study. Participants completed the “Medical Students Attitudes toward the Medical College Admission Test” survey during their morning lectures near the end of their spring semester. A composite scale score of the Likert items of the survey was computed and the proportion of students with attitudes ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree was calculated. For six of the twelve Likert items the largest proportion of participants disagreed with the statements about the MCAT and its use in the admission process and its applicability to their current medical education. Other questions included how participants prepared for the MCAT and if they completed each of the subsections were addressed as well. Future research could determine if attitudes between students accepted into medical school and those not accepted are drastically different. Advisor: Kurt F. Geisinger

IMMIGRATION, THE AMERICAN WEST, AND THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: GERMAN FROM RUSSIA, OMAHA INDIAN, AND VIETNAMESE-URBAN VILLAGERS IN LINCOLN, NEBRASKA

The North American West is a culturally and geographically diverse region that has long been a beacon for successive waves of human immigration and migration. A case in point, the population of Lincoln, Nebraska -- a capital city on the eastern cusp of the Great Plains -- was augmented during the twentieth century by significant influxes of Germans from Russia, Omaha Indians, and Vietnamese. Arriving in clusters beginning in 1876, 1941, and 1975 respectively, these newcomers were generally set in motion by dismal economic, social, or political situations in their sending nations. Seeking better lives, they entered a mainstream milieu dominated by native-born Americans -- most part of a lateral migration from Iowa, Illinois, and Pennsylvania -- who only established their local community in 1867. While this mainstream welcomed their labor, it often eschewed the behaviors and cultural practices ethnic peoples brought with them. Aware but not overly concerned about these prejudices, all three groups constructed or organized distinct urban villages. The physical forms of these enclaves ranged from homogeneous neighborhoods to tight assemblies of relatives, but each suited a shared preference for living among kinspeople. These urban villages also served as stable anchors for unique peoples who were intent on maintaining aspects of their imported cultural identities. Never willing to assimilate to mainstream norms, urban villagers began adapting to their new milieus. While ethnic identity constructions in Lincoln proved remarkably enduring, they were also amazingly flexible. In fact, each subject group constantly negotiated their identities in response to interactions among particular, cosmopolitan, and transnational forces. Particularism refers largely to the beliefs, behaviors, and organizational patterns urban villagers imported from their old milieus. Cosmopolitan influences emanated from outside the ethnic groups and were dictated largely but not exclusively by the mainstream. Transnationalism is best defined as persistent, intense contact across international boundaries. These influences were important as the particularism of dispersed peoples was often reinforced by contact with sending cultures. Adviser: John. R. Wunder

Thrombin-Receptor Antagonist Vorapaxar in Acute Coronary Syndromes

BACKGROUND Vorapaxar is a new oral protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) antagonist that inhibits thrombin-induced platelet activation. METHODS In this multinational, double-blind, randomized trial, we compared vorapaxar with placebo in 12,944 patients who had acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. The primary end point was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, stroke, recurrent ischemia with rehospitalization, or urgent coronary revascularization. RESULTS Follow-up in the trial was terminated early after a safety review. After a median follow-up of 502 days (interquartile range, 349 to 667), the primary end point occurred in 1031 of 6473 patients receiving vorapaxar versus 1102 of 6471 patients receiving placebo (Kaplan-Meier 2-year rate, 18.5010 vs. 19.9%; hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85 to 1.01; P=0.07). A composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or stroke occurred in 822 patients in the vorapaxar group versus 910 in the placebo group (14.7% and 16.4%, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.98; P=0.02). Rates of moderate and severe bleeding were 7.2% in the vorapaxar group and 5.2% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.58; P<0.001). Intracranial hemorrhage rates were 1.1% and 0.2%, respectively (hazard ratio, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.78 to 6.45; P<0.001). Rates of nonhemorrhagic adverse events were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS In patients with acute coronary syndromes, the addition of vorapaxar to standard therapy did not significantly reduce the primary composite end point but significantly increased the risk of major bleeding, including intracranial hemorrhage. (Funded by Merck; TRACER ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00527943.)

Prasugrel versus Clopidogrel for Acute Coronary Syndromes without Revascularization

Background The effect of intensified platelet inhibition for patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation who do not undergo revascularization has not been delineated. Methods In this double-blind, randomized trial, in a primary analysis involving 7243 patients under the age of 75 years receiving aspirin, we evaluated up to 30 months of treatment with prasugrel (10 mg daily) versus clopidogrel (75 mg daily). In a secondary analysis involving 2083 patients 75 years of age or older, we evaluated 5 mg of prasugrel versus 75 mg of clopidogrel. Results At a median follow-up of 17 months, the primary end point of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or stroke among patients under the age of 75 years occurred in 13.9% of the prasugrel group and 16.0% of the clopidogrel group (hazard ratio in the prasugrel group, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.05; P = 0.21). Similar results were observed in the overall population. The prespecified analysis of multiple recurrent ischemic events (all components of the primary end point) suggested a lower risk for prasugrel among patients under the age of 75 years (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.00; P = 0.04). Rates of severe and intracranial bleeding were similar in the two groups in all age groups. There was no significant between-group difference in the frequency of nonhemorrhagic serious adverse events, except for a higher frequency of heart failure in the clopidogrel group. Conclusions Among patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction without ST- segment elevation, prasugrel did not significantly reduce the frequency of the primary end point, as compared with clopidogrel, and similar risks of bleeding were observed. (Funded by Eli Lilly and Daiichi Sankyo; TRILOGY ACS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00699998.)

Evaluation of the micro-hardness and fracture toughness of amorphous and partially crystallized 3CaO center dot P2O5-SiO2-MgO bioglasses

In this work, the effect of the indentation load on the results of hardness and fracture toughness, determined by Vickers micro-hardness measurements, of some glasses and glass-ceramics has been investigated. Furthermore, in order to verify the effect of crystallinity on the results, glasses of composition 52.75 wt.% 3CaO center dot P2O5, 30 wt.% SiO2 and 17.25 wt.% MgO were fused at 1600 degrees C for 4 h and annealed at 700 degrees C for 2h, and further heat-treated at 700, 775, 800 and 900 degrees C for 4h. The obtained materials were analyzed by high resolution X-ray diffraction, HRXRD, to determine the crystallization degree in function of the heat-treatment temperature. The hardness of the different specimens was determined by Vickers' micro-hardness measurements under various loads. It has been observed that with increasing crystallization of the materials their hardness increased. Furthermore, it has been possible to verify the so-called indentation size effect (ISE), i.e. hardness decreases as the indentation depth, under higher loads, increases. This effect has been more pronounced in the glass-ceramic samples. Fracture toughness has been determined by the crack length induced by the Vickers indentations and relating them to the applied loads. Glass materials presented a fracture pattern with characteristics of cleavage, forming cracks of the half-penny shaped type, while the glass-ceramic materials exhibited crack bridging effects and Palmqvist type cracks. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The EXTRIP (EXtracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning) workgroup: Guideline methodology

Extracorporeal treatments (ECTRs), such as hemodialysis and hemoperfusion, are used in poisoning despite a lack of controlled human trials demonstrating efficacy. To provide uniform recommendations, the EXTRIP group was formed as an international collaboration among recognized experts from nephrology, clinical toxicology, critical care, or pharmacology and supported by over 30 professional societies. For every poison, the clinical benefit of ECTR is weighed against associated complications, alternative therapies, and costs. Rigorous methodology, using the AGREE instrument, was developed and ratified. Methods rely on evidence appraisal and, in the absence of robust studies, on a thorough and transparent process of consensus statements. Twenty-four poisons were chosen according to their frequency, available evidence, and relevance. A systematic literature search was performed in order to retrieve all original publications regardless of language. Data were extracted on a standardized instrument. Quality of the evidence was assessed by GRADE as: High = A, Moderate = B, Low = C, Very Low = D. For every poison, dialyzability was assessed and clinical effect of ECTR summarized. All pertinent documents were submitted to the workgroup with a list of statements for vote (general statement, indications, timing, ECTR choice). A modified Delphi method with two voting rounds was used, between which deliberation was required. Each statement was voted on a Likert scale (1-9) to establish the strength of recommendation. This approach will permit the production of the first important practice guidelines on this topic.

Mitochondrial Network Size Scaling in Budding Yeast

Mitochondria must grow with the growing cell to ensure proper cellular physiology and inheritance upon division. We measured the physical size of mitochondrial networks in budding yeast and found that mitochondrial network size increased with increasing cell size and that this scaling relation occurred primarily in the bud. The mitochondria-to-cell size ratio continually decreased in aging mothers over successive generations. However, regardless of the mother's age or mitochondrial content, all buds attained the same average ratio. Thus, yeast populations achieve a stable scaling relation between mitochondrial content and cell size despite asymmetry in inheritance.

Shape differences rather than size differences between castes in the Neotropical swarm-founding wasp Metapolybia docilis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Epiponini)

Abstract Background Swarm-founding epiponine wasps are an intriguing group of social insects in which colonies are polygynic (several queens share reproduction) and differentiation between castes is often not obvious. However, caste differences in some may be more pronounced in later phases of the colony cycle. Results Using morphometric analyses and multivariate statistics, it was found that caste differences in Metapolybia docilis are slight but more distinct in latter stages of the colony cycle. Conclusions Because differences in body parts are so slight, it is proposed that such variation may be due to differential growth rates of body parts rather than to queens being larger in size, similar to other previously observed epiponines.

Sistemi di sicurezza urbana

Il problema della sicurezza/insicurezza delle città, dalle grandi metropoli sino ai più piccoli centri urbani, ha sollecitato negli ultimi anni un’attenzione crescente da parte degli studiosi, degli analisti, degli organi di informazione, delle singole comunità. La delinquenza metropolitana viene oggi diffusamente considerata «un aspetto usuale della società moderna»: «un fatto – o meglio un insieme di fatti – che non richiede nessuna speciale motivazione o predisposizione, nessuna patologia o anormalità, e che è iscritto nella routine della vita economica e sociale». Svincolata dagli schemi positivistici, la dottrina criminologica ha maturato una nuova «cultura del controllo sociale» che ha messo in risalto, rispetto ad ogni visione enfatizzante del reo, l’esigenza di pianificare adeguate politiche e pratiche di prevenzione della devianza urbana attraverso «tutto l’insieme di istituzioni sociali, di strategie e di sanzioni, che mirano a ottenere la conformità di comportamento nella sfera normativa penalmente tutelata». Tale obiettivo viene generalmente perseguito dagli organismi istituzionali, locali e centrali, con diverse modalità annoverabili nel quadro degli interventi di: prevenzione sociale in cui si includono iniziative volte ad arginare la valenza dei fattori criminogeni, incidendo sulle circostanze sociali ed economiche che determinano l’insorgenza e la proliferazione delle condotte delittuose negli ambienti urbani; prevenzione giovanile con cui si tende a migliorare le capacità cognitive e relazionali del minore, in maniera tale da controllare un suo eventuale comportamento aggressivo, e ad insegnare a genitori e docenti come gestire, senza traumi ed ulteriori motivi di tensione, eventuali situazioni di crisi e di conflittualità interpersonale ed interfamiliare che coinvolgano adolescenti; prevenzione situazionale con cui si mira a disincentivare la propensione al delitto, aumentando le difficoltà pratiche ed il rischio di essere scoperti e sanzionati che – ovviamente – viene ponderato dal reo. Nella loro quotidianità, le “politiche di controllo sociale” si sono tuttavia espresse in diversi contesti – ed anche nel nostro Paese - in maniera a tratti assai discutibile e, comunque, con risultati non sempre apprezzabili quando non - addirittura – controproducenti. La violenta repressione dei soggetti ritenuti “devianti” (zero tolerance policy), l’ulteriore ghettizzazione di individui di per sé già emarginati dal contesto sociale, l’edificazione di interi quartieri fortificati, chiusi anche simbolicamente dal resto della comunità urbana, si sono rivelate, più che misure efficaci nel contrasto alla criminalità, come dei «cortocircuiti semplificatori in rapporto alla complessità dell’insieme dei problemi posti dall’insicurezza». L’apologia della paura è venuta così a riflettersi, anche fisicamente, nelle forme architettoniche delle nuove città fortificate ed ipersorvegliate; in quelle gated-communities in cui l’individuo non esita a sacrificare una componente essenziale della propria libertà, della propria privacy, delle proprie possibilità di contatto diretto con l’altro da sé, sull’altare di un sistema di controllo che malcela, a sua volta, implacabili contraddizioni. Nei pressanti interrogativi circa la percezione, la diffusione e la padronanza del rischio nella società contemporanea - glocale, postmoderna, tardomoderna, surmoderna o della “seconda modernità”, a seconda del punto di vista al quale si aderisce – va colto l’eco delle diverse concezioni della sicurezza urbana, intesa sia in senso oggettivo, quale «situazione che, in modo obiettivo e verificabile, non comporta l’esposizione a fattori di rischio», che in senso soggettivo, quale «risultante psicologica di un complesso insieme di fattori, tra cui anche indicatori oggettivi di sicurezza ma soprattutto modelli culturali, stili di vita, caratteristiche di personalità, pregiudizi, e così via». Le amministrazioni locali sono direttamente chiamate a garantire questo bisogno primario di sicurezza che promana dagli individui, assumendo un ruolo di primo piano nell’adozione di innovative politiche per la sicurezza urbana che siano fra loro complementari, funzionalmente differenziate, integrali (in quanto parte della politica di protezione integrale di tutti i diritti), integrate (perché rivolte a soggetti e responsabilità diverse), sussidiarie (perché non valgono a sostituire i meccanismi spontanei di prevenzione e controllo della devianza che si sviluppano nella società), partecipative e multidimensionali (perché attuate con il concorso di organismi comunali, regionali, provinciali, nazionali e sovranazionali). Questa nuova assunzione di responsabilità da parte delle Amministrazioni di prossimità contribuisce a sancire il passaggio epocale «da una tradizionale attività di governo a una di governance» che deriva «da un’azione integrata di una molteplicità di soggetti e si esercita tanto secondo procedure precostituite, quanto per una libera scelta di dar vita a una coalizione che vada a vantaggio di ciascuno degli attori e della società urbana nel suo complesso». All’analisi dei diversi sistemi di governance della sicurezza urbana che hanno trovato applicazione e sperimentazione in Italia, negli ultimi anni, e in particolare negli ambienti territoriali e comunitari di Roma e del Lazio che appaiono, per molti versi, esemplificativi della complessa realtà metropolitana del nostro tempo, è dedicata questa ricerca. Risulterà immediatamente chiaro come il paradigma teorico entro il quale si dipana il percorso di questo studio sia riconducibile agli orientamenti della psicologia topologica di Kurt Lewin, introdotti nella letteratura sociocriminologica dall’opera di Augusto Balloni. Il provvidenziale crollo di antichi steccati di divisione, l’avvento di internet e, quindi, la deflagrante estensione delle frontiere degli «ambienti psicologici» in cui è destinata a svilupparsi, nel bene ma anche nel male, la personalità umana non hanno scalfito, a nostro sommesso avviso, l’attualità e la validità della «teoria del campo» lewiniana per cui il comportamento degli individui (C) appare anche a noi, oggi, condizionato dalla stretta interrelazione che sussiste fra le proprie connotazioni soggettive (P) e il proprio ambiente di riferimento (A), all’interno di un particolare «spazio di vita». Su queste basi, il nostro itinerario concettuale prende avvio dall’analisi dell’ambiente urbano, quale componente essenziale del più ampio «ambiente psicologico» e quale cornice straordinariamente ricca di elementi di “con-formazione” dei comportamenti sociali, per poi soffermarsi sulla disamina delle pulsioni e dei sentimenti soggettivi che agitano le persone nei controversi spazi di vita del nostro tempo. Particolare attenzione viene inoltre riservata all’approfondimento, a tratti anche critico, della normativa vigente in materia di «sicurezza urbana», nella ferma convinzione che proprio nel diritto – ed in special modo nell’ordinamento penale – vada colto il riflesso e la misura del grado di civiltà ma anche delle tensioni e delle contraddizioni sociali che tormentano la nostra epoca. Notevoli spunti ed un contributo essenziale per l’elaborazione della parte di ricerca empirica sono derivati dall’intensa attività di analisi sociale espletata (in collaborazione con l’ANCI) nell’ambito dell’Osservatorio Tecnico Scientifico per la Sicurezza e la Legalità della Regione Lazio, un organismo di supporto della Presidenza della Giunta Regionale del Lazio al quale compete, ai sensi dell’art. 8 della legge regionale n. 15 del 2001, la funzione specifica di provvedere al monitoraggio costante dei fenomeni criminali nel Lazio.