Characteristics of Biodiesel Oil Atomized by a Two-Fluid Nozzle Using PDA

Drop size and velocity distribution in a spray of fuel play an important role in determining combustion efficiency. The Phase Doppler anemometer (PDA) is a well-established technique allowing simultaneous measurement of velocity and size of droplets. In this work, effect of bio-substitute component on the size and velocity of biodiesel droplets which are generated by a two-fluid nozzle are investigated comprehensively using a PDA.

Fluid flow control with transformation media.

We introduce a new concept for the manipulation of fluid flow around three-dimensional bodies. Inspired by transformation optics, the concept is based on a mathematical idea of coordinate transformations and physically implemented with anisotropic porous media permeable to the flow of fluids. In two situations-for an impermeable object placed either in a free-flowing fluid or in a fluid-filled porous medium-we show that the object can be coated with an inhomogeneous, anisotropic permeable medium, such as to preserve the flow that would have existed in the absence of the object. The proposed fluid flow cloak eliminates downstream wake and compensates viscous drag, hinting at the possibility of novel propulsion techniques.

On the contemporaneousness of Roger de Piles'Balance des peintres

SCOPUS: ch.b

Comparison of dynamic balance in adolescent male soccer players from rwanda and the United States.

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: Dynamic balance is an important component of motor skill development. Poor dynamic balance has previously been associated with sport related injury. However, the vast majority of dynamic balance studies as they relate to sport injury have occurred in developed North American or European countries. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare dynamic balance in adolescent male soccer players from Rwanda to a matched group from the United States. METHODS: Twenty-six adolescent male soccer players from Rwanda and 26 age- and gender-matched control subjects from the United States were screened using the Lower Quarter Y Balance Test during their pre-participation physical. Reach asymmetry (cm) between limbs was examined for all reach directions. In addition, reach distance in each direction (normalized to limb length, %LL) and the composite reach score (also normalized to %LL) were examined. Dependent samples t-tests were performed with significant differences identified at p<0.05. RESULTS: Twenty-six male soccer players from Rwanda (R) were matched to twenty-six male soccer players from the United States (US). The Rwandan soccer players performed better in the anterior (R: 83.9 ± 3.2 %LL; US: 76.5 ± 6.6 %LL, p<0.01), posterolateral (R: 114.4 ± 8.3 %LL ; US: 106.5 ± 8.2 %LL, p<0.01) and composite (R: 105.6 ± 1.3 %LL; US: 97.8 ± 6.2 %LL, p<0.01) reach scores. No significant differences between groups were observed for reach asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent soccer players from Rwanda exhibit superior performance on a standardized dynamic balance test as comparison to similar athletes from the United States. The examination of movement abilities of athletes from countries of various origins may allow for a greater understanding of the range of true normative values for dynamic balance. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: 3b.

Vascular access, fluid resuscitation, and blood transfusion in pediatric trauma.

Trauma care in the general population has largely become protocol-driven, with an emphasis on fast and efficient treatment, good team communication at all levels of care including prehospital care, initial resuscitation, intensive care, and rehabilitation. Most available literature on trauma care has focused on adults, allowing the potential to apply concepts from adult care to pediatric care. But there remain issues that will always be specific to pediatric patients that may not translate from adults. Several new devices such as intraosseous (IO) needle systems and techniques such as ultrasonography to cannulate central and peripheral veins have become available for integration into our pre-existing trauma care system for children. This review will focus specifically on the latest techniques and evidence available for establishing intravenous access, rational approaches to fluid resuscitation, and blood product transfusion in the pediatric trauma patient.

Unipedal balance is affected by lower extremity joint arthroplasty procedure 1 year following surgery.

Lower Extremity Joint Arthroplasty (LEJA) surgery is an effective way to alleviate painful osteoarthritis. Unfortunately, these surgeries do not normalize the loading asymmetry during the single leg stance phase of gait. Therefore, we examined single leg balance in 234 TJA patients (75 hips, 65 knees, 94 ankles) approximately 12 months following surgery. Patients passed if they maintained single leg balance for 10s with their eyes open. Patients one year following total hip arthroplasty (THA-63%) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA-69%) had similar pass rates compared to a total ankle arthroplasty (TAA-9%). Patients following THA and TKA exhibit better unilateral balance in comparison with TAA patients. It may be beneficial to include a rigorous proprioception and balance training program in TAA patients to optimize functional outcomes.

In vitro fluid dynamics of the Ahmed glaucoma valve modified with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.

PURPOSE: Long-term intraocular pressure reduction by glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs) is often limited by the fibrotic capsule that forms around them. Prior work demonstrates that modifying a GDD with a porous membrane promotes a vascularized and more permeable capsule. This work examines the in vitro fluid dynamics of the Ahmed valve after enclosing the outflow tract with a porous membrane of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The control and modified Ahmed implants (termed porous retrofitted implant with modified enclosure or PRIME-Ahmed) were submerged in saline and gelatin and perfused in a system that monitored flow (Q) and pressure (P). Flow rates of 1-50 μl/min were applied and steady state pressure recorded. Resistance was calculated by dividing pressure by flow. RESULTS: Modifying the Ahmed valve implant outflow with expanded ePTFE increased pressure and resistance. Pressure at a flow of 2 μl/min was increased in the PRIME-Ahmed (11.6 ± 1.5 mm Hg) relative to the control implant (6.5 ± 1.2 mm Hg). Resistance at a flow of 2 μl/min was increased in the PRIME-Ahmed (5.8 ± 0.8 mm Hg/μl/min) when compared to the control implant (3.2 ± 0.6 mm Hg/μl/min). CONCLUSIONS: Modifying the outflow tract of the Ahmed valve with a porous membrane adds resistance that decreases with increasing flow. The Ahmed valve implant behaves as a variable resistor. It is partially open at low pressures and provides reduced resistance at physiologic flow rates.

EAE cerebrospinal fluid augments in vitro phagocytosis and metabolism of CNS myelin by macrophages.

Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that CNS myelin is phagocytized and metabolized by cultured rat macrophages to a much larger extent when myelin is pretreated with serum containing antibodies to myelin constituents than when it is left untreated or pretreated with non-specific serum. In this study the effect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from rabbits with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in promoting myelin phagocytosis was examined. Fourteen rabbits were immunized with purified myelin in Freund's complete adjuvant, seven of which developed clinical EAE symptoms. Serum and CSF were collected from EAE and control rabbits, and the CSF was centrifuged to remove cells. Sera and CSF from these rabbits and from Freund's adjuvant-immunized controls and untreated controls were measured for IgG content by radial diffusion assay, their myelin antibody characteristics were analyzed by immunoblots, and the ability of these serum and CSF samples to promote myelin phagocytosis when used for myelin opsonization was examined. The ability of a CSF sample to enhance radioactive myelin uptake and phagocytosis by cultured macrophages as measured by the appearance of radioactive cholesterol ester was linearly proportional to its total IgG titer, and correlated approximately both with clinical symptoms of the animal and the presence of antibody against the myelin constituents myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, and galactocerebroside. The cholesterol esterification activities of EAE sera correlated to a lesser extent with IgG levels and clinical symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Optical-CT 3D Dosimetry Using Fresnel Lenses with Minimal Refractive-Index Matching Fluid.

Telecentric optical computed tomography (optical-CT) is a state-of-the-art method for visualizing and quantifying 3-dimensional dose distributions in radiochromic dosimeters. In this work a prototype telecentric system (DFOS-Duke Fresnel Optical-CT Scanner) is evaluated which incorporates two substantial design changes: the use of Fresnel lenses (reducing lens costs from $10-30K t0 $1-3K) and the use of a 'solid tank' (which reduces noise, and the volume of refractively matched fluid from 1 ltr to 10 cc). The efficacy of DFOS was evaluated by direct comparison against commissioned scanners in our lab. Measured dose distributions from all systems were compared against the predicted dose distributions from a commissioned treatment planning system (TPS). Three treatment plans were investigated including a simple four-field box treatment, a multiple small field delivery, and a complex IMRT treatment. Dosimeters were imaged within 2 h post irradiation, using consistent scanning techniques (360 projections acquired at 1 degree intervals, reconstruction at 2mm). DFOS efficacy was evaluated through inspection of dose line-profiles, and 2D and 3D dose and gamma maps. DFOS/TPS gamma pass rates with 3%/3mm dose difference/distance-to-agreement criteria ranged from 89.3% to 92.2%, compared to from 95.6% to 99.0% obtained with the commissioned system. The 3D gamma pass rate between the commissioned system and DFOS was 98.2%. The typical noise rates in DFOS reconstructions were up to 3%, compared to under 2% for the commissioned system. In conclusion, while the introduction of a solid tank proved advantageous with regards to cost and convenience, further work is required to improve the image quality and dose reconstruction accuracy of the new DFOS optical-CT system.

Role of the IL-10/IL-12 balance in the primary cellular immune response of infants to pertussis vaccines

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Antigen-specific interferon-gamma responses and innate cytokine balance in TB-IRIS.

Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) remains a poorly understood complication in HIV-TB patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). TB-IRIS could be associated with an exaggerated immune response to TB-antigens. We compared the recovery of IFNγ responses to recall and TB-antigens and explored in vitro innate cytokine production in TB-IRIS patients.

Calibración del modelo Cropsyst para simular el balance hídrico en cultivos invernales del centro oeste de Entre Ríos

El trabajo tiene por objetivo calibrar el modelo CropSyst para simular la producción de materia seca y el balance hídrico de los cultivos de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) ciclo largo y ciclo corto, colza (Brassica napus), lino (Linum usitatissimum) y arveja proteica (Pisum sativum) en el centro oeste de Entre Ríos. Adicionalmente, se incluyó un análisis de sensibilidad de parámetros que podrían tener, a priori, un mayor impacto sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo y en especial sobre el balance hídrico. La optimización de Cropsyst se realizó utilizando datos obtenidos de un experimento a campo, realizado con un diseño en bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Los parámetros medidos fueron: fenología, humedad del suelo, radiación interceptada por el cultivo, biomasa, índice de área foliar, área foliar específica y rendimiento. Durante el proceso de calibración se utilizó un procedimiento iterativo para optimizar las salidas de crecimiento y desarrollo de los cultivos. Una vez optimizado el modelo agronómico se procedió a evaluar las predicciones relacionadas con el contenido de agua (cm-3 cm-3) por capas y la lámina de agua total (mm) hasta una profundidad de 50 cm. En relación con el contenido de agua se tomaron dos fechas aproximadas de observación y registro, seleccionadas en base al período crítico de cada especie y la lámina de agua total se evaluó durante todo el ciclo de los cultivos. A los efectos de simular la infiltración de agua en el suelo se usaron dos métodos incluidos en modelo: el método en cascada y el método de las diferencias finitas. En general, Cropsyst brindó estimaciones razonables en cuanto a la biomasa, intercepción de radiación y rendimiento. Las predicciones del contenido de agua en el suelo para cada profundidad resultaron poco satisfactorias. Sin embargo, cuando se consideró la lámina de agua a 50 cm. las predicciones fueron más aceptables. Con relación al análisis de sensibilidad, los parámetros evaluados no mostraron cambios significativos en la simulación del agua en el suelo ni en el resto de los indicadores analizados, sugiriendo que mejores ajustes en la predicción del contenido de agua deberían lograrse seleccionando otro tipo de parámetros. La revisión y adaptación de las funciones de pedo-transferencia para estimar los límites máximos y mínimos de almacenaje de agua en el suelo probablemente mejore los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo.

Factores condicionantes de la evolución estructural de suelos limosos bajo siembra directa : efecto sobre el balance de agua

La evolución estructural de los suelos y su relación con la dinámica del agua son aspectos clave en la sustentabilidad de los agro-ecosistemas. La siembra directa (SD) combinada con la simplificación de secuencias de cultivos, generan la necesidad de estudiar nuevos aspectos de la degradación física de suelos cultivados. El objetivo de esta tesis fue identificar factores condicionantes de la evolución estructural de suelos limosos bajo SD y analizar las consecuencias de la presencia de estructura laminar y otras estructuras asociadas sobre el balance de agua. Se aplicó el método del perfil cultural en distintos sitios de la pampa húmeda norte y se realizaron ensayos de campo (tránsito, cobertura, secuencias) y laboratorio (humedecimiento-secado, intervalo hídrico óptimo) para modelar la evolución de la estructura laminar, identificar sus factores formadores y cuantificar su efecto sobre el funcionamiento hídrico. El desarrollo de estructura laminar está generalizado en la pampa húmeda norte. Su proporción en el perfil está asociada con el número de años bajo SD. El tránsito agrícola y la cobertura superficial no afectaron su evolución. La estructura laminar se forma por fisuración por humedecimiento-secado de una estructura masiva subyacente. La distribución de macroporos de esta estructura y su estabilidad, afectan la microfisuración y la formación de agregados elongados. Las raíces contribuyen con el crecimiento lateral y la exploración de la capa superficial del suelo por impedimento en su profundización cuando la densidad aparente es crítica (mayor a1,44 Mg m-3). La estructura laminar altera el patrón de drenaje y aumenta el escurrimiento superficial en función de su proporción en el perfil del horizonte A. La secuencia de cultivos implementada bajo SD condiciona su formación y en consecuencia el funcionamiento hídrico del suelo. Las ecuaciones generadas permitirán identificar secuencias de cultivos que mejoren la captación de agua para aumentar rendimientos y minimizar riesgos ambientales.