914 resultados para Spinal injury, Classification system, Severity measure, Treatment algorithm, Methodological review


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This document is intended to be read by the Colombian Ministry of Social Protection (former MoH) and includes some recommendations that could be implemented on the aim to increase allocative efficiency, thus improving macroeconomic performance of the Colombian Health System (CHS). It will be conducted as follows: first it will briefly review the background and actual context of the CHS, after this, will mention some related issues that justify a policy intervention on strategic purchasing to promote long run sustainability and hopefully the future attainment of major goals such as universal coverage and quality improvement. After prioritizing the main financial threats to the system, based on findings from literature review from countries that have successfully implemented similar policies, this paper will make some policy recommendations on regards especially to inpatient health care services in Colombia.

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La hemofilia A y B son trastornos hereditarios recesivos ligados al cromosoma X y se caracterizan por la deficiencia de los factores de coagulación VIII y IX, respectivamente. La complicación más importante , durante el tratamiento, es el desarrollo de los anticuerpos neutralizantes ,llamados inhibidores ,que vuelven ineficaz cualquier terapia. Existe controversia sobre si es mejor el manejo profiláctico o a demanda, en los pacientes pediátricos con inhibidores. Con la presente revisión sistemática se pretende evaluar el mejor tipo de tratamiento en pacientes pediátricos con hemofilia e inhibidores. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura incluyendo estudios controlados aleatorizados en las principales bases de datos, sin límite de tiempo, se evaluaron los episodios de sangrado articular y no articular, la calidad de vida y seguridad del medicamento. Se encontraron un total de seis (6) artículos relacionados con el tema, que cumplieron criterios de selección. El manejo profiláctico de los pacientes con hemofilia, mostró diferencias significativas en comparación con el tratamiento a demanda en los episodios de sangrado articular y no articular y sobre la calidad de vida. Se presentaron menos casos de hemartrosis y sangrado en articulaciones blanco con el tratamiento profiláctico. La presente revisión determinó que el manejo profiláctico reduce la presentación de eventos de sangrado y hemartrosis, aunque no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre el tratamiento profiláctico o a demanda, en la calidad de vida.

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As hérnias perineais caracterizam-se pelo enfraquecimento e ruptura de um ou mais músculos e fáscias que formam o diafragma pélvico. A patologia é comum em cães machos, idosos e não castrados. Considerando os riscos de recidiva e de complicações pós-operatórias, pretende-se com este artigo rever os aspectos relacionados com a etiopatogenia e métodos de diagnóstico com realce para os tratamentos cirúrgicos. O diagnóstico baseia-se na história clínica, sinais clínicos, exames físicos e exames complementares de diagnóstico tais como a radiografia e a ultrasonografia, sendo a palpação rectal um dos exames mais importantes, para a determinação das estruturas que formam o aumento de volume perineal. Existe uma grande variedade de procedimentos cirúrgicos, destacando-se os quatro tipos principais de técnicas usadas, nomeadamente a técnica tradicional ou anatómica, a técnica de transposição do músculo obturador interno, em associação com a técnica de colopexia e cistopexia por fixação do ducto deferente, em situações de retroflexão da bexiga e a técnica de implantação de membranas biológicas. Entre as possíveis complicações pós-operatórias de maior relevo, destacam-se a infecção da ferida, a incontinência fecal, o tenesmo, o prolapso rectal e a paralisia do nervo ciático.

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O presente trabalho sopesa a justiciabilidade dos direitos sociais no Sistema Interamericano. Para que tal análise pudesse ser realizada, em primeiro lugar, foi necessária a compreensão do que sejam direitos sociais (principalmente direito à saúde) e como derivam dos direitos fundamentais. Essa foi a melhor maneira de introduzir o tema para que houvesse real compreensão do motivo pelo qual seria complicada a existência de decisões que se referissem à violação de direitos sociais. O trabalho se desenvolve de forma a apresentar o Sistema Interamericano, suas formas de buscar proteger os direitos sociais e também de garantir sua manutenção. Por fim, o trabalho ainda apresenta conceitos como reserva do possível, soberania nacional e teoria do custo dos direitos como sendo obstáculos para a existência de decisões que privilegiam os direitos sociais. A conclusão da presente pesquisa, ainda não que fechada por conta de seu dinamismo, constatou que os obstáculos apresentados pela maioria da doutrina, em verdade, não serviriam de motivo para a não observância dos direitos sociais nas fundamentações das decisões do Sistema Interamericano, restando somente a possibilidade de um não desejo de intromissão em política pública interna.

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This research aims to investigate the evolution presented during three decades (1980, 1990 and 2000) of using the tools of Operations Research (OR) as a suport to decision making in Production Operation Management (POM). Hypothesis tests were made to verify the proportional growth of a given area over the decades to the detriment of the areas of facility layout, capacity planning, production scheduling and inventory management. Six journals were selected and from them more than 800 articles were used for classification and analysis in the grounds of review. It also discussed possible ways for future research and comparisons are made with other papers of literature review. As a result, it was found that areas of heuristics and simulation showed a greater quantity of contributions in all POM areas of this study

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The present study aimed to understand patients' experience with osteoporosis treatment. The methodological and theoretical frameworks were, respectively, the Grounded Theory and Symbolic Interactionism. The research subjects were 12 patients monitored in a specialized outpatient unit. The obtained statements were transcribed and analyzed, leading to a synthesis of the described themes. From the analysis process, two phenomena emerged: "self-evaluating health conditions according to the disease signs" and "making a decision about the treatment targeting at well-being". The realignment and the inter-relationship of the components belonging to these phenomena (themes, categories, and subcategories) allowed to identify the core category: "self-managing osteoporosis treatment for well-being recovery mediated by the (in)visibility of the disease signs". Furthermore, it allowed for the design of a theoretical model concerning the process used by the player in his cyclic movement of the experience, between adherence to and relaxation from the osteoporosis treatment.

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Staphylococcal enterotoxins are among the most common etiologic agents that cause food poisoning and, possibly, nonmenstrual toxic shock syndrome. These enterotoxins are also called superantigens because they are potent T cell and macrophages activators. The superantigens bind directly to the major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and stimulate T cells expressing specific Vβ elements in the cell receptors. Excessive production of cytokines by these cells and macrophages are responsible for the pathogenesis of food poisoning. These cytokine include tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-1, proinflamatory mediators with potent immunoenhancing effects; the nitric oxide (NO). It still has both effects citotoxic and regulatory roles in immune function.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The knowledge of the etiology of any disease or condition is paramount to a safe and effective treatment. This literature review aims to show some options to treat dentine hypersensitivity (HSDC). The loss of cervical enamel and cementum exposure of tubules leads to a painful condition and patient discomfort, called HSDC. This loss of tooth structure occurs due to formation of cervical lesions in cases of gingival recession, abrasion, erosion, or abfraction by the association of two or more factors. Some treatments are not effective, but there are effective therapies, such as: application of ferric oxalate, potassium oxalate, potassium nitrate, fluoride varnish, solutions of calcium phosphate, adhesives and Bonding procedures. Therefore, the identification and removal of etiological factors is essential to successful treatment of HSDC normally associated to tubules obliterate and consequent reduction of fluid motion within the dentin.

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Objective: Review of scientific literature on the history of tuberculosis (TB), the natural history of TB in humans, extrapulmonary TB in urogenital form, including epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Method: Literature review using PubMed databases, BIREME, SciELO, LILACS and Google Scholar, as well as books, manuals and official documents of Ministério da Saúde (MS) and World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Focused as discussion topics, history, diagnosis and treatment of urogenital tuberculosis and reflection on the diagnostic challenge to be faced by health professionals. Conclusion: The diagnosis of urogenital tuberculosis is difficult and often delayed and may lead to important consequences. Faced with a patient with chronic urinary symptoms or infertility tuberculosis should always be investigated.

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OBJETIVO: Descrever métodos e estimativas de mortalidade proporcional por mortes evitáveis e tipos de não conformidades do atendimento relacionadas a esses eventos. MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática de publicações sobre mortes evitáveis em vítimas com traumatismos entre 2000 e 2009. Foi realizada pesquisa nas bases de dados Lilacs, SciELO e Medline utilizando-se a estratégia de busca com as palavras-chave "trauma", "avoidable", "preventable", "interventions" e "complications", e os descritores em ciências da saúde "death", "cause of death" e "hospitals". RESULTADOS: Identificaram-se 29 artigos publicados no período, com predomínio de estudos retrospectivos (96,5%). Os métodos mais comumente utilizados para definir a evitabilidade do óbito foram painel de especialistas ou pontuação de índices de gravidade, tendo sido empregadas as seguintes categorias: evitável, potencialmente evitável e não evitável. A média da mortalidade proporcional por mortes evitáveis dos estudos foi de 10,7% (dp 11,5%). As não conformidades mais comumente relatadas nas publicações foram sistema inadequado de atendimento ao traumatizado e erro na avaliação e tratamento. CONCLUSÕES: Observaram-se falhas na uniformização dos termos empregados para categorizar as mortes e as não conformidadades encontradas. Portanto, sugere-se a padronização da taxonomia da classificação das mortes e dos tipos de não conformidades observadas.

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The durability of stone building materials is an issue of utmost importance in the field of monument conservation. In order to be able to preserve our built cultural heritage, the thorough knowledge of its constituent materials and the understanding of the processes that affect them are indispensable. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the durability of a special stone type, the crystalline stones, in correlation with their intrinsic characteristics, the petrophysical properties. The crystalline stones are differentiated from the cemented stones on the basis of textural features. Their most important specific property is the usually low, fissure-like porosity. Stone types of significant monumental importance, like the marble or granite belong to this group. The selected materials for this investigation, indeed, are a marble (Macael marble, Spain) and a granite (Silvestre Vilachán granite, Spain). In addition, an andesite (Szob andesite, Hungary) also of significant monumental importance was selected. This way a wide range of crystalline rocks is covered in terms of petrogenesis: stones of metamorphic, magmatic and volcanic origin, which can be of importance in terms of mineralogical, petrological or physical characteristics. After the detailed characterization of the petrophysical properties of the selected stones, their durability was assessed by means of artificial ageing. The applied ageing tests were: the salt crystallization, the frost resistance in pure water and in the presence of soluble salts, the salt mist and the action of SO2 in the presence of humidity. The research aimed at the understanding of the mechanisms of each weathering process and at finding the petrophysical properties most decisive in the degradation of these materials. Among the several weathering mechanisms, the most important ones were found to be the physical stress due to crystallization pressure of both salt and ice, the thermal fatigue due to cyclic temperature changes and the chemical reactions (mostly the acidic attack) between the mineral phases and the external fluids. The properties that fundamentally control the degradation processes, and thus the durability of stones were found to be: the mineralogical and chemical composition; the hydraulic properties especially the water uptake, the permeability and the drying; the void space structure, especially the void size and aperture size distribution and the connectivity of the porous space; and the thermal and mechanical properties. Because of the complexity of the processes and the high number of determining properties, no mechanisms or characteristics could be identified as typical for crystalline stones. The durability or alterability of each stone type must be assessed according to its properties and not according to the textural or petrophysical classification they belong to. Finally, a critical review of standardized methods is presented, based on which an attempt was made for recommendations of the most adequate methodology for the characterization and durability assessment of crystalline stones.