Avaliação de cultivares de bananeira em sistema de cultivo convencional e orgânico

A bananicultura apresenta importância social na geração de emprego e renda e como fonte alimentar para pessoas em todo o mundo. A crescente demanda por frutos de alta qualidade tem contribuído para a conversão de áreas manejadas convencionalmente para sistemas de manejo orgânico. Contudo, inexistem informações seguras referentes às vantagens de cada tipo de manejo, que possam subsidiar os agricultores nessa importante tomada de decisão. Assim, com o objetivo de comparar cultivares de bananeira, em manejo convencional e orgânico, foram avaliadas as características agronômicas e o estado nutricional das bananeiras, quantificando-se o teor de minerais nas folhas. Foram avaliadas as cultivares Caipira (AAA), Maravilha (AAAB), Pacovan Ken (AAAB), Prata-Anã (AAB), Thap Maeo (AAB) e Tropical (AAAB). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias, comparadas pelos testes Scott Knott e Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade de erro. O sistema de cultivo afetou os parâmetros agronômicos de bananeira, destacando-se a cultivar Thap Maeo, que apresentou superioridade para algumas características agronômicas, podendo ser facilmente utilizado em sistema orgânico de cultivo. As cultivares apresentaram diferenças agronômicas, independentemente do sistema de manejo adotado. O tipo de manejo afeta a maioria das variáveis, exceto para peso do cacho, peso total da penca, número de frutos por penca, despencamento e firmeza do fruto com casca.

Kuivumiskutistuman yhteys massaseosten ominaisuuksien synergiseen käyttäytymiseen

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli selvittää kuivumiskutistuman yhteyttä massojen synergiseen käyttäytymiseen. Kirjallisuusosassa on pohdittu kuitujen, kuitujen koostumuksen ja massaseosten ominaisuuksien vaikutusta kuivumiskutistumiseen. Lisäksi on pohdittu erilaisten kuivatustapojen vaikutusta kuivumiskutistuman suuruuteen ja SC-paperin mekaanisiin ominaisuuksiin. Kokeellisessa osassa valmistettiin kiertovedellä seosarkkeja. Massoina seoksissa käytettiin hioketta, TMP:tä ja kahta eri valmistajan sellua, jotka molemmat koostuivat kuusesta ja männystä. Seosarkkeja kuivattiin vapaasti, estetysti ja siten, että arkkia vedettiin konesuunnassa 2 % ja siten, että arkin annettiin kutistua konesuunnassa 2 %. Vapaasti kutistuneista arkeista mitattiin kuivumiskutistuma, käyttäen mahdollisimman tarkkaa menetelmää, jotta saatiin selville kunkin massaseoksen ja puhtaan massan kutistumapotentiaali. Kokeellisen osan mittaustulosten perusteella työssä pohdittiin kuivumiskutistumisen yhteyttä massojen synergiseen käyttäytymiseen. Tuloksista käy ilmi, että kuivumiskutistumalla on yhteys massaseosten synergiseen käyttäytymiseen. Kuivumiskutistuma vaikuttaa eniten selluilla, joilla on suurin kutistumispotentiaali. Arkin kuivuessa, kuitujen kutistuessa, rikkoutuu arkissa jo syntyneitä sidoksia heikentäen mm. vetolujuutta. Sidoksien rikkoutuminen ilmenee selvästi valonsironnan kasvamisena, mutta myös palstautumislujuuden huonontumisena, joka kertoo sidosten vähentymisestä. Selluosuuden kasvattaminen vaikuttaa useimpien arkin ominaisuuksia huonontaen ja siis synergiaa huonontaen. Puhtaita massoja vertaillessa puhtailla selluilla on useimpien ominaisuuksien kohdalla huonoimmat suhteellisesti saavutetut lujuudet, joten selluista ei saada kaikkea lujuuspotentiaalia, mikä taas näkyy selvästi selluosuuden kasvaessa suurempana poikkeamina additiivisesti lasketuista lujuuksista. Mekaanisilla massoilla, joilla on pienempi kuivumiskutistuma, ei vaikutus ole niin voimakas kuin selluilla ja puhtaat mekaaniset massat säilyttävätkin ominaisuutensa paremmin kuin sellut.

Características agronômicas e ocorrência de mal-do-panamá em bananeiras tipo Pacovan

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar características vegetativas, de rendimento e incidência de maldo-panamá na 'Pacovan', em dois ciclos de produção, nos híbridos 'Japira', 'Pacovan-Ken', 'Preciosa' e 'Garantida', recomendados para produtores pela Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, e no 'PV79-34', em seleção. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias, agrupadas pelo critério de Scott-Knott (P<0,05). Há variabilidade genética entre as cultivares. 'Garantida' apresenta menor rendimento expresso pela massa das pencas e do cacho e pelo número de frutos. 'PV79-34' é a mais vigorosa, de menor porte e com maior rendimento, porém é suscetível ao mal-do-panamá.

GATA2 is required for lymphatic vessel valve development and maintenance.

Heterozygous germline mutations in the zinc finger transcription factor GATA2 have recently been shown to underlie a range of clinical phenotypes, including Emberger syndrome, a disorder characterized by lymphedema and predisposition to myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML). Despite well-defined roles in hematopoiesis, the functions of GATA2 in the lymphatic vasculature and the mechanisms by which GATA2 mutations result in lymphedema have not been characterized. Here, we have provided a molecular explanation for lymphedema predisposition in a subset of patients with germline GATA2 mutations. Specifically, we demonstrated that Emberger-associated GATA2 missense mutations result in complete loss of GATA2 function, with respect to the capacity to regulate the transcription of genes that are important for lymphatic vessel valve development. We identified a putative enhancer element upstream of the key lymphatic transcriptional regulator PROX1 that is bound by GATA2, and the transcription factors FOXC2 and NFATC1. Emberger GATA2 missense mutants had a profoundly reduced capacity to bind this element. Conditional Gata2 deletion in mice revealed that GATA2 is required for both development and maintenance of lymphovenous and lymphatic vessel valves. Together, our data unveil essential roles for GATA2 in the lymphatic vasculature and explain why a select catalogue of human GATA2 mutations results in lymphedema.

Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations.

Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P < 1 × 10(-300), 2.1 × 10(-6), 2.5 × 10(-10) and 1.8 × 10(-10), respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months' less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.

PROGRESSO TEMPORAL E CONTROLE DA ANTRACNOSE EM BANANA NO SEMIÁRIDO NORTE MINEIRO

RESUMO A antracnose é uma das principais doenças pós-colheita em bananas. O trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar, durante dez meses, a intensidade da antracnose e o efeito da lavagem e sanitização das frutas no controle da doença em pós-colheita de bananas. O experimento foi realizado de setembro de 2013 a junho de 2014. As coletas dos frutos foram realizadas, mensalmente, em cinco propriedades comerciais localizadas nos municípios de Jaíba, Janaúba e Nova Porteirinha, cultivadas com banana ‘Prata-Anã’. As pencas foram subdivididas em buquês de três frutos, o delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial e submetidos aos tratamentos: frutos sem a realização da lavagem (testemunha); frutos lavados na propriedade; frutos lavados no laboratório com hipoclorito de sódio a 2%; frutos lavados no laboratório com hipoclorito de sódio a 2% seguido de aplicação com fungicida Imazalil. As avaliações foram realizadas em 10 épocas e os tratamentos repetidos cinco vezes. Calculou-se área abaixo da curva de progresso da intensidade (AACPI) e área abaixo da curva de progresso da severidade (AACPS). Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas através do teste de Scott-Knott, a 5% de probabilidade. A maior intensidade de antracnose em bananas no Norte de Minas ocorre nos meses de novembro de 2013 a março de 2014. A menor intensidade ocorre nos meses de setembro e outubro de 2013 e abril a junho de 2014. Nos meses de novembro a março, época de maior intensidade de doença, a lavagem dos frutos com detergente neutro e hipoclorito de sódio a 2% seguida de aplicação do fungicida Imazalil é a técnica mais eficiente de controle. A lavagem dos frutos, apenas com detergente neutro pode favorecer o aparecimento de antracnose, pela degradação da cutícula.

Clinical determinants of early parasitological response to ACTs in African patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria: a literature review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.

BACKGROUND: Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum has emerged in the Greater Mekong sub-region and poses a major global public health threat. Slow parasite clearance is a key clinical manifestation of reduced susceptibility to artemisinin. This study was designed to establish the baseline values for clearance in patients from Sub-Saharan African countries with uncomplicated malaria treated with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). METHODS: A literature review in PubMed was conducted in March 2013 to identify all prospective clinical trials (uncontrolled trials, controlled trials and randomized controlled trials), including ACTs conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa, between 1960 and 2012. Individual patient data from these studies were shared with the WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) and pooled using an a priori statistical analytical plan. Factors affecting early parasitological response were investigated using logistic regression with study sites fitted as a random effect. The risk of bias in included studies was evaluated based on study design, methodology and missing data. RESULTS: In total, 29,493 patients from 84 clinical trials were included in the analysis, treated with artemether-lumefantrine (n = 13,664), artesunate-amodiaquine (n = 11,337) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (n = 4,492). The overall parasite clearance rate was rapid. The parasite positivity rate (PPR) decreased from 59.7 % (95 % CI: 54.5-64.9) on day 1 to 6.7 % (95 % CI: 4.8-8.7) on day 2 and 0.9 % (95 % CI: 0.5-1.2) on day 3. The 95th percentile of observed day 3 PPR was 5.3 %. Independent risk factors predictive of day 3 positivity were: high baseline parasitaemia (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.16 (95 % CI: 1.08-1.25); per 2-fold increase in parasite density, P <0.001); fever (>37.5 °C) (AOR = 1.50 (95 % CI: 1.06-2.13), P = 0.022); severe anaemia (AOR = 2.04 (95 % CI: 1.21-3.44), P = 0.008); areas of low/moderate transmission setting (AOR = 2.71 (95 % CI: 1.38-5.36), P = 0.004); and treatment with the loose formulation of artesunate-amodiaquine (AOR = 2.27 (95 % CI: 1.14-4.51), P = 0.020, compared to dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine). CONCLUSIONS: The three ACTs assessed in this analysis continue to achieve rapid early parasitological clearance across the sites assessed in Sub-Saharan Africa. A threshold of 5 % day 3 parasite positivity from a minimum sample size of 50 patients provides a more sensitive benchmark in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to the current recommended threshold of 10 % to trigger further investigation of artemisinin susceptibility.

Targeting of Fn14 Prevents Cancer-Induced Cachexia and Prolongs Survival.

The cytokine TWEAK and its cognate receptor Fn14 are members of the TNF/TNFR superfamily and are upregulated in tumors. We found that Fn14, when expressed in tumors, causes cachexia and that antibodies against Fn14 dramatically extended lifespan by inhibiting tumor-induced weight loss although having only moderate inhibitory effects on tumor growth. Anti-Fn14 antibodies prevented tumor-induced inflammation and loss of fat and muscle mass. Fn14 signaling in the tumor, rather than host, is responsible for inducing this cachexia because tumors in Fn14- and TWEAK-deficient hosts developed cachexia that was comparable to that of wild-type mice. These results extend the role of Fn14 in wound repair and muscle development to involvement in the etiology of cachexia and indicate that Fn14 antibodies may be a promising approach to treat cachexia, thereby extending lifespan and improving quality of life for cancer patients.

The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 100 genetic variants contributing to BMI, a measure of body size, or waist-to-hip ratio (adjusted for BMI, WHRadjBMI), a measure of body shape. Body size and shape change as people grow older and these changes differ substantially between men and women. To systematically screen for age- and/or sex-specific effects of genetic variants on BMI and WHRadjBMI, we performed meta-analyses of 114 studies (up to 320,485 individuals of European descent) with genome-wide chip and/or Metabochip data by the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium. Each study tested the association of up to ~2.8M SNPs with BMI and WHRadjBMI in four strata (men ≤50y, men >50y, women ≤50y, women >50y) and summary statistics were combined in stratum-specific meta-analyses. We then screened for variants that showed age-specific effects (G x AGE), sex-specific effects (G x SEX) or age-specific effects that differed between men and women (G x AGE x SEX). For BMI, we identified 15 loci (11 previously established for main effects, four novel) that showed significant (FDR<5%) age-specific effects, of which 11 had larger effects in younger (<50y) than in older adults (≥50y). No sex-dependent effects were identified for BMI. For WHRadjBMI, we identified 44 loci (27 previously established for main effects, 17 novel) with sex-specific effects, of which 28 showed larger effects in women than in men, five showed larger effects in men than in women, and 11 showed opposite effects between sexes. No age-dependent effects were identified for WHRadjBMI. This is the first genome-wide interaction meta-analysis to report convincing evidence of age-dependent genetic effects on BMI. In addition, we confirm the sex-specificity of genetic effects on WHRadjBMI. These results may provide further insights into the biology that underlies weight change with age or the sexually dimorphism of body shape.

De España, Rafael, La pantalla épica. Los héroes de la Antigüedad vistos por el cine.

Quien quiera saber cómo se ha llevado a la pantalla la Antigüedad lo tendrá ahora más fácil con el presente libro. Su autor, Rafael De España, hace verdad la aseveración que un hombre contiene muchos hombres, pues al margen de su dedicación a la docencia en medicina, es doctor en historia, crítico de cine, autor de colunnas en la prensa, artículos y libros monográficos que van del western mediterráneo al cine de Goebbels, pasando por el Quijote en la pantalla, entre otros. A finales del pasado siglo escribió una impagable obra antecesora de la presente (De España 1998). Ese libro estaba estructurado siguiendo los periodos cronológicos y temáticos de la Antigüedad, y todo lector curioso corría el riesgo de quedar pegado a sus páginas hasta concluir su lectura como una mosca en un tarro de miel. Dicho libro era imposible de encontrar fuera de las bibliotecas y apareció justo cuando el cine 'de romanos' parecía finiquitado ... ¡hasta que Ridley Scott lo resucitó de nuevo! (Gladiator, 2000). Esas razones y el afán del autor por corregir detalles han llevado a la presente edición.

Rethinking ovarian cancer II: reducing mortality from high-grade serous ovarian cancer.

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) accounts for 70-80% of ovarian cancer deaths, and overall survival has not changed significantly for several decades. In this Opinion article, we outline a set of research priorities that we believe will reduce incidence and improve outcomes for women with this disease. This 'roadmap' for HGSOC was determined after extensive discussions at an Ovarian Cancer Action meeting in January 2015.

Large-scale genomic analyses link reproductive aging to hypothalamic signaling, breast cancer susceptibility and BRCA1-mediated DNA repair.

Menopause timing has a substantial impact on infertility and risk of disease, including breast cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We report a dual strategy in ∼70,000 women to identify common and low-frequency protein-coding variation associated with age at natural menopause (ANM). We identified 44 regions with common variants, including two regions harboring additional rare missense alleles of large effect. We found enrichment of signals in or near genes involved in delayed puberty, highlighting the first molecular links between the onset and end of reproductive lifespan. Pathway analyses identified major association with DNA damage response (DDR) genes, including the first common coding variant in BRCA1 associated with any complex trait. Mendelian randomization analyses supported a causal effect of later ANM on breast cancer risk (∼6% increase in risk per year; P = 3 × 10(-14)), likely mediated by prolonged sex hormone exposure rather than DDR mechanisms.

The Changing Face of Psychiatric Nursing –Care or Control?

This report has been written as part of the project “Toward improved quality – developing nurse’s continuing vocational training in hospitals and inpatient units”. Its overall goal is to ensure high quality, ethically appropriate and therapeutically effective interventions to enable nurses to manage distressed and disturbed patients in European psychiatric hospitals and inpatient units. In this large-scale, multinational projects there are all together six European countries involved: Finland, Ireland, England, Portugal, Italy and Lithuania. The project work plan were during autumn 2006 and spring 2007. The content of this publication was produced in the first stage of the project aiming to collect the preliminary source material for the project. The literature review was carried out in the project stage, providing the groundwork for the next steps for the project. This project aims to develop an interactive multinational portal with training material. Therefore, it is important to share an understanding of basic information, psychiatric nurse’s continuing vocational education, laws and ethical codes and patient restriction used in mental health care. In this publication, the purpose of the material produced here is to understand nurses’ educational need related to vocational continuing education and to be used in further project stages as an empirical data collection. The data were collected as a preliminary source material for latter phases where nurse’s perceptions of the current practice, nurse’s attitudes to mental illness, prevalence of use of seclusion room and existing and desired vocational training provision will be collected in six different European countries. The following organisations are involved in this project: University of Turku, Dublin City University, St. Vincent Hospital, National Council for the Professional Development of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Padova, Klaipeda College - Health Faculty, Klaipeda Psychiatric Hospital, Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa, Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa, Omnia Vocational Institution the Espoo Region, Kellokoski psychiatric hospital, Hyvinkää hospital area, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Kingston University & St. George’s Medical School and South West London & St. George’s Mental Health NHS Trust. A wide variety of different countries, organisations and individuals in this project give us a strong confidence that theoretical, practical, ethical and political issues around the topic of interest will be taken account during this project lifetime. We are aware the content of this book will be partially outdated almost as soon as it has been published. We still hope that this publication will encourage nurses and different professions working in mental health care field to have a basic understanding of similarities and differences between different European countries related in mental health care. We also hope that this publication will inspirate and motivate nurses in maintaining and developing the quality of psychiatric care in Europe.

Genetic associations at 53 loci highlight cell types and biological pathways relevant for kidney function.

Reduced glomerular filtration rate defines chronic kidney disease and is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), combining data across 133,413 individuals with replication in up to 42,166 individuals. We identify 24 new and confirm 29 previously identified loci. Of these 53 loci, 19 associate with eGFR among individuals with diabetes. Using bioinformatics, we show that identified genes at eGFR loci are enriched for expression in kidney tissues and in pathways relevant for kidney development and transmembrane transporter activity, kidney structure, and regulation of glucose metabolism. Chromatin state mapping and DNase I hypersensitivity analyses across adult tissues demonstrate preferential mapping of associated variants to regulatory regions in kidney but not extra-renal tissues. These findings suggest that genetic determinants of eGFR are mediated largely through direct effects within the kidney and highlight important cell types and biological pathways.