992 resultados para 11.77%


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The hydrogenated amorphous SiOx films (a-SiOx:H) with various oxygen contents have been prepared using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique. The films were implanted with erbium and annealed by rapid thermal annealing. An intense photoluminescence (PL) of Er at 1.54 mum has been observed at 77 K and at room temperature. The PL intensity depends strongly on both the oxygen content of the film and the rapid thermal annealing temperature and reaches its maximum if the ratio of O/Si in the film is approximately equal to 1.0 at 77 K and to 1.76 at room temperature. The microstructure of the film also has strong influences on the PL intensity. The PL intensity at 250 K is slightly more than a half of that at 15 K. It means that the temperature quenching effect of the PL intensity is very weak.

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This paper describes the binary exponential backoff mechanism of 802.11 distributed coordination function (DCF), and introduces some methods of modifying the backoff scheme. Then a novel backoff scheme, called Two-step Backoff scheme, is presented and illustrated. The simulation process in OPNET environment has been described also. At last, the analysis and simulation results show that the Two-step backoff scheme can enhance the performance of the IEEE 802.11 DCF.

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In the Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs), the terminals are often powered by battery, so the power-saving performance of the wireless network card is a very important issue. For IEEE 802.11 Ad hoc networks, a power-saving scheme is presented in Medium Access Control (MAC) layer to reduce the power consumption by allowing the nodes enter into the sleep mode, but the scheme is based on Time-Drive Scheme (TDS) whose power-saving efficiency becomes lower and lower with the network load increasing. This paper presented a novel energy-saving mechanism, called as Hybrid-Drive Scheme (HDS), which introduces into a Message.-Drive Scheme (MDS) and combines MDS with the conventional TDS. The MDS, could obtain high efficiency when the load is heavy; meanwhile the TDS has high efficiency when the network load is small. The analysis shows that the proposed HDS could obtain high energy-efficiency whether the network load is light or heavy and have higher energy-saving efficiency than conventional scheme in the IEEE 802.11 standard.

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We have demonstrated a two-color quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) exhibiting simultaneous photoresponse with cutoff wavelengths at 11.8 and 14.5 mu m, respectively. Strong photocurrent signals are observed at temperature of 77 K. The simultaneous two-color photoresponse is achieved by utilizing a simple design by broadening the width of the quantum well and selecting an appropriate doping density. The two peaks are attributed to the intersubband transitions from the ground state to the first excited state (bound state) and to the fifth excited state (continuum state), respectively.

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以22年定位试验为基础,研究黄土高原长期种植紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativaL.)情况下土壤硫、钙、镁组分的变化。结果表明:长期施P使苜蓿连作耕层土壤总硫、有效硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫、HCl可溶性硫、总无机硫和有机硫含量分别增加9.41%、62.41%、47.51%、30.07%、2.25%、5.38%和17.54%;长期施NPM使苜蓿连作耕层土壤总硫、有效硫、水溶性硫、吸附性硫、HCl可溶性硫、总无机硫和有机硫含量分别增加20.89%、98.31%、68.44%、57.34%、8.07%、12.54%和37.69%。长期施P使苜蓿连作耕层土壤全钙、有效钙、水溶态钙、交换态钙和酸溶态钙含量增加分别增加4.64%、4.27%、11.66%、4.05%和8.59%,但残余态钙含量降低2.21%;长期施NPM使苜蓿连作耕层土壤全钙、有效钙、水溶态钙、交换态钙和酸溶态钙含量增加分别增加8.69%、8.30%、51.59%、6.73%和27.77%,但残余态钙含量降低26.23%。长期施NPM使苜蓿连作耕层土壤全镁、有效镁、水溶态镁、交换态镁、酸溶态镁和残余态镁含量分别增加7.38%、61.98%、63.16%...

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生物分子的电化学行为与生命过程直接相关,通过对生物大分子电子传递反应机理的研究,可获得有关生理过程的重要信息.该论文主要研究内容和结论如下:1.研究了用共价键合法、Nafion膜法、自组装法和吸附法制备的MP-11修饰电极,发现用吸附法来制备MP-11修饰电极有方法简单,稳定性较好的优点.2.首次利用电化学方法研究了赖氨酸和精氨酸与MP-11配位后对MP-11的电化学性能的影响.3.研究了MP-11对NO还原的电催化作用.4.首次用傅立叶变换表面增强拉曼光谱研究了粗糙银电极表面MP-11的结构和吸附方式.5.首次研究了细胞色素c在尼龙膜修饰金电极上的电化学行为.

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由于具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性,聚乳酸被广泛地应用于组织工程,药物控制释放和环境材料工程等领域。由于聚乳酸的物理、机械和降解等性质在很大程度上决定于其链序列结构,所以丙交醋的立构选择性聚合就成为了一个研究热点。本文合成了一系列无手性席夫碱一铝配合物,并将其用于外消旋丙交醋的立构选择性聚合,此外还对聚合所得的不同立构规整度的聚外消旋丙交酯进行了初步表征。具体的实验结果如下:1.合成了无手性席夫碱一乙基铝配合物(2)和席夫碱一异丙氧基铝配合物(3)。在等摩尔量异丙醇的存在条件下,配合物(2)对rac-LA的开环聚合具有良好的控制性和立体选择性。所得到的聚乳酸是结晶性的聚合物,可以形成一种PLA立体络合物。同核去偶~1HNMR和~(13)CNMR结果表明,它们都是立构嵌段型的聚合物,其平均嵌段长度为11个乳酸单元。端基分析发现:配合物(2)本身没有引发rac-LA的开环聚合,它是在原位先与异丙醇反应生成相应的烷氧基铝化合物,然后,后者再引发rac-LA的开环聚合。因此将席夫碱-异丙氧基铝配合物(3)直接用于引发rac-LA的开环聚合,也具有良好的控制性和立体选择性。2.制备了一系列的席夫碱一铝配合物(5-8)用考察席夫碱配体的性质对催化剂的催化活性和立构选择性的影响。实验结果表明,在苯环上引入较大的取代基(如叔丁基)有助于提高立构选择性,但是增加二元胺桥刚性则会使立构选择性下降。此外,还考察了聚合温度对于配合物(8)/异丙醇催化rac-LA开环聚合的影响,发现降低聚合温度有利于提高全同键接的含量。3.通过控制聚合温度得到了具有不同立构规整度的立构嵌段型聚外消旋乳酸(Pm0.77~0.88)。与PLLA和无规立构聚乳酸不同的是,这些聚外消旋乳酸都可以形成PLA立体络合物,其熔融温度也相对较高;并且随着聚外消旋乳酸的Pm值的增大,其结晶性能也相应增加。

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重叠峰的分解是多组分同时测定中常常遇到的问题,用函数拟合尤其是昱用高斯(劳伦兹等封标函数)函数拟合是经典的方法之一。但是,函数拟合存在两个不易克服的困难:一个是因子数目的任意给定,另一个是因子拟合寝始参量的作意设置。由此,使拟合的结果具有试探性,并可能因初始参数与真实值相去太远而产生拟合发散或假收敛。另一方面,目标因子分析是试图将重叠系统即测量数据阵分解为二个较小的、具有物理意义的子阵,如光谱数据分解为纯组分光谱与纯组分浓度阵。它采用目标尝试,即从所分解的对象中,选出一些可能在测量数据里存在的因子(纯组分光谱或浓度)作为“目标”而代入程序中检测。如果在该数据阵里的确存在这些因子,则经程序计算出的结果与目标矢量相近,否则就相差很远,但是,若对体系了解较少,目标尝试矢量就无法提出或提出带有任意性,从而使目标因子分析失效。本文将渐进因子分析方法(EFA)进行扩尺,即EEFA,它不仅可以在重叠系统中寻找出本射具有的因子数目,而且根据因子在二维如在纯光谱与片组分浓度方面的分布范围和状况,可以得到(曲线拟合中缺乏的)有根据的初始参量。进一步地,将拟合解析给出的结果,例如纯组分光谱的近似表达,来作为目标因子分析中的尝试矢量,且通过选代向自身、逼近,就有可能检测出这些矢量是否是系统真正的因子,从而使目标因子分析也可以顺利完成,将数据阵分解成为二个具有物理意义的子阵如片光谱与片组分浓度阵。本解析系统共设计了数据予处理、EEFA、拟合、目标因子分析及绘图显示等五个模块。这些模块可以单个使用与综合运行,分别处理简单的与复杂的问题。各模块设计了会活式选择与较入较出(I/O),或菜单,使用较为方便,程序用FORTRAN-77程序语言设计,在PDP-11/24机上实现。EFA是八十年代中期才提出的一种因子分析方法,EEFA是我们对EFA的扩尺;EFA的原理与现象在文献中研究得不深;国内尚属空白;利用EEFA-拟合-目标因子分析三者结合,尚未见诸报道;而这种方法的可行性正被本文的一些例子所证实。相信本文所叙方法可以得到不断完善与广泛运用。

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从 2002 年11 月至2005 年4 月,在西藏红拉雪山自然保护区(98°20' ~ 98°59'E,28°48' ~ 29°40'N)对小昌都黑白仰鼻猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)群(98°35'00" ~ 98°40'00"E,29°14'24" ~ 29°16'42"N)(210 只左右)的生境及其利用形式、食 性、活动时间分配、过夜树及过夜地选择、雄-婴照料和繁殖季节作了重点研究, 并对保护区内的猴群分布、种群数量、保护状态以及潜在的威胁因素等作了一般 性的考查研究。 红拉雪山自然保护区存在3 个黑白仰鼻猴群,数量至少有300 只。从北到南 分别是执娜群、小昌都群和米拉卡群,其中执娜群(29°22',98°28'),是黑白仰 鼻猴最北分布群。猴群栖息范围中,人类的经济活动频繁。由于活动范围位于或 接近藏传佛教的神山,小昌都和执娜猴群保护最好,这两群之间存在生境走廊。 米拉卡猴群保护状态较差,主要是偷猎现象还没有杜绝。对过去20 年的农牧业 统计资料及藏族风俗习惯和民族传统综合分析发现:在红拉雪山自然保护区,尽 管人类经济活动频繁,但猴群与人类和谐共存是可能的。 小昌都猴群全年白天用49%的时间取食,20%的时间移动,18%的时间休 息,13%的时间作其他的活动。在6-8 月,猴群日间表现出明显的三个取食高峰, 两个休息高峰。在11-1 月,猴群有两个取食高峰,一个休息高峰,或者休息高 峰根本不明显(12 月)。尽管环境温度和食物组成等也会影响时间预算,但造成 这种现象的主要原因可能是白天长度的季节性变化。 小昌都猴群年家域为21.25 km2,且主要在3800 – 4250 米的针叶林中活动。 食物好的季节,猴群日移动距离长,日活动范围大;食物差的季节,则相反。秋 -冬季(10-12 月)由于取食川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides),活动的海拔高 度高于其它季节;冬季(1-4 月)活动范围最低。猴群并不避免在人类间伐过的 次生针叶林中活动。小生境的使用强度与在此生境中过夜的次数有关。 小昌都猴群的食物以松萝为主。全年的食物组成:用单筒望远镜观察,松萝 82.1%,芽和叶12.1%,花、果实或种子占1.1%,无脊椎动物占0.6%,树皮、 树根、树胶,草等占4.2%;接近猴群用肉眼或双筒望远镜观察,松萝50.8%, 芽和叶28.5%,花、果实或种子占7.1%,无脊椎动物占6.5%,树皮、树根、树胶,草等占7.1%。根据动物在不同林层分布百分比整合后得到接近真实的食物 构成:松萝75.4%,芽和叶15.7%,花、果实或种子占2.9%,无脊椎动物占2.4%, 树皮、树根、树胶,草等占3.9%。猴群在夏季(6-8 月)会下地翻开小石块,取 食无脊椎动物。冬季(1-4 月)会取食至少6 种树皮和2-3 种干草。 基于避免捕食、安全、舒适、体温调节的考虑,小昌都猴群选择高大、底枝 高、底枝长以及层数多的树过夜,并在背风、阳坡和海拔低的过夜地过夜。在过 夜地的选择中,存在着阳坡和海拔高度的权衡决策。 小昌都猴群个体不同林层的分布:77.5%在树上,6.0%在灌丛,16.5%在地 上。成年雄猴和青年猴倾向于在地上活动。在地上活动时又倾向于移动,休息和 其他活动少。获得高质量的食物和避免被捕食是出现这种格局的原因。 在小昌都猴群中,婴猴受到雄猴照料时间百分比(percent time of infant care, PTIC)为17.2±3.3,其中身体接触(BC)、接近(IP)和监护(G)照料的时 间百分比分别为0.6±0.5、5.8±1.2 和10.8±3.8。G 照料的最低值和最高值分别 在8 月和3 月。雌猴总PTIC 为69.3±6.9,其中BC、IP 和G 的时间分别为42.0 ±8.6、21.6±5.3 和5.7±3.8。最低BC 和最高G 照料同时出现在3 月。对雄猴, (1)总PTIC 在能量压力高的季节明显高于能量压力低的季节;(2)G 照料PTIC 在能量压力高的季节也要比能量压力低的季节高;(3)BC 和IP 照料在两个季节 之间没有区别。对于雌猴,(1)总PTIC 在高能量压力季节要比低能量压力季节 低;(2)G 照料在高能量压力季节要比低能量压力季节高,而BC 照料在高能量 压力季节要比低能量压力季节低;(3)IP 照料在两个季节之间没有区别。这种 高强度的雄婴照料,特别是托儿所的照料方式,是由这种环境下过高的能量压力 所引起的。 小昌都群为严格季节性出生且出生季节在2 月初到3 月中旬之间,时间跨度 45 天,属脉冲型。这种格局是光周期、温度、食物等环境因子综合调控的结果。 综合以上结果我们认为小昌都群的行为和生态特点,除具备疣猴一般特点 外,还具有地点特殊性,是自然环境如光照、温度、食物供给季节变化和生物环 境如捕食压和人类活动相互作用的结果,或者可以看成是能量摄入和损耗之间以 及它们和安全之间的权衡结果,体现了猴群对极端环境的适应。

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Thyroid hormones (THs) play an important role in the normal development and physiological functions in fish. Environmental chemicals may adversely affect thyroid function by disturbing gene transcription. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a persistent compound, is widely distributed in the aquatic environment and wildlife. In the present study, we investigated whether PFOS could disrupt the hypothalamic– pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of PFOS (0, 100, 200 and 400 lg L 1) and gene expression patterns were examined 15 d post-fertilization. The expression of several genes in the HPT system, i.e., corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), thyroglobulin (TG), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), transthyretin (TTR), iodothyronine deiodinases (Dio1 and Dio2) and thyroid receptor (TRa and TRb), was quantitatively measured using real-time PCR. The gene expression levels of CRF and TSH were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, upon exposure to 200 and 400 lg L 1 PFOS. A significant increase in NIS and Dio1 gene expression was observed at 200 lg L 1 PFOS exposure, while TG gene expression was down-regulated at 200 and 400 lg L 1 PFOS exposure. TTR gene expression was down-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner. Up-regulation and down-regulation of TRa and TRb gene expression, respectively, was observed upon exposure to PFOS. The whole body thyroxine (T4) content remained unchanged, whereas triiodothyronine (T3) levels were significantly increased, which could directly reflect disrupted thyroid hormone status after PFOS exposure. The overall results indicated that PFOS exposure could alter gene expression in the HPT axis and that mechanisms of disruption of thyroid status by PFOS could occur at several steps in the synthesis, regulation, and action of thyroid hormones.

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In this work, the electronic structure and magnetic coupling properties of Gd doped AlN have been investigated using first-principles method. We found that in the AlN:Gd system, due to the s-f coupling allowed by the symmetry, the exchange splitting of the conduction band is much larger than that of the valence band, which makes the electron-mediated ferromagnetism possible in this material. This property is also confirmed by the energy differences between anti-ferromagnetic and ferromagnetic phase for Al14Gd2N16 with different concentrations of electrons (holes), as well as by the calculated exchange constants. The result indicates that Gd-doped AlN is a promising candidate for the applications in future spintronic devices.