Sm_xLa_(1-x)P_5O_(14)和Dy_xY_(1-x)P_5O_(14)晶体的荧光寿命研究

本文用脉冲衰减法和时间分辨荧光光谱法测量了六种不同稀土离子浓度的Sm_xLa_(1-x)P_5O_4晶体的~4G_(5/2)→~6H_J(J=5/2,7/2,9/2,11/2)四个能级和七种不同稀土离子浓度的Dy_xY_(1-x)P_5O_(14)晶体的~4F_(9/2)→~6H_J(J=15/2,13/2,11/2,9/2)四个能级的荧光寿命和荧光强度。结果指出,在这类晶体中,Sm~(3+)和Dy~(3+)的荧光寿命随着离子的浓度增加而变短,存在着严重的荧光浓度猝灭现象。最后还讨论了浓度与寿命,寿命与荧光强度的关系。

Analysis of tandem repeats in the genome of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis

Through random sequencing, we found a total of 884000 base-pairs (bp) of random genomic sequences in the genome of Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis). Using bio-soft Tandem Repeat Finder (TRF) software, 2159 tandem repeats were found, in which there were 1714 microsatellites and 445 minisatellites, accounting for 79.4% and 20.6% of repeat sequences, respectively. The cumulative length of repeat sequences was found to be 116685 bp, accounting for 13.2% of the total DNA sequence; the cumulative length of microsatellites occupied 9.78% of the total DNA sequence, and that of minisatellites occupied 3.42%. In decreasing order, the 20 most abundant repeat sequence classes were as follows: AT (557), AC (471), AG (274), AAT (92), A (56), AAG (28), ATC (27), ATAG (27), AGG (18), ACT (15), C (11), AAC (11), ACAT (11), CAGA (10), AGAA (9), AGGG (7), CAAA (7), CGCA (6), ATAA (6), AGAGAA (6). Dinucleotide repeats, not only in the aspect of the number, but also in cumulative length, were the preponderant repeat type. There were few classes and low copy numbers of repeat units of the pentanucleotide repeat type, which included only three classes: AGAGA, GAGGC and AAAGA. The classes and copy numbers of heptanucleotide, eleven-nucleotide and thirteen-nucleotide primer-number-composed repeats were distinctly less than that of repeat types beside them.

Characteristics and Formation Mechanism of Polygonal Faults in Qiongdongnan Basin, Northern South China Sea

Based on high-resolution 3D seismic data, we document the polygonal faults within the Miocene Meishan (sic) Formation and Huangliu (sic) Formation of the Qiongdongnan (sic) basin, northern South China Sea. Within the seismic section and time coherent slice, densely distributed extensional faults with small throw and polygonal shape were identified in map view. The orientation of the polygonal faults is almost isotropic, indicating a non-tectonic origin. The deformation is clearly layer-bounded, with horizontal extension of 11.2% to 16%, and 13.2% on average. The distribution of polygonal faults shows a negative correlation with that of gas chimneys. The development of polygonal faults may be triggered by over-pressure pore fluid which is restricted in the fine-grained sediments of bathyal facies when the sediments is compacted by the burden above. The polygonal faults developed to balance the volumetric contraction and restricted extension. The product of hydrocarbon in the Meishan Formation may have contributed to the development of the polygonal faults. In the study area, it was thought that the petroleum system of the Neogene post-rift sequence is disadvantageous because of poor migration pathway. However, the discovery of polygonal faults in the Miocene strata, which may play an important role on the fluid migration, may change this view. A new model of the petroleum system for the study area is proposed.

近海面气象参数的反演及应用研究

全球气候与人类活动密切相关，气候研究一直是现代科学家关注的重点问题之一。过去海面气象参数的研究主要借助于浮标和站点的观测，但是它们稀少的观测资料极大地限制了海面气象参数的研究。现在借助卫星观测大大地提高我们的认识能力，卫星可以对全球海洋进行连续观测，获取长期大范围的海洋气象资料，为全面深入地了解大洋甚至全球大气活动提供可能。 本文的工作就是利用卫星资料进行月平均和实时的近海面气象参数的反演及应用研究。利用近十八年SSM/I和AVHRR卫星资料与实测资料进行结合，建立神经网络（ANN）模型反演近海面月平均气温和湿度，与实测资料相比气温的均方根差为0.87 ℃，相关系数为 0.99，相对湿度的均方根差为3.73%，相关性为0.65。利用同步物理方法从TOVS资料反演中国海区上空1000mb到10mb之间的温湿廓线，再利用神经网络方法和基于Bowen比的方法从温湿廓线的结果反演出近海面处的实时气温和露温参数，取得了比较合理的结果，气温和露温结果的均方根差分别是1.85K和2.59K（与实测数据相比）。利用2005年1月的AMSR-E亮温资料对实时气象参数反演进行探讨，分析AMSR-E的各个探测通道与海表温度、近海面气温、湿度和风速等参数的相关性，把12个通道分为四种情况并在每种情况下分别进行试验，选择最合适的组合通道并进行气象参数的反演，结果与TAO资料进行比较，海表温度的均方根差是0.55℃，近海面气温的均方根差是0.74℃，海面湿度的均方根差是3.24%，海面风速的均方根差是1.11m/s。目前，与其它结果相比该结果的精度是最好的。 把以上反演得到的近海面气象参数结果应用于海气界面热通量的计算，以更好地研究海气相互作用。分别采用神经网络和Bulk公式两种方法计算月平均潜热和感热通量，结果与GSSTF2资料进行比较，Bulk方法反演的感热和潜热的均方根差分别为9.05±4.6 W/m2和23.7±4.0 W/m2，ANN模型得到的分别是7.54±3.0 W/m2和20.1±3.2 W/m2，，结果表明ANN模型得到的结果明显的好于Bulk公式。ANN模型反演的全球潜热和感热结果在空间分布上与GSSTF2的吻合很好，但在极大值区，ANN模型得到的结果偏小。把AMSR-E亮温资料反演得到的实时的海表温度、近海面气温、湿度和风速四个参数结合ANN模型，计算太平洋赤道地区的实时感热和潜热通量。 对反演得到的约18年近海面月平均气温进行年变化分析,得知近18年里气温呈现上升趋势。近海面气温在反映气候异常信息上有与海表温度相似的表达性，1989冷事件年，全球平均海面气温明显偏低（14.25℃），1998暖事件年，平均海面气温值最大（14.57℃ ）。用经验正交函数（EOF）和经验模态分解（EMD）分析近海面气温的距平变化，得到的前三个主要模态解释了84%的总体变化，EOF1解释了76.1%的变化，主要表达了太阳辐射引起的年周期气温变化；EOF2解释了4.6%的变化，主要解释ENSO对气温异常的作用；EOF3（3.3%）的空间模态呈现了很多有趣的现象，比如气温正异常主要表现在北半球的高纬度区，南极附近高低起伏的气温异常可以作为南极绕极流的一个证据等。

两株海藻内生真菌次生代谢产物及其生物活性研究

海洋微生物拥有丰富多样的次生代谢途径，其中海洋生物内生真菌次生代谢产物研究日益受到天然产物化学界的重视。本论文以菌丝体生物量、发酵产物重量、抗菌与细胞毒活性、薄层色谱分析结果以及高效液相色谱分析结果等为评价依据对采自青岛沿海的13株海藻内生真菌在四种液体培养基上的静置发酵产物进行了综合评价，并从中选择了黑曲霉Aspergillus niger EN-13（分离自褐藻囊藻Colpomenia sinuosa）和杂色曲霉A. versicolor EN-7（分离自褐藻鼠尾藻Sargassum thunbergii）两株真菌进行了30升规模发酵（分别采用GPYM培养基和PDB培养）和化学成分的研究，对分离得到的大部分化合物进行了初步的生物活性筛选。 发酵提取物采用常规的硅胶柱层析、反相硅胶柱层析，凝胶Sephadex LH-20柱层析、制备薄层层析、半制备高效液相色谱以及重结晶等分离手段，得到单体化合物。利用各种现代波谱技术(IR、UV、EI-MS、FAB-MS、HR-ESI-MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、DEPT、1H-1H COSY、HSQC、HMBC等)并结合化学方法从两种菌株发酵提取物中鉴定了55个化合物的结构。其中从菌株A. niger EN-13分离鉴定了31个化合物，发现9个新化合物，包括2个鞘酯类化合物（AN-1~2）、3个萘并-γ-吡喃酮类化合物（AN-3~5）、3个苯乙基取代的α-吡喃酮类化合物（AN-17, AN-19~20）和1个甾体Diels-Alder加成产物（AN-21），另有1个新的天然环二肽（AN-27）被分离鉴定；从菌株A. versicolor EN-7分离鉴定了24个化合物，发现2个新化合物，为蒽醌AV-12与AV-17，另外，从前一菌株（A. niger EN-13）中鉴定的2个新鞘酯类化合物（AN-1~2）在A. versicolor EN-7中也被再次分离到。 对大部分单体化合物进行了抗菌活性、DPPH自由基清除活性和细胞毒活性测试。结果显示新化合物AN-1、AN-5和AN-20具有弱或中等强度的抑制白色念珠菌生长的活性，AN-4、AN-5、AN-21显示了弱或中等强度的抑制黑曲霉生长的活性，AV-12、AV-17显示了弱的抑制大肠杆菌生长的活性。在DPPH自由基清除活性筛选中，AN-5显示了中等强度的活性，其EC50为109.3 mM，与阳性对照BHT相近（EC50为81.8 mM）。其它部分已知化合物在抗菌和DPPH自由基清除活性的筛选中也显示了弱或中等强度的活性。在针对人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721和人肺腺癌细胞株A549的体外细胞毒活性筛选中，所测样品均未显示显著活性。

Nutrient structure of seawater and ecological responses in Jiaozhou Bay, China

Nutrient concentrations in seawater, and C, N, P, Si and chlorophyll a content in different-sized particulates were measured in Jiaozhou Bay, and C, N, P, Si composition in different-sized fractions of phytoplankton and their ecological responses to nutrient structure of the seawater were studied. Microphytoplankton and nanophytoplankton were dominant in Jiaozhou Bay. High C (16.50-20.97 unol L-1), N (2.46-2.99 mu mol L-1) and low P (0.06-0.12 mu mol L-1), Si (0.18-0.57 mu mol L-1) content, and high N/P (24.7-64.6) and low SUP (4.4-10.8), Si/N (0.06-0.20) ratios were found in all sized groups of particulates. These values reflected the elemental compositions of different-sized fractions of phytoplankton as being an ecological response to the nutrients in the seawater. The ratios deviated significantly from the Redfield values. The nutrient composition of seawater and particulates and their relationship to chlorophyll a showed that phytoplankton growth was possibly limited by Si. Si limitation appears favorable for controlling the ecological equilibrium of Jiaozhou Bay. Different-sized fractions of phytoplankton had different suitability to nutrient structures of the seawater. Among phytoplankton size groups, nanophytoplankton and microphytoplankton growths were more adaptable in eutrophic Jiaozhou Bay, and more competitive for assimilation of Si. This is consistent with their diatom-dominated composition, controlling the biomass and productivity of phytoplankton in Jiaozhou Bay. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The influence of diets containing dried bivalve feces and/or powdered algae on growth and energy distribution in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) (Echinodermata : Holothuroidea)

In recent years, bivalve feces and powdered algae have been used as the food sources of holothurians in China. In this study, growth and energy budget for sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with initial wet body,veights of 32.5 1.0 g (mean +/- SE, n=45) when fed with five different granule diets containing dried bivalve feces and/or powdered algae in water temperature 13.2-19.8 degrees C and salinity 30-32ppt were quantified in order to investigate how diets influence growth and energy distribution and to find out the proper diet for land-based intensive culture of this species. Results showed that diets affected the food ingestion, feces production, food conversion efficiency and apparent digestive ratios, hence the growth and energy budget. Sea cucumbers fed with dried feces of bivalve showed poorer energy absorption, assimilation and growth than individuals fed with other four diets; this could be because feces-drying process removed much of the benefits. Dried bivalve feces alone, therefore, were not a suitable diet for sea cucumbers in intensive cultivation. The mixed diets of feces and powered algae showed promising results for cultivation of sub-adult Apostichopus japonicus, while animals fed with powdered algae alone, could not obtain the best growth. According to SGR of tested animals, a formula of 75% feces and 25% powdered algae is the best diet for culture of this species. Extruded diets were used in the present experiment to overcome shortcomings of the traditional powdered feeds, however, it seems a conflict exists between drying bivalve feces to form extruded diets and feeding sea cucumbers with fresh feces which contain beneficial bacteria. Compared with other echinoderms, in holothurians the energy deposited in growth is lower and the energy loss in feces accounts for the majority of the ingested energy. Such detailed information could be helpful in further development of more appropriate diets for culture of holothurians. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of filtering and biodeposition by the cultured scallop Chlamys farreri on benthic-pelagic coupling in a eutrophic bay in China

In coastal ecosystems, suspension-cultured bivalve filter feeders may exert a strong impact on phytoplankton and other suspended particulate matter and induce strong pelagic-benthic coupling via intense filtering and biodeposition. We designed an in situ method to determine spatial variations in the filtering-biodeposition process by intensively suspension-cultured scallops Chlamys farreri in summer in a eutrophic bay (Sishili Bay, China), using cylindrical biodeposition traps directly suspended from longlines under ambient environmental conditions. Results showed that bivalve filtering-biodeposition could substantially enhance the deposition of total suspended material and the flux of C, N and P to the benthos, indicating that the suspended filter feeders could strongly enhance pelagic-benthic coupling and exert basin-scale impacts in the Sishili Bay ecosystem. The biodeposition rates of 1-yr-old scallops varied markedly among culture sites (33.8 to 133.0 mg dry material ind.(-1) d(-1)), and were positively correlated with seston concentrations. Mean C, N and P biodeposition rates were 4.00, 0.51, 0.11 mg ind.-1 d-1, respectively. The biodeposition rates of 2-yr-old scallops were almost double these values. Sedimentation rates at scallop culture sites averaged 2.46 times that at the reference site. Theoretically, the total water column of the bay could be filtered by the cultured scallops in 12 d, with daily seston removal amounting to 64%. This study indicated that filtering-biodeposition by suspension-cultured scallops could exert long-lasting top-down control on phytoplankton biomass and other suspended material in the Sishili Bay ecosystem. In coastal waters subject to anthropogenic N and P inputs, suspended bivalve aquaculture could be advantageous, not only economically, but also ecologically, by functioning as a biofilter and potentially mitigating eutrophication pressures. Compared with distribution-restricted wild bivalves, suspension-cultured bivalves in deeper coastal bays may be more efficient in processing seston on a basin scale.

青海省三江源区人工草地生态系统CO_2通量

了解三江源人工草地净生态系统CO_2交换(Net ecosystem CO_2 exchange, NEE)的季节变化规律和主要生物因子及环境因子对这些过程的影响将有助于认识青藏高原人工草地生态系统碳循环、生态价值、功能,以及对三江源区的生态安全的重要意义.该研究利用涡度相关技术,于2005年9月1日至2006年8月31日对位于青海腹地的垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)人工草地的NEE及生物和环境因子进行观测,阐明NEE及其组分的动态变化特征和影响因子.三江源区人工草地生态系统的日最大吸收量为2.38gC•m~(-2)•d~(-1),出现在7月30日.日间最大吸收率和最大排放率都出现在8月,分别为-6.82和2.95/μmol CO_2•m~(-2)•s~(-1).在生长季,白天的NEE主要受光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically active radiation, PAR)变化控制, 同时又与叶面积指数和群落多样性交互作用,共同调节光合速率和光合效率的强度.最大光合同化速率为2.46～10.39μmol CO_2•m~(-2)•s~(-1),表观初始光能利用率为0.013～0.070μmol CO_2•μmol~(-1)PAR.在碳交换日过程中,NEE并不完全随着PAR的增加而增大,当PAR超过某一值(>1200μmol•m~(-2)•s~(-1))时,NEE随PAR的增加而降低.受温度的影响,生长季的生态系统的呼吸商Q10(1.8)小于非生长季节的(2.6).生态系统呼吸主要受温度的控制,同时也受到叶面积指数的显著影响.生长季昼夜温差大并不利于生态系统的碳获取.三江源区人工草地生态系统是一个较强的碳汇,为-49.35gC•m~(-2)•a~(-1).

氢氧化锂存在下（焦）脱镁叶绿酸-a甲酯的空气重排反应

在氢氧化锂存在下，脱镁叶绿酸-a甲酯（1a）发生空气氧化和重排反应，经盐酸酸化和重氮甲烷甲基化，得到由紫红素-7三甲酯（2）、紫红素-18甲酯（3）、卟吩-P6三甲酯（4）、地质卟啉衍生物（5）和3-环氧乙基-3-去乙烯基紫红素-18甲酯（6）所组成的混合物．用相同的方法处理焦脱镁叶绿酸-a甲酯（1b），则分离出13^2-氧代焦脱镁叶绿酸-a甲酯（7）、15-甲酰基紫红素-5二甲酯（8）、紫红素-18甲酯（3）和3-环氧乙基-3-去乙烯基紫红素-18甲酯（6）-所得新叶绿素衍生物5，6和8的化学结构均经UV，IR，^1H NMR及元素分析得以证实，并对相应的反应提出可能的反应机理．

高寒灌丛草甸生态系统CO2释放的初步研究

以金露梅(Potentilla fruticosa)灌丛草甸生态系统为对象，应用静态密闭箱-气相色谱法对高寒灌丛(GG)、丛内草甸(GC)和裸地(GL)的CO2释放进行了初步研究。结果表明：GG、GC和GL CO2的释放速率均呈明显的单峰型日变化进程，最大释放速率出现在15：00～17：00之间，最小值在7：00前后出现，白天释放速率大于夜晚；CO2释放速率具有明显的季节性变化特征，生长期CO2释放速率明显高于枯黄期，且均表现为正排放，8月为CO2释放高峰期，释放速率GG>GC>GL(P<0．01)；2003年6月30日至2004年2月28日，高寒灌丛植被-土壤系统CO2释放量为3088．458±287．02g／m^2，丛内草甸植被-土壤系统CO2释放量为2239．685±183．68g／m^2，其中基础土壤呼吸CO2的释放量约为1346．748±176．24g／m^2，分别占GG和GC释放量的43．61％和60．13％；CO2释放速率的日变化主要受地表和5cm地温制约，而季节动态与5cm地温呈显著正相关关系(P<0．01)。

利用芳香族化合物估测反刍动物采食量的潜力

综述了芳香族化合物的发现过程、反刍动物饲草料、瘤胃和尿液中芳香族化合物的主要类型及存在形式。马尿酸是最早从家畜排泄物中发现的芳香族化合物。反刍动物的尿液中排出的苯甲酸几乎完全来源于日粮中的前体物。饲料日粮中芳香族化合物是酚酸、简单酚、香豆素、棉子酚、酚的生物碱、类黄酮、单宁酸和木质索。羟基肉桂酸和安息香酸是维管束植物中广泛存在的一类酚类化合物，其在禾本科牧草中的含量远高于豆科牧草，但禾谷类籽实中的含量却很低。瘤胃液和尿液中的芳香族代谢物主要是无酚的芳香酸、酚酸和苯酚，环己烷羧酸是惟一发现的脂环族酸。饲喂不同的日粮饲草料，反刍家畜以马尿酸形式排出的氮量大约占尿氮总量的6％，变化范围为1％～38％。测定尿中芳香族化合物特别是马尿酸对预测反刍家畜的采食量具有重要潜力和作用。

高原鼠兔种群的性比

性比是反映动物种群的基本特征之一，因此成为种群生态学的主要研究内容。就种群的性比而言，在不同的物种、或同一物种在不同的时期和条件下都有极大的不同~[1-4]。性比的改变将影响动物的种群结构、家庭组成和交配关系，也影响动物两性的配偶竞争、繁殖投入、繁殖成功以及性二型的分化等~[4-13]。在繁殖过程中，动物可以采用改变性比的方法调节种群的密度和大小[2,14,15]。同时，动物的性比受多种因素的影响，不仅存在季节、年间以及地理变化的差异，而且受环境条件(如气温和降水量)的影响~[2～4]。捕食风险也是影响性比的主要因素。虽然许多动物出生时的性比是一样的，但是，由于捕食者在捕食猎物的过程中存在明显的选择性，使其性比发生了明显的变化~[16]。对于动物种群性比的研究已有诸多报道，其研究的动物包括海蛇尾(Ophiactis savignyi)~[5]、龙虾(Homarus gam- marus)~[6]、射毒蛙(Dendrobates purnilio)~[9]、斑马雀(Taeniopygyia guttata castanotis)~[8]、褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)~[17]等。高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)是青藏高原草地生态系统中的优势小哺乳类动物。有关高原鼠兔种群性比的研究，国内学者有过涉及~[18,19]，但所作工作多是在高原鼠兔繁殖生态学研究中进行的静态描述，对种群性比的年龄变化，季节和年度变化及其与环境条件的关系等方面的研究尚缺详细的报道。本文通过对高原鼠兔种群性比的年间比较、不同胎次性比的分析和越冬对其性比影响的研究，旨在探讨高原鼠兔的性比变化在其种群调节中的作用。

青海高原菊芋（hHelianthus tuberosus L.）开发研究述评

对在青海高原开发野菜资源菊芋(HelianthustuberosusL)进行了述评。介绍了菊芋的生物学和生态学特性，栽培管理方法。菊芋块茎富含菊糖，经现代生物技术深加工后，可得菊粉(Inulin)。再以菊粉为原料经菊粉酶(InulinaseEC3．2．L7)水解可制成低聚果糖(Oligosaccharides)、超高果糖浆(UltrahighfructoseGlucoseSyrupsUHFGS)。菊粉、低聚果糖、超高果糖浆都是当今食品工业的一种全新的多功能配料，是全水溶性膳食纤维，同时还是双歧杆菌增殖因子，应用前景非常广阔。

“黑土型”退化草地研究工作的回顾与展望

青藏高原是我国主要的畜牧业基地之一。青藏高原退化草地面积约为4 251 万hm 2, 占全区可利用草地面积的33% , 其中“黑土型”退化草地面积估计为703.19 万hm 2, 占全区退化草地面积的16.54%。其中, 轻度退化草地可食牧草量与毒草量的比值为1.73∶1, 中度为2.46∶1, 重度为0.98∶1, 极度为0.33∶1。不同退化程度的草地其地下活根量呈下降趋势, 土壤含水量亦明显下降。退化草地土壤趋于碱性, 有机质减少, 速效养分增高。“黑土型”退化草地鼠类危害相当严重, 青海省达日县草场高原鼠兔的平均洞口数为4 168个/hm 2, 有效洞口数为1 167 个/hm 2, 有鼠兔374 只/ hm 2。据统计, 青海省达日县1985 年“黑土型”退化草地为16.77 万hm 2, 1994 年猛增到57.50 万hm 2, 平均每年以14.75%的速度递增, 每年退化4.50 万hm 2。“黑土型”退化草地面积不断扩大, 使江河源头生态环境日趋恶化, 威胁着人类和草食家畜的生存环境, 严重阻碍着草地畜牧业的可持续发展。“黑土型”退化草地是由于放牧过度、鼠类破坏、人为影响、气候干旱等综合因素引起的。