Partial Product Reduction based on Look-Up Tables

In this paper a new technique for partial product reduction based on the use of look-up tables for efficient processing is presented. We describe how to construct counter devices with pre-calculated data and their subsequent integration into the whole operation. The development of reduction trees organizations for this kind of devices uses the inherent integration benefits of computer memories and offers an alternative implementation to classic operation methods. Therefore, in our experiments we compare our implementation model with CMOS technology model in homogeneous terms.

Feature selection by multi-objective optimisation: Application to network anomaly detection by hierarchical self-organising maps

Feature selection is an important and active issue in clustering and classification problems. By choosing an adequate feature subset, a dataset dimensionality reduction is allowed, thus contributing to decreasing the classification computational complexity, and to improving the classifier performance by avoiding redundant or irrelevant features. Although feature selection can be formally defined as an optimisation problem with only one objective, that is, the classification accuracy obtained by using the selected feature subset, in recent years, some multi-objective approaches to this problem have been proposed. These either select features that not only improve the classification accuracy, but also the generalisation capability in case of supervised classifiers, or counterbalance the bias toward lower or higher numbers of features that present some methods used to validate the clustering/classification in case of unsupervised classifiers. The main contribution of this paper is a multi-objective approach for feature selection and its application to an unsupervised clustering procedure based on Growing Hierarchical Self-Organising Maps (GHSOMs) that includes a new method for unit labelling and efficient determination of the winning unit. In the network anomaly detection problem here considered, this multi-objective approach makes it possible not only to differentiate between normal and anomalous traffic but also among different anomalies. The efficiency of our proposals has been evaluated by using the well-known DARPA/NSL-KDD datasets that contain extracted features and labelled attacks from around 2 million connections. The selected feature sets computed in our experiments provide detection rates up to 99.8% with normal traffic and up to 99.6% with anomalous traffic, as well as accuracy values up to 99.12%.

Efficient Mitigation of Data and Control Flow Errors in Microprocessors

The use of microprocessor-based systems is gaining importance in application domains where safety is a must. For this reason, there is a growing concern about the mitigation of SEU and SET effects. This paper presents a new hybrid technique aimed to protect both the data and the control-flow of embedded applications running on microprocessors. On one hand, the approach is based on software redundancy techniques for correcting errors produced in the data. On the other hand, control-flow errors can be detected by reusing the on-chip debug interface, existing in most modern microprocessors. Experimental results show an important increase in the system reliability even superior to two orders of magnitude, in terms of mitigation of both SEUs and SETs. Furthermore, the overheads incurred by our technique can be perfectly assumable in low-cost systems.

Deterministic mathematical morphology for CAD/CAM

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a new geometric model based on the mathematical morphology paradigm, specialized to provide determinism to the classic morphological operations. The determinism is needed to model dynamic processes that require an order of application, as is the case for designing and manufacturing objects in CAD/CAM environments. Design/methodology/approach – The basic trajectory-based operation is the basis of the proposed morphological specialization. This operation allows the definition of morphological operators that obtain sequentially ordered sets of points from the boundary of the target objects, inexistent determinism in the classical morphological paradigm. From this basic operation, the complete set of morphological operators is redefined, incorporating the concept of boundary and determinism: trajectory-based erosion and dilation, and other morphological filtering operations. Findings – This new morphological framework allows the definition of complex three-dimensional objects, providing arithmetical support to generating machining trajectories, one of the most complex problems currently occurring in CAD/CAM. Originality/value – The model proposes the integration of the processes of design and manufacture, so that it avoids the problems of accuracy and integrity that present other classic geometric models that divide these processes in two phases. Furthermore, the morphological operative is based on points sets, so the geometric data structures and the operations are intrinsically simple and efficient. Another important value that no excessive computational resources are needed, because only the points in the boundary are processed.

A new boundary-based morphological model

Mathematical morphology addresses the problem of describing shapes in an n-dimensional space using the concepts of set theory. A series of standardized morphological operations are defined, and they are applied to the shapes to transform them using another shape called the structuring element. In an industrial environment, the process of manufacturing a piece is based on the manipulation of a primitive object via contact with a tool that transforms the object progressively to obtain the desired design. The analogy with the morphological operation of erosion is obvious. Nevertheless, few references about the relation between the morphological operations and the process of design and manufacturing can be found. The non-deterministic nature of classic mathematical morphology makes it very difficult to adapt their basic operations to the dynamics of concepts such as the ordered trajectory. A new geometric model is presented, inspired by the classic morphological paradigm, which can define objects and apply morphological operations that transform these objects. The model specializes in classic morphological operations, providing them with the determinism inherent in dynamic processes that require an order of application, as is the case for designing and manufacturing objects in professional computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) environments. The operators are boundary-based so that only the points in the frontier are handled. As a consequence, the process is more efficient and more suitable for use in CAD/CAM systems.

El despertar de una ciudad: Albacete 1898-1936

El libro, resultado de la Tesis Doctoral de su autora, estudia y analiza la arquitectura y la ciudad de Albacete en el primer tercio del siglo XX, momento en el que, por diversas circunstancias, algunas de las cuales hunden sus raíces en el siglo XIX, la ciudad se metamorfosea en tal. El libro tiene dos partes: la primera trata de la ciudad, como soporte físico, jurídico, social y cultural de una arquitectura que se describe, con pormenor y cronológicamente, en la segunda parte.

Sistemas Electrónicos Digitales. Hoja de ejercicios (curso 2014-2015)

Hoja de ejercicios con las soluciones

A Construction Management Framework for Mass Customisation in Traditional Construction

A Mass Customisation model is discussed as a competitive positioning strategy in the marketplace adding value to the customer’s end-use. It includes the user as part of the construction process responding to the customer’s demands and wishes. To the present day, almost all proposals for Mass Customisation have been focused on the design phase and single family houses. The reality is that the processes carried out in the work execution are so inefficient that the costs of the Mass Customisation models are assumed by the customer and they do not offer solutions that support the change management. Furthermore, this inefficiency often makes Mass Customisation unfeasible in terms of deadlines and site management. Therefore, the present proposal focuses on achieving the paradigm of Mass Customisation in the traditional residential construction complementary to the existing proposals in the design phase. All this through the proposal of a framework for the integral management in the work execution, which will address change management introduced by the users offering an efficient and productive model that reduces costs in the process. This model will focus on the synergy between different strategies, techniques and technologies currently used in the construction management (such as Lean Construction or Six Sigma), together with, other strategies and technologies that have proven to be valid solutions in other fields (such as Business Process Management, Service Oriented Architecture, etc.).

Algorithm for the detection of outliers based on the theory of rough sets

Outliers are objects that show abnormal behavior with respect to their context or that have unexpected values in some of their parameters. In decision-making processes, information quality is of the utmost importance. In specific applications, an outlying data element may represent an important deviation in a production process or a damaged sensor. Therefore, the ability to detect these elements could make the difference between making a correct and an incorrect decision. This task is complicated by the large sizes of typical databases. Due to their importance in search processes in large volumes of data, researchers pay special attention to the development of efficient outlier detection techniques. This article presents a computationally efficient algorithm for the detection of outliers in large volumes of information. This proposal is based on an extension of the mathematical framework upon which the basic theory of detection of outliers, founded on Rough Set Theory, has been constructed. From this starting point, current problems are analyzed; a detection method is proposed, along with a computational algorithm that allows the performance of outlier detection tasks with an almost-linear complexity. To illustrate its viability, the results of the application of the outlier-detection algorithm to the concrete example of a large database are presented.

Formalización algebraica del método de arriba hacia abajo de diseño tecnológico

La literatura sobre ingeniería del software contiene numerosas propuestas para sistematizar las operaciones de diseño y ayudar en la toma de decisiones relacionadas con las soluciones a los problemas. Este artículo propone un marco conceptual para justificar la técnica de arriba hacia abajo que se sigue en el diseño tecnológico. El punto de partida es el enunciado de un problema en su versión de conjetura inicial, esto es, una hipótesis, y consta de una fase inicial que es esencialmente del ámbito del problema, y una segunda fase que es esencialmente del dominio de la solución. La fase del dominio del problema aborda una técnica para expresar el enunciado del problema con formato de una definición correcta y exacta, contextualizada en un dominio de referencia que es un modelo del problema y basada en una estructura sintáctica preestablecida. Esta fase produce una especificación formal del problema con formato de una expresión lógica o matemática que refiere el problema a un modelo y que denota, desde un enfoque externo al problema, los objetivos que se persigue que la solución satisfaga. La fase del dominio de la solución obtiene una especificación estructural de una solución al problema, que consiste en un árbol descriptor de la jerarquía de los módulos que componen la estructura y un grafo de las relaciones entre módulos, es decir, de la organización de los módulos. El fundamento del proceso de tomar decisiones de arriba hacia abajo consiste en clasificar las acciones que conforman el método de diseño y en establecer una ordenación entre las clases de acciones encontradas. Se propone un caso de estudio sencillo para poner de relieve el alcance de esta propuesta.

Sobre el método de la composición arquitectónica

El cometido específico de la composición arquitectónica podría describirse como pensar la arquitectura y asomarse al mundo. Consiste en enfrentar al alumno con la arquitectura, para que llegue a comprenderse mejor a sí mismo, en tanto que arquitecto. La composición arquitectónica es la síntesis que precede al proyecto, la composición proveerá siempre varias soluciones posibles; mientras que todo proyecto es una toma de decisión, la composición solo sugiere. Sentado el objetivo de la composición y su relación con el proyecto, en el presente artículo expondremos los métodos para la transmisión de ese conocimiento en la asignatura del cuarto curso del grado en Arquitectura de la Escuela Politécnica Superior de la Universidad de Alicante, España.

A Computational Architecture Based on RFID Sensors for Traceability in Smart Cities

Information Technology and Communications (ICT) is presented as the main element in order to achieve more efficient and sustainable city resource management, while making sure that the needs of the citizens to improve their quality of life are satisfied. A key element will be the creation of new systems that allow the acquisition of context information, automatically and transparently, in order to provide it to decision support systems. In this paper, we present a novel distributed system for obtaining, representing and providing the flow and movement of people in densely populated geographical areas. In order to accomplish these tasks, we propose the design of a smart sensor network based on RFID communication technologies, reliability patterns and integration techniques. Contrary to other proposals, this system represents a comprehensive solution that permits the acquisition of user information in a transparent and reliable way in a non-controlled and heterogeneous environment. This knowledge will be useful in moving towards the design of smart cities in which decision support on transport strategies, business evaluation or initiatives in the tourism sector will be supported by real relevant information. As a final result, a case study will be presented which will allow the validation of the proposal.

Evolución de documentos de proyectos arquitectónicos en Alicante, España, de finales del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad

La imagen que hoy tenemos de la documentación mínima a exigir en un proyecto edificatorio ha cambiado a lo largo de los años. Así, las exigencias establecidas en cualquiera de los campos de la arquitectura han ido in crescendo con el paso del tiempo debido a nuevos requerimientos que están mucho más patentes, si cabe, en el ámbito de la expresión gráfica arquitectónica. El objetivo prioritario de este trabajo es estudiar la evolución de la documentación oficial aportada en los proyectos de arquitectura presentados desde finales del siglo XIX hasta la actualidad en la provincia de Alicante (España) para, con su mejor comprensión y el análisis sintético de sus características, discernir cuál ha sido la generación de material gráfico en este tiempo y cómo se han materializado los distintos proyectos arquitectónicos en cada periodo.

El plano geométrico de Crevillent: un pla urbanístic de sanejament i reforma interior de José Guardiola Picó el 1877

El present article analitza i situa en el context l’expedient urbanístic sobre la reforma interior del nucli urbà de Crevillent que l’ajuntament d’aquesta ciutat intentà dur a terme en l’últim quart del segle xix i que, en part, constitueix el plànol geomètric parcial d’aquesta vila. Es tracta d’un expedient municipal en què se succeeixen les actes del consistori per a la seua tramitació administrativa (entre 1876 i 1878) i en què s’intercala el projecte urbà de reforma interior, que consta de tres documents (memòria i dos planols: geomètric i de perfils), firmats el 12 de gener de 1877 per l’arquitecte José Guardiola y Picó (1836-1909), i que es tanca amb un plànol solt del 9 de gener de 1884 de firma no molt llegible.

Flexible Framework for Real-Time Embedded Systems Based on Mobile Cloud Computing Paradigm

The development of applications as well as the services for mobile systems faces a varied range of devices with very heterogeneous capabilities whose response times are difficult to predict. The research described in this work aims to respond to this issue by developing a computational model that formalizes the problem and that defines adjusting computing methods. The described proposal combines imprecise computing strategies with cloud computing paradigms in order to provide flexible implementation frameworks for embedded or mobile devices. As a result, the imprecise computation scheduling method on the workload of the embedded system is the solution to move computing to the cloud according to the priority and response time of the tasks to be executed and hereby be able to meet productivity and quality of desired services. A technique to estimate network delays and to schedule more accurately tasks is illustrated in this paper. An application example in which this technique is experimented in running contexts with heterogeneous work loading for checking the validity of the proposed model is described.