946 resultados para Drosophila Spermatogenesis


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The Deleted in azoospermia family consists of RNA-binding proteins Bottle, Daz, and Daz-like (Dazl) that are expressed in the germline. Here, we report the cloning and expression of the medakafish (Oryzias latipes) dazl gene (odazl). Interestingly, although the predicted medaka Dazl protein (oDazl) contains a RRM motif and a DAZ repeat characteristic of its mammalian homologs, it lacks 80 aa at the C-terminus. By RT-PCR, RNA in situ hybridization, Western blotting and fluorescent immunohistochemistry using a rabbit anti-DazI antibody (alpha Oazl), we analyzed the expression patterns of odazl and its protein. The odazl transcript persists throughout embryogenesis and delineates with primordial germ cells. In adults, the expression of odazl RNA and its protein is restricted to germ cells of both the testis and ovary. We observed differential expression of RNA and protein at critical stages of gametogenesis. In the testis, the odazl RNA is low at premeiotic stages, abundant at meiotic stages, but absent in postmeiotic stages; whereas the oDazl protein is rich in premeiotic stages, reduced at meiotic stages, becomes barely detectable or absent in postmeiotic round spermatids or sperm, respectively. This is in sharp mature spermatozoa. In the ovary, the odazl RNA contrast to the human situation where the Dazl transcript and protein are present in and protein persist throughout oogenesis and also show differential expression at premeiotic, meiotic and postmeiotic stages. Thus, the odazl or its protein is a marker for germ cells during embryogenesis and at critical stages of gametogenesis in both sexes of medaka. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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We have cloned and characterized the full-length cDNA encoding thyroid-stimulating hormone beta-subunit (TSHbeta) from orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. It contains 913 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding 146 amino acids with a 20 amino acid signal peptide. The grouper mature TSHbeta has 75, 70, 61, 59, 41, 42 and 40% identities to that of rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, zebrafish, European eel, chicken. mouse and human, respectively. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the TSHbeta mRNA was expressed abundantly not only in pituitary but also in gonads. A more interesting finding is to reveal the differential TSHbeta expressions between the ovaries and the transitional gonads or testes in natural individuals of orange-spotted grouper and red-spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara, and in artificial sex reversal individuals of red-spotted grouper induced by MT feeding. In situ hybridization localization provided direct evidence that the TSHbeta was transcribed in the germ cells. In the growing oocytes, the TSHbeta transcripts were concentrated on the ooplasm periphery. In testicular tissues, the intensively expressed TSHbeta cells were found to be spermatogonia and spermatocytes in the spermatogenic cysts. This is the first report of a TSHbeta expressed in the gonads of any vertebrates in addition to the expected expression in the pituitary, and it expresses more transcripts in the gonads during sex reversal or testis than in the ovaries both in E. coioides and E. akaara. Importantly, the TSHbeta identification in germ cells allows us to further investigate the functional roles and the molecular mechanisms in gametogenesis of groupers, especially in sex reversal and in spermatogenesis. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Spermatogonia are the male germ stem cells that continuously produce sperm for the next generation. Spermatogenesis is a complicated process that proceeds through mitotic phase of stem cell renewal and differentiation, meiotic phase, and postmeiotic phase of spermiogenesis. Full recapitulation of spermatogenesis in vitro has been impossible, as generation of normal spermatogonial stem cell lines without immortalization and production of motile sperm from these cells after long-term culture have not been achieved. Here we report the derivation of a normal spermatogonial cell line from a mature medakafish testis without immortalization. After 140 passages during 2 years of culture, this cell line retains stable but growth factor-dependent proliferation, a diploid karyotype, and the phenotype and gene expression pattern of spermatogonial stem cells. Furthermore, we show that this cell line can undergo meiosis and spermiogenesis to generate motile sperm. Therefore, the ability of continuous proliferation and sperm production in culture is an intrinsic property of medaka spermatogonial stem cells, and immortalization apparently is not necessary to derive male germ cell cultures. Our findings and cell line will offer a unique opportunity to study and recapitulate spermatogenesis in vitro and to develop approaches for germ-line transmission.

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Background: Some triploid and tetraploid clones have been identified in the gynogenetic gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch, by karyotypic and cytologic analyses over many years. Further, 5-20% males and karyotypic diversity have been found among their natural and artificial populations. However, the DNA contents and the relation to their ploidy level and chromosome numbers have not been ascertained, and whether normal meiosis occurs in spermatogenesis needs to be determined in the different clones. Methods: The sampled blood cells or sperms were mixed with blood cells from chicken or individual gibel carp and fixed in 70% pre-cooled ethanol overnight at 4degreesC. The mixed cell pellets were washed 2-3 times in 1x phosphate buffered saline and then resuspended in the solution containing 0.5% pepsin and 0.1 M HCl. DNA was stained with propidium iodide solution (40 mug/mL) containing 4 kU/ml RNase. The measurements of DNA contents were performed with Phoenix Flow Systems. Results: Triploid clones A, E, F, and P had almost equal DNA content, but triploid clone D had greater DNA content than did the other four triploid clones. DNA content of clone M (7.01 +/- 0.15 pg/nucleus) was almost equal to the DNA content of clone D (5-38 +/- 0.06 pg/nucleus) plus the DNA content of common carp sperm (1.64 +/- 0.02 pg/nucleus). The DNA contents of sperms from clones A, P, and D were half of their blood cells, suggesting that normal meiosis occurs in spermatogenesis. Conclusions: Flow cytometry is a powerful method to analyze genetic heterogeneity and ploidy level among different gynogenetic clones of polyploid gibel carp. Through this study, four questions have been answered. (a) The DNA content correlation among the five triploid clones and one multiple tetraploid clone was revealed in the gibel carp, and the contents increased with not only the ploidy level but also the chromosome number. (b) Mean DNA content was 0.052 pg in six extra chromosomes of clone D, which was higher than that of each chromosome in clones A, E, F, and P (about 0.032 pg/ chromosome). This means that the six extra chromosomes are larger chromosomes. (c) Normal meiosis occurred during spermatogenesis of the gibel carp, because DNA contents of the sperms from clones A, P, and D were almost half of that in their blood cells. (d) Multiple tetraploid clone M (7.01 +/- 0.15 pg/nucleus) contained the complete genome of clone D (5.38 +/- 0.06 pg/nucleus) and the genome of common carp sperm (1.64 +/- 0.02 pg/nucleus). Cytometry Part A 56A:46-52, 2003. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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The sex-determining gene Mab-3 of C. elegans and the doublesex gene of Drosophila each contain a common DM domain and share a similar role. Human doublesex-related gene DMRT1 also encodes a conserved DM-related DNA-binding domain. We present here the amplification of a broad range of DM domain sequences from three fish species using degenerate PCR. Our results reveal unexpected complexity of the DM domain gene family in vertebrates. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Identifcation of the earliest forebrain-specific markers should facilitate the elucidation of molecular events underlying vertebrate forebrain determination and specification. Here we report the sequence and characterization of fez (forebrain embryonic zinc finger), a gene that is specifically expressed in the embryonic forebrain of zebrafish. Fez encodes a putative nuclear zinc finger protein that is highly conserved in Drosophila, zebrafish, Xenopus, mouse, and human. In zebrafish, the expression of fez becomes detectable at the anterior edge of the presumptive neuroectoderm by 70% epiboly. During the segmentation period, its expression is completely restricted to the rostral region of the prospective forebrain. At approximately 24 h postfertilization, fez expression is mostly confined to the telencephalon and the anterior-ventral region of the diencephalon. Although fez expression is present in one-eyed pinhead (oep) and cyclops (cyc) zebrfish mutants, the pattern is altered. Forced expression of fez induces ectopic expression of dlx2 and dlx6, two genes involved in brain development. Knockdown of fez function using a morpholino-based antisense oligo inhibited dlx2 expression in the ventral forebrain. Our studies indicate that fez is one of the earliest markers specific for the anterior neuroectoderm and it may play a role in forebrain development by regulating Dlx gene expression. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

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果蝇 virilis section(Hsu 1949)自建立以来其合理性在果蝇系统发育中还没有得到 检验。本文以线粒体烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶第二亚单位基因(ND2)全序列和细 胞色素氧化酶I 基因(COI)部分片段以及核中乙醇脱氢酶基因Adh 的编码区为遗传标 记,对virilis section 内61 个物种(13 个未发表新种),共计117 个个体进行了序列测 定。通过对单个基因和合并数据集进行简约分析,以及对合并数据集进行邻接法分析 和贝叶斯分析,本研究试图对以下问题进行探讨:(1)果蝇virilis section 的合理性。 (2)各种组间的系统关系。(3)种组内部各物种间的系统关系。(4)果蝇virilis section 的进化历史。现将主要结果总结如下: 1)分子系统学研究显示果蝇virilis section 为一个紧密相关的进化簇,为果蝇virilis section 的合理性从分子遗传学的角度提供了证据。 2)系统发育分析支持果蝇polychaeta 种组为单系群,该种组与未归类物种D. fluvialis 具有较近的亲缘关系。它们形成virilis section 中早期分化出的谱系。robusta 种组、melanica 种组、quadrisetata 种组以及新种组间关系较近。其中,robusta 种亚 组和melanica 种组关系较近;quadrisetata 种组和新种组形成姐妹群,它们形成的谱 系与robusta 种组内的okadai 种亚组关系紧密。 3) polychaeta 种组内部分为两枝,姐妹种D. polychaeta 和D. asper 组成其中一枝, 杂交实验显示它们具有非对称的交配前生殖隔离。另一枝中D. latifshahi 和D. daruma 显示了较近的亲缘关系。非洲物种D. hirtipes 与采自西双版纳的D. polychaeta X 关系 较近,提示它们可能有共同的起源。 4)合并数据集支持D. angor 种组为单系群,其中D. angor A 和D. velox 的姐妹种 关系得到较高的支持。但是该种组内部的其它物种间关系还需要进一步研究。 5) 分子系统发育分析结果清楚地表明robusta 种组属于多系发生。该种组被分为 三个种亚组:okadai 种亚组,robusta 种亚组和lacertosa 种亚组。在lacertosa 种亚组 内,D. bai 与其它成员相对远缘。okadai 种亚组的物种由于具有2n = 12 条染色体,且X 染色体为棒状,因而被认为是robusta 种组中较早分化出来的类群。但是我们的 分子数据并不支持这种观点。D. moriwakii 最初被描述为robusta 种组物种,后被订正 至melanica 种组。我们的系统发育分析显示该种与robusta 种亚组具有较近的关系, 而与melanica 种组物种的关系相对较远。除D. moriwakii 外,melanica 种组新旧大陆 物种各自形成单系。在系统树上,中国品系D. tsigana 与D. longiserrata 关系较近, 而与日本品系D. tsigana 的关系较远。杂交实验结果显示D. tsigana 中国品系和日本 品系间存在不对称的交配倾向,表明该种不同的地理群体间可能正处于分化阶段,而 中国品系则有可能已经演化为不同的物种。 6)果蝇quadrisetata 种组为单系发生,其内部分为两个明显的亚世系。第一个亚 世系包括D. sp T,D. barutani,D. potamophila 和D. spIZU;另一个亚世系包括D. beppui,D. karakasa,D. quadrisetata,D. multidentata,D. perlucida 和D. pilosa,其 中D. beppui 为该谱系中最早分化出的物种。 通过估计谱系间的分歧时间,本文推测果蝇virilis section 的祖先大约于中新世早 期起源于热带地区,virilis section 内许多物种可能栖息在旧大陆的低纬度地区,然后 通过适应性辐射扩散到各地。几乎所有的新大陆virilis section 物种是旧大陆物种通过 白令陆桥迁移到新大陆而演化形成的。

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果蝇vlfrlflisseetion(Hsu1949)自建立以来其合理性在果蝇系统发育中还没有得到检验。本文以线粒体烟酞胺腺嘌吟二核昔酸脱氢酶第二亚单位基因(ND2)全序列和细胞色素氧化酶I基因(COl)部分片段以及核中乙醇脱氢酶基因Adh的编码区为遗传标记,对viriltsseetion内61个物种(13个未发表新种),共计117个个体进行了序列测定。通过对单个基因和合并数据集进行简约分析,以及对合并数据集进行邻接法分析和贝叶斯分析,本研究试图对以下问题进行探讨:(1)果蝇virilisseetion的合理性。(2)各种组间的系统关系。(3)种组内部各物种间的系统关系。(4)果蝇virilissection的进化历史。现将主要结果总结如下:1)分子系统学研究显示果蝇virilissection为一个紧密相关的进化簇,为果蝇virilissection的合理性从分子遗传学的角度提供了证据。2)系统发育分析支持果蝇polychaeta种组为单系群,该种组与未归类物种D.Uvl'alis具有较近的亲缘关系。它们形成virilissection中早期分化出的谱系。robusta种组、melanica种组、quadrisetata种组以及新种组间关系较近。其中,robusta种亚组和melanica种组关系较近;quadrisetata种组和新种组形成姐妹群,它们形成的谱系与robusta种组内的。加dai种亚组关系紧密。3)polychaeta种组内部分为两枝,姐妹种D.polychaeta和D.asPer组成其中一枝,杂交实验显示它们具有非对称的交配前生殖隔离。另一枝中D.Iatshahi和D.daruma显示了较近的亲缘关系。非洲物种D.hirtiPes与采自西双版纳的D.polychaetaX关系较近,提示它们可能有共同的起源。4)合并数据集支持D.angor种组为单系群,其中D.angorA和D.velox的姐妹种关系得到较高的支持。但是该种组内部的其它物种间关系还需要进一步研究。5)分子系统发育分析结果清楚地表明robusta种组属于多系发生。该种组被分为三个种亚组:okadai种亚组,robsta种亚组和lacertosa种亚组。在laCertosa种亚组内,D.bai与其它成员相对远缘。okadai种亚组的物种由于具有2n=12条染色体,且X染色体为棒状,因而被认为是robusta种组中较早分化出来的类群。但是我们的分子数据并不支持这种观点。D.moriwakii最初被描述为robusta种组物种,后被订正至melanica种组。我们的系统发育分析显示该种与robsta种亚组具有较近的关系,而与melanica种组物种的关系相对较远。除D.moriwakii外,melanica种组新旧大陆物种各自形成单系。在系统树上,中国品系D.tsigana与D.longiserrata关系较近,而与日本品系D.tsigana的关系较远。杂交实验结果显示D.tsigana中国品系和日本品系间存在不对称的交配倾向,表明该种不同的地理群体间可能正处于分化阶段,而中国品系则有可能已经演化为不同的物种。6)果蝇quadrisetata种组为单系发生,其内部分为两个明显的亚世系。第一个亚世系包括;另,,个亚世系包括D.,其中D.beppui为该谱系中最早分化出韵物种。通过估计谱系间的分歧时间,本文推测果蝇virilissection的祖先大约于中新世早期起源于热带地区,virilissection内许多物种可能栖息在旧大陆的低纬度地区,然后通过适应性辐射扩散到各地。几乎所有的新大陆virilissection物种是旧大陆物种通过自令陆桥迁移到新大陆而演化形成的。

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进化生物学得益于近代分子生物学和当代基因组学的发展,已经脱 离了自达尔文时代起博物学式的观察和思辨性的研究状态。很多古老而又 经典的问题,因为在一些年轻的进化系统中的研究,绽放出其背后深刻的 机制。在本工作中,我们通过在模式物种果蝇和珍稀动物黑麂中的研究, 揭示了有关遗传的基本单位-- 基因是如何起源和消亡的,以及这些重要过 程背后的规律。 决定人类雄性的Y 染色体起源于一亿六千万年前X 染色体的同源 染色体。但现今Y 染色体上的基因数目仅仅是X 染色体的百分之一左 右。如此巨大的数目差异,是由于Y 染色体和X 染色体之间重组抑制以 后,大量的Y 染色体基因发生退化消亡所致。 由于哺乳动物的Y 染色体 大都非常古老,Y 退化的过程和机制一直以来无法得以深入研究。 在本工 作的前半部分,我们首次在中国特有的珍稀鹿科动物黑麂中报道鉴定了一 对行为和模式类似人类性染色体的常染色体。这对“新性染色体”(neosex) 仅仅起源于50 万年以内,由于雄性特异的染色体倒位,致使数以千计 的基因像Y 染色体连锁的基因那样,无法与其等位基因重组。对23 个新 Y 染色(neo-Y)体连锁的基因25kb 的蛋白编码区和它们35kb 的非编码区的 序列分析发现,与其他可重组区域相比,这些基因的遗传多态性显著降 低,并积累了改变氨基酸的有害突变。我们还首次用体内表达试验证明Y 染色体的基因在其顺式调控区域也发生了退化。这些积累在启动子或者非 翻译区域(UTR)的有害突变,将扰乱Y 染色体上基因的正常表达,并进一 步促进退化过程和剂量补偿效应以单个基因(gene-by-gene)的模式进化。 本论文的另外一部分工作主要研究了果蝇中新基因起源的总体模式 问题。对遗传新元件如何起源的兴趣,最早可以追溯到达尔文。近年来通 过对“年轻基因”的案例研究,我们已经知道通过基因重复,逆转座,水 平迁移和从头起源等机制可以产生新基因。但这些机制在全基因组水平对 新基因起源的贡献各自如何,以及以非编码区从头起源合成一个新的基因 是否普遍等重要问题一直未得到解答。我们利用比较基因组的手段,在6个果蝇全基因组中,通过12017 个黑腹果蝇基因序列,鉴定刻画了超过 300 个起源于不同时间点的新基因。我们对这些新基因的序列,结构和表 达模式的分析发现,串联重复在产生年轻的新基因过程中占了主导地位 (超过80%)。但是最后固定在群体内,有功能的新基因主要(44.1%)是散在 重复的形式。我们惊奇地发现非编码区从头起源的基因在新基因的起源过 程中也扮演了重要角色,产生了超过10%的有功能的新基因,并且大部分 都进化出了睾丸特异的表达模式。有大约30%的新基因通过招募其他基因 的编码区或者重复元件,形成了新的嵌合结构,暗示它们可能获得了新的 功能。最后,我们估计在果蝇中,每百万年将产生5 至11 个有功能的新 基因。

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本论文结合功能研究和进化遗传学方法对动物天然免疫(innate immunity)相关分子的进化历程进行深入研究。受体对病原微生物的识别是天然免疫系统发挥功能的基础。作为模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor, PRR),果蝇肽聚糖识别蛋白SD(PGRP-SD)在识别革兰氏阳性细菌的过程中发挥了重要作用。针对已有的黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)群体数据,我们发现PGRP-SD在群体中存在2类高频的等位基因(分别为等位基因1和等位基因2)。以D. simulans为外群,我们追溯了黑腹果蝇2类等位基因上氨基酸的变化。这些氨基酸的结构特征和在蛋白质上所处的位置提示这2类等位基因在功能方面可能存在分化。通过功能研究的方法,我们发现在黑腹果蝇中该基因功能方面发生了显著的变化。等位基因2在有微生物时能激活天然免疫反应,但等位基因1的转基因果蝇成虫只要有外伤即便没有微生物的情况下即能激发天然免疫反应,而带有等位基因2果蝇成虫则不具有该功能。这一结果提示我们,发生在该等位基因上的氨基酸变化导致了其识别功能的变化。与推导的祖先基因相比,等位基因1发生了一个氨基酸的变化,因此导致其功能从识别细菌细胞壁组分肽聚糖转变为一未知的自身组分,即从病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular pattern,PAMP)识别受体转变为损伤相关识别模式(damage-associated molecular pattern, DAMP)识别受体。通过这一功能变化, 果蝇成虫可以通过仅识别自身损伤即可激活相应的免疫反应,对后续可能侵入的微生物进行杀伤。已有研究结果显示,微生物在进化过程中已经形成针对DAMP和PAMP规避策略。上述2类等位基因的同时存在能使黑腹果蝇同时具备两个机制,更加充分地抵抗病原微生物的入侵。结合功能研究和针对自然群体的群体遗传学分析,我们认为在黑腹果蝇群体中以高频共存的2类PGRP-SD等位基因可能可能受到了平衡选择(balancing selection)作用。上述工作主要研究了天然免疫系统识别受体的进化。而本论文的另一部分则主要针对天然免疫系统的效应分子(effector)进行了研究。作为重要的效应分子,抗菌肽在杀菌方面发挥着最为直接的作用。因此,研究抗菌肽的进化对于探索天然免疫系统的进化具有重要意义。本研究以两栖类动物大蹼铃蟾抗菌肽基因家族为例,通过对分别来自2个大蹼铃蟾个体的皮肤cDNA文库进行测序,我们鉴别出56个不同的抗菌肽cDNA序列。每一个cDNA均编码2个不同的抗菌肽,maximin 和maximin H。基于针对这些cDNA序列的分析,我们发现2类抗菌肽编码序列的非同义替代率均高于同义替代率,呈现高度分化的特征。但是,在信号肽和其它非抗菌肽编码区域并没有发现这种情况。这一结果提示抗菌肽可能受到超显性选择(overdominent selection, 即平衡选择)的影响。同时,我们分别从皮肤和肝脏克隆基因了7个抗菌肽的基因组编码序列并进行了测序。这些从不同组织获得的抗菌肽在各个编码序列中均存在序列的差异的同时呈现了相同的结构。这一结果提示不同抗菌肽间的差异不太可能来自于体细胞突变而是快速序列进化的结果。通过构建来自于同一个体的抗菌肽的不同编码区的基因树,我们发现结构域重排(domain shuffling)和/或基因转换(gene conversion)在这些抗菌肽的进化历程中发挥作用。

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双尾-C 基因 (Bicaudal-C)首先在果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)中发现,其功能丧失导致果蝇胚胎滤泡细胞的错误迁移、头部的缺失和双尾结构的形成。后来发现多个物种都含有Bicaudal-C 的同源基因,其中小鼠中的同源基因Bicc1 的缺失导致小鼠产生肾脏等脏器的病变,其症状与人类多囊肾疾病高度相似,但其具体机制还不清楚。本研究以小鼠肾脏组织总RNA 为模板体外反转录为cDNA,通过分段巢式 PCR 及酶切连接的方法获得了全长约3Kb 的小鼠Bicc1 cDNA 序列。根据生物信息学分析全长的Bicc1 蛋白,选择两个免疫原性较好的区段作为抗原位点构建相应的原核表达载体;IPTG 诱导表达并纯化融合蛋白,制备两种兔抗Bicc1 蛋白多克隆抗体,并通过Western blot 证实这两种抗体具有高度特异性。用细胞免疫荧光方法及免疫组织化学方法对该蛋白的定位做了一些初步研究。发现Bicc1 蛋白定位于体外培养的小鼠肾细胞的细胞质内,并在胚胎发育于期表达仅在心脏,后来逐步地在各个组织器官内出现,并在出生后的小鼠体内表达稳定。Bicc1 mDNA 也表达于多个器官内,并且在肾脏中有明显较高的表达量。找到了的两个针对Bicc1 基因的RNAi 的序列,通过荧光强度变化和Western blot 均证明这两个序列能明显降低Bicc1 蛋白在体外培养细胞中的表达水平,为下一步建立稳定的细胞株奠定了良好的基础。

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本文新种部分,记述了分布在横断山地区、台湾以及苏门答腊、菲律宾等地果蝇科的新种55种,异物同名3种。在果蝇属果蝇亚属的伊米果蝇种组建立了一个新的种复组-弯头果蝇种亚组(Drosophila curviceps species subgroup);在quadrilineata种亚组内建立了一个新的种复组-背条果蝇种复组(Drosophila notostriata species-complex)。对横断山地区的果蝇进行研究,计有119个种,主要由东洋种、古北种、特有种和广布种组成;对其渊源关系进行分析。运用分支分类学的观点和方法对伊米果蝇种组中5个种亚组间的系统发育进行研究显示,hypocausta种亚组最原始,位地分支图的最底部,是外群向伊米果蝇种组过渡的一个类群,进化中心在热带的苏门答腊及其附近;其次分化的immigrans种亚组其进化中心仍在热带的苏门答腊及其附近;但该亚组的特种逐渐向北扩散,在中国云南的西双版纳及其附近地区形成次级进化中心。伊米果蝇种组总的进化方向是从热带向温带的逐渐演化。

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棘蛙族(Tribe Paini)隶两栖纲(Amphibia)、无尾目(Anura)、蛙科(Ranidae)、叉舌蛙亚科(Dicroglossinae),由棘蛙属(Paa)、倭蛙属(Nanorana) 和沙巴蛙属(Chaparana)构成(Dubois,1992)。由于特殊的形态特征和染色体核型,棘蛙族受到国内外学者的广泛重视和研究,但是到目前为止,棘蛙族的系统发育关系尚未明晰,族下属种的分类和归属问题还有待进一步研究和新的证据出现。本文通过光学显微镜、电子显微镜和石蜡切片对棘蛙族10 物种的精子和精巢进行研究,旨在了解棘蛙族精子的形态、量度、超微结构特征及不同季节精巢结构的变化规律,同时为棘蛙族的系统研究提供新的依据,也为棘蛙族濒危物种的保护和经济物种的繁殖提供基础资料。研究结果表明:棘蛙族各属物种精子的形态基本相似,精子整体呈线形,由头部、中片和尾部构成。精子头部呈长条状,顶体呈锥状,位于头部顶端并向前伸出,中片较长,尾部波动弯曲。棘蛙族各属物种精子量度差异较大,将各属物种精子头部、中片、尾部、头宽、尾宽的量度数据进行聚类分析,结果表明棘蛙族10 物种可分为三类:第一类包括棘侧蛙、合江棘蛙、小棘蛙、棘腹蛙和棘胸蛙,特点是精子较短,全长在72.6~103.35µm 之间;第二类包括倭蛙、高山倭蛙、腹斑倭蛙,特点是精子较长,全长在107.74~129.75µm 之间;第三类包括隆肛蛙和双团棘胸蛙,特点是精子最长,全长在145.89~165.84µm 之间。棘蛙族各属精子超微结构基本相似:精子头部由顶体、细胞核构成;中片由中心粒、线粒体构成;尾部由单根轴丝构成。精子顶体横切呈圆环状,细胞核电子密度高;线粒体为卵圆形,呈环状围绕轴丝排列,线粒体数目较多,约30层;尾部轴丝为典型的9+2结构,即由2根中央微管和9对外周微管组成。不同季节的倭蛙精巢结构变化表明倭蛙精巢每年只有一个生精周期,生精周期始于7 月,繁殖季节从5 月到6 月,生精高峰期为9 月;根据倭蛙不同季节精巢结构的变化,可将生精周期分为3 个阶段:第一阶段从7 月到9 月,为精子形成期;第二阶段从10 月到翌年4 月,为精子的贮存阶段,也即倭蛙的冬眠期;第三阶段从5 月到6 月,为精子的排放阶段,即倭蛙的繁殖期。不同季节的隆肛蛙精巢结构变化表明5 月为隆肛蛙的繁殖高峰期。根据棘蛙族各属精子的形态、量度和超微结构特征,结合已有的棘蛙族形态学、生态学、染色体核型及系统学研究成果,本文认为:1.基于精子数据对棘蛙族的划分和基于形态学及分子系统学数据对棘蛙族的划分均有相同之处,精子形态结构可为棘蛙族的系统研究提供新的证据。2. 棘蛙族各属精子的形态、量度及超微结构不仅与蛙科其他属种有明显差异,而且在无尾类中也较为特殊,精子学研究结果支持将棘蛙族从蛙科中分离出来,归隶于叉舌蛙科的叉舌蛙亚科的系统学修正。3. 精子的顶体、细胞核、中片的形态结构及量度可作为蛙科的分类指标。On the base of unique morphological and kyrotype characters, Dubois(1992)recognized three genera Paa, Narnorana, Chaparana as tribe Paini, which is amember of Dicroglossinae, Ranidae. In present study, the sperm shape, size andultrastructure of 10 paini species were investigated through the light and electronmicroscope, and testis structure of N. pleskei and F. quadrana was also studied. Wesuppose this study could offer some spermatological evidence to phylogeny andreproduction study of tribe Paini. The results were as follows:The sperm shape of tribe paini is homologically similar, the spermatozoa arefiliform, composed of elongate head, long mid-piece and waved tail. The acrosome isapically associated with the nucleus and extend anteriorly.The sperm length of tribe paini differ remarkably among genera. Cluster for thelength of sperm head, mid-piece, tail, total length, head-width, tail-width of ten painifrogs indicated the 10 species could be separated into three groups: GroupⅠcontainsP. shini, P. robertingeri, P. spinosa, P. exilispinosa, P. boulengeri, the spermatozoa ischaracterized with short in total length, ranging from 72.6µm to 103.35µm; GroupⅡcontains N. pleskei, N. parkeri, N. ventripunctata, the spermatozoa ischaracterized with relatively long in total length, ranging from 107.74µm to129.75µm; Group Ⅲ contains F. quadrana and P. yunnanensis, the spermatozoa is characterized with longest in total length, ranging from 145.89µm to 165.84µm. thethree groups based on spermatological data is partially match the classification basedon morphological and molecular data.The ultrastructure of spermatozoa in tribe paini is also basic similar, includingacrosome vescile, nuleus of the head proper, centriole, mitochondriol of themid-pieces, axoneme of the tail. The acrosome vescle is circle in TEM transversesection, the density of nucleus is high; The mitochondrions is oval, surrounding theaxial filament with about 30 layers of mitochondria; The axoneme has the typical 9+2pattern of microtubules.The seasonal changes in testis of N. pleskei indicates it has only onespermatogenesis circle, which begin in July, the reproduction season is from May toJune, the spermatogenesis is active in September. On the base of seasonal changes intestis, the spermatogenesis circle can be separated into three stages: In stageⅠfromJuly to September, spermatids are formed; In stage Ⅱ from October to April next year,the spermatozoa are stored in testis,which is the hibernated period; In stage Ⅲ fromMay to June, mature spermatozoa were released from the testis, which is thereproduction season of N. pleskei. As to F. quadrana, reproduction is active in May.With the previous study of morphology, ecology, karyotypes and phylogenyresearch of tribe Paini, the spermatological data in present study suggests:1. The spermatological classification of tribe paini is partially consistant with themorphological and molecular classification respectively.2.The sperm morphology and ultrustructure of tribe paini is unique not only inthe family Ranida but also in Anura, which suggest the tribe paini is monophyletic andmight be transfered from the family Ranida to the family Dicroglossidae based onmolecular evidence.3. The acrosome, nuleus, shape, length and ultrastructure of mid-piece can beused as an alternative taxonomic character in Anura.

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蛋白质进化的驱动力是分子进化中最基本的问题之一,研究者们早已在群体 遗传学研究中做出了许多模型和推测。基因组时代的到来使得证实这些经典理论 成为可能果蝇12 个基因组测序计划产生了大量新的数据,通过分析这些新的数 据,可以获得对果蝇蛋白质进化的更深入认识,也可以为分子进化研究的许多经 典理论提供验证。 我们利用黑腹果蝇种组的六个基因组,结合比较基因组学和功能基因组学的 研究手段,对黑腹果蝇种组中蛋白质的进化速率与许多可能影响蛋白质进化的功 能基因组学参数进行了统计学分析,从全基因组水平上探讨了果蝇蛋白质的进 化。 研究结果表明,表达特异性是决定果蝇蛋白质进化的最显著因素,广泛表达 的持家基因具有更低的进化速率,而表达量尽管与蛋白质进化呈负相关,但是这 个效应并不强,表达对蛋白质进化的影响与密码子偏好性和基因的功能多样性无 关,可能是由翻译后选择导致的。基因的功能重要性和基因的功能密度都对蛋白 质的进化有显著的影响,二者之间存在一定的联系,但是基因的功能密度对蛋白 质进化的影响要大于基因的功能重要性。蛋白质长度受到表达量选择,高表达的 基因往往具有更短的蛋白长度,因此,高表达蛋白的蛋白质长度与蛋白质进化速 率不相关,但是蛋白质长度在非高表达基因中对蛋白质进化存在显著的影响,其 机制可以部分的由基因的功能密度来解释,更确切的机制还需进一步研究。第一 个内含子的长度与蛋白质的进化速率显著相关,可能是由于第一个内含子中存在 较多的调控序列导致。基因重复的固定机制主要是高复杂度基因发生重复后的亚 功能化,而功能补偿效应和剂量平衡效应并不重要。基因的重组率在全基因组水 平上与蛋白质进化速率显著负相关,可能是因为基因组中大多数蛋白并不参与到 正选择的过程当中所致。 本研究系统的分析了影响果蝇蛋白质进化速率的各种功能基因组学参数的 效应,除了重新分析了过往研究中提到的基因表达水平,蛋白质相互作用,蛋白质长度这些参数在果蝇蛋白质进化中的影响,本工作还分析了许多新的参数,包 括表达特异度,内含子长度,基因功能重要性,基因功能密度,基因重复,基因 重组等。我们的工作不仅进一步证实了许多在进化基因组学研究中被广泛接受的 理论,还获得了一些与过去研究不同的结果,例如,果蝇蛋白质长度与蛋白质进 化速率呈负相关,第一个内含子在蛋白质进化中有很重要的作用等。