Un estatuto especial para microempresas trabajo–trabajo es clave para reducir la informalidad

La informalidad laboral es un fenómeno profundamente arraigado en nuestro país, con derivaciones económicas, sociales y éticas muy negativas. Para reducir su incidencia es necesario generar un contexto de alto crecimiento económico, mejorar sustancialmente la formación de la fuerza de trabajo y ejecutar controles con mayor eficacia. Pero, lo que es tanto o más importante aún, se requieren instituciones laborales más amigables con las microempresas. La fuerte concentración de la informalidad laboral en pequeñas unidades productivas en las que predomina una relación trabajo-trabajo sugiere que la posibilidad de establecer un estatuto laboral especial para estas microempresas sería un paso fundamental para incrementar la formalidad en el mercado laboral. En este número de Empleo y Desarrollo Social se presentan algunos lineamientos básicos para el diseño de este estatuto

Promover la inclusión social a través de la formalización de pequeñas empresas

El Índice de Ingresos de Hogares Pobres (IIHP) que elabora la Universidad Católica Argentina sigue mostrando que los ingresos de estas familias aún no consiguen recuperar los niveles que tenían en 2001 (ver Recuadro 1). A pesar de la mejora del 0.4% en términos reales durante el mes de agosto, el índice representa el 96,3% de su nivel promedio de 2001, lo que se explica principalmente por el débil crecimiento de los salarios en el sector de trabajadores no registrados. En vistas de este fenómeno, en Empleo y Desarrollo Social No. 2 propusimos que el salario mínimo fuera no imponible para la determinación de las cargas sociales en las pequeñas empresas. Esta medida tendría un costo fiscal aceptable y promovería un proceso de “blanqueo” de los trabajadores no registrados. En este número complementamos la propuesta anterior con algunas sugerencias que promueven la formalización de las pequeñas empresas

La excesiva carga burocrática genera informalidad laboral

El principal factor que condiciona a la recomposición social en Argentina es la informalidad laboral. Entre los determinantes de este fenómeno se encuentran las complejidades administrativas que surgen de las regulaciones impositivas, laborales y de la seguridad social. Los datos disponibles indican que Argentina es uno de los países en los que le resulta más difícil a las empresas cumplir con los requerimientos legales y administrativos que impone el Estado. A partir de estas evidencias, en este número de Empleo y Desarrollo se propone que para disminuir la informalidad resulta imprescindible avanzar hacia un entorno regulatorio e impositivo más simple y “amigable” para las pequeñas empresas

El hambre en Argentina. Los bancos de alimentos y la necesidad de una acción integral del Estado para terminar con este problema

El hambre es un problema real que afecta a millones de habitantes de nuestro país y tiene graves consecuencias sobre los niños y adolescentes. Sin embargo, según la Organización para la Agricultura y la Alimentación de la ONU, Argentina produce comida suficiente para alimentar a 442 millones de personas. Es evidente que no se trata de un problema de disponibilidad de alimentos, sino de falta de acceso a éstos por parte de los sectores más pobres de la población. En este número de Empleo y Desarrollo Social examinamos la información disponible sobre esta problemática y las actividades de los Bancos de Alimentos. Estas acciones de la sociedad deben ser reforzadas con un apoyo más decidido del Estado

Régimen jurídico de las lenguas y reconocimiento de la diversidad lingüística en el Tratado por el que se establece una Constitución para Europa

The territory of the European Union is made up of a rich and wide-ranging universe of languages, which is not circumscribed to the «State languages». The existence of multilingualism is one of Europe’s defining characteristics and it should remain so in the constantly evolving model of Europe’s political structure. Nonetheless, until now, the official use of languages has been limited to the «State languages» and has been based on a concept of state monolingualism that has led to a first level of hierarchization among the languages of Europe. This has affected the very concept of European language diversity. The draft of the treaty establishing a European Constitution contains various language-related references that can be grouped in two major categories: on the one hand, those references having to do the constitutional status of languages, and on the other, those regarding the recognition of European language diversity. Both issues are dealt with in this article. In analyzing the legal regime governing languages set forth in the draft of the constitutional treaty, we note that the draft is not based on the concept of the official status of languages. The language regulation contained in the draft of the constitutional treaty is limited in character. The constitutional language regime is based on the concept of Constitutional languages but the official status of languages is not governed by this rule. The European Constitution merely enunciates rights governing language use for European citizens vis-à-vis the languages of the Constitution and refers the regulation of the official status of languages to the Council, which is empowered to set and modify that status by unanimous decision. Because of its broad scope, this constitutes a regulatory reservation. In the final phase of the negotiation process a second level of constitutional recognition of languages would be introduced, linked to those that are official languages in the member states (Catalan, Basque, Galician, etc.). These languages, however, would be excluded from the right to petition; they would constitute a tertium genus, an intermediate category between the lan guages benefiting from the language rights recognized under the Constitution and those other languages for which no status is recognized in the European institutional context. The legal functionality of this second, intermediate category will depend on the development of standards, i.e., it will depend on the entrée provided such languages in future reforms of the institutional language regime. In a later section, the article reflects on European Union language policy with regard to regional or minority languages, concluding that the Union has not acted in accordance with defined language policy guidelines when it has been confronted, in the exercise of its powers, with regional or minority languages (or domestic legislation having to do with language demands). The Court of Justice has endeavoured to resolve on a case by case basis the conflicts raised between community freedoms and the normative measures that protect languages. Thus, using case law, the Court has set certain language boundaries for community freedoms. The article concludes by reflecting on the legal scope of the recognition of European language diversity referred to in Article II-82 of the European Constitution and the possible measures to implement the precept that might constitute the definition of a true European language policy on regional or minority languages. Such a policy has yet to be defined.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 142 B]

Prefeitos das capitais brasileiras gostariam de mudar a proposta de reforma tributária do atual projeto de Constituição e se reuniram com os deputados Fernando Bezerra (PMDB-PE) e José Serra (PMDB-SP), Relatores da Subcomissão e Comissão de Tributos, para sugerir mudanças. Saturnino Braga, Prefeito do Rio de Janeiro, diz que os prefeitos apóiam a proposta do anteprojeto, mas desejam algum benefício imediato para o ano de 1988. O Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB) abre seu 8º Congresso Extraordinário, que debaterá teses da Constituinte e irá propor a fusão das centrais sindicais. O PMDB também realiza uma Convenção Nacional decisiva, pois o partido dirá o que quer ver escrito na nova Constituição e os convencionais deverão se manifestar sobre o mandato presidencial e sobre o sistema de governo. O Senador Iram Saraiva (PMDB-GO) gostaria que todas as votações importantes da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC) fossem transmitidas ao vivo pelas emissoras de rádio e de televisão e já apresentou uma proposta para que essas transmissões sejam obrigatórias. Várias entidades foram às ruas coletar assinaturas para as emendas populares. Cidadãos opinam sobre a importância dessas emendas. Segundo dados do Centro de Acompanhamento da Constituinte da Universidade de Brasília - UNB, cerca de quarenta emendas populares estão circulando pelas cidades brasileiras. O Senador Francisco Rollemberg (PMDB-SE) relata a importância da manisfestação do povo com relação aos temas da Constituinte.

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 651]

No 1º Turno de votações os constituintes proibiram o comércio de sangue no pais, se valer o que já foi aprovado o Estado será o responsável pela coleta e doação de todo sangue no Brasil. Os constituintes explicam porque é importante controlar o sangue. Mostra um dos hemocentros de Brasília, onde todo o sangue é controlado de acordo com padrões internacionais. Já está na gráfica o parecer do Relator Bernardo Cabral sobre as 1844 emendas entregues no 2º Turno, que foi resultado de 10 dias de trabalhos intensos dos Relatores. Os artigos que mais receberam emendas foram os que tratam: da aposentadoria dos professores (40 propostas de alterações), estabilidade dos servidores públicos (27 propostas de alterações), inelegibilidade de parentes (22 propostas de alterações) e a questão da desapropriação de terras produtivas (19 propostas de alterações)

Adiabatic shear localization: occurrence, theories, and applications

Sobre los errores locales y globales de la integración de Ecuaciones Diferenciales Ordinarias mediante métodos de Runge-Kutta Explícitos

161 p.

Design and evaluation of an optical switching node

[EN]For a good development of elastic optical networks, the design of flexible optical switching nodes is required. This work analyses the previously proposed flexible architectures and, based on the most appropriate, which is the Architecture on Demand (AoD), proposes a specific configuration of the node that includes spatial and spectral switching and the wavelength conversion functionality with a low blocking probability and the minimum amount of modules; the characteristics of the traffic that the designed node is able to cope with are specified in the last chapter. An evaluation of the designed node is also done, and, compared to the other architectures, it is shown that the Architecture on Demand gives better results than others and that it has a higher potential for future developments.

Das deutsche Einschiff-Schwimmschleppnetz. (Entwicklung seit 1959 und derzeitiger Stand Anfang 1968)

Herrn Professor Dr. Andres v. BRANDT Ltd.Dir. und Prof. des Instituts für Fangtechnik, Hamburg, zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.

Parton energy loss in heavy-ion collisions via direct-photon and charged-particle azimuthal correlations

Charged-particle spectra associated with direct photon (gamma(dir)) and pi(0) are measured in p + p and Au + Au collisions at center-of-mass energy root(S)(NN) = 200 GeV with the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. A shower-shape analysis is used to partially discriminate between gamma(dir) and pi(0). Assuming no associated charged particles in the gamma(dir) direction ( near side) and small contribution from fragmentation photons (gamma(frag)), the associated charged-particle yields opposite to gamma(dir) (away side) are extracted. In central Au + Au collisions, the charged-particle yields at midrapidity (vertical bar eta vertical bar < 1) and high transverse momentum (3 < (assoc)(PT) < 16 GeV/c) associated with gamma(dir) and pi(0) (vertical bar eta vertical bar < 0.9, 8 < (trig)(PT) < 16 GeV/c) are suppressed by a factor of 3-5 compared with p + p collisions. The observed suppression of the associated charged particles is similar for gamma(dir) and pi(0) and independent of the gamma(dir) energy within uncertainties. These measurements indicate that, in the kinematic range covered and within our current experimental uncertainties, the parton energy loss shows no sensitivity to the parton initial energy, path length, or color charge.

A study on the dependence of the micro-pore configurations on the volatilization and the burn processes of the organic compounds in the matrix of molten carbonate fuel cells

The micro-pore configurations on the matrix surface were studied by SEM. The matrix of molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) performance was also improved by the better coordination between the reasonable radius of the micro-pores and the higher porosity of the cell matrix. The many and complicated micro-pore configurations in the cell matrix promoted the volatilization of the organic additives and the burn of polyvinyl butyral (PVB). The smooth volatilization of the organic additives and the complete burn of PVB were the significant factors for the improved MCFC performance. Oxygen diffusion controlled-burn mechanism of PVB in the cell matrix was proposed. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Análisis del mercado de cosechadoras de origen nacional 1990-2010

La industria de Maquinaria Agrícola de origen Nacional ha acompañado a lo largo de la historia el desarrollo económico y social de la Argentina. Desde fábricas de características artesanales ubicadas en la región Pampeana, nuestro país ha sabido durante los años 1950 a 1980 ser un precursor en materia de cosechadoras que ofrecían respuestas a quienes comenzaban a mecanizar todas las actividades agrícolas. Sin embargo, durante las décadas siguientes, diferentes inconvenientes macroeconómicos y propios de la globalización han cambiado el panorama de la fabricación de cosechadoras. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar dicho mercado en el período 1990-2010. La estrategia metodológica se basó en el análisis de mercado con información secundaria proveniente de organismos oficiales. Entre los principales resultados se pueden citar la estructura de la oferta, de la demanda, del producto y la comercialización.