1000 resultados para reducionismo semântico-epistemológico
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Biological processes are complex and possess emergent properties that can not be explained or predict by reductionism methods. To overcome the limitations of reductionism, researchers have been used a group of methods known as systems biology, a new interdisciplinary eld of study aiming to understand the non-linear interactions among components embedded in biological processes. These interactions can be represented by a mathematical object called graph or network, where the elements are represented by nodes and the interactions by edges that link pair of nodes. The networks can be classi- ed according to their topologies: if node degrees follow a Poisson distribution in a given network, i.e. most nodes have approximately the same number of links, this is a random network; if node degrees follow a power-law distribution in a given network, i.e. small number of high-degree nodes and high number of low-degree nodes, this is a scale-free network. Moreover, networks can be classi ed as hierarchical or non-hierarchical. In this study, we analised Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae integrated molecular networks, which have protein-protein interaction, metabolic and transcriptional regulation interactions. By using computational methods, such as MathematicaR , and data collected from public databases, we calculated four topological parameters: the degree distribution P(k), the clustering coe cient C(k), the closeness centrality CC(k) and the betweenness centrality CB(k). P(k) is a function that calculates the total number of nodes with k degree connection and is used to classify the network as random or scale-free. C(k) shows if a network is hierarchical, i.e. if the clusterization coe cient depends on node degree. CC(k) is an indicator of how much a node it is in the lesse way among others some nodes of the network and the CB(k) is a pointer of how a particular node is among several ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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The reducionism method has helped in the clari cation of functioning of many biological process. However, such process are extremely complex and have emergent properties that can not be explained or even predicted by reducionism methods. To overcome these limits, researchers have been used a set of methods known as systems biology, a new area of biology aiming to understand the interactions between the multiple components of biological processes. These interactions can be represented by a mathematical object called graph or network, where the interacting elements are represented by a vertex and the interactions by edges that connect a pair of vertexes. Into graphs it is possible to nd subgraphs, occurring in complex networks at numbers that are signi cantly higher than those in randomized networks, they are de ned as motifs. As motifs in biological networks may represent the structural units of biological processess, their detection is important. Therefore, the aim of this present work was detect, count and classify motifs present in biological integrated networks of bacteria Escherichia coli and yeast Saccharomyces cere- visiae. For this purpose, we implemented codes in MathematicaR and Python environments for detecting, counting and classifying motifs in these networks. The composition and types of motifs detected in these integrated networks indicate that such networks are organized in three main bridged modules composed by motifs in which edges are all the same type. The connecting bridges are composed by motifs in which the types of edges are diferent
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Este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar o significado da ética contida nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN). Para tal meta, foi feita uma pesquisa bibliográfica de cunho epistemológico, que proporcionou o estudo dos significados da ética em uma perspectiva história – desde a Antiguidade, ao enfatizar os pensamentos de Aristóteles; na Modernidade com o filósofo Immanuel Kant para, posteriormente chegarmos à contemporaneidade e receber contudo, a contribuição de vários teóricos, dentre os quais destacamos: a visão construtivista de Yves de La Taille; e a ótica crítica de Pedro Goergen. Ao dar ênfase para a contemporaneidade, foi feita uma análise sobre a ética e a educação, contidas em seu contexto, em prol da realidade e da necessidade da ética, de acordo com diferentes percepções teóricas. Finalizamos esta pesquisa com a descrição do conteúdo da ética, presente nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN) – Temas Transversais (TT) que, posteriormente analisou seu discurso baseado nos teóricos apresentados no transcorrer desta pesquisa. Neste momento, percebemos que a ética tem tido um papel histórico de propagação da moral existente na comunidade à qual se insere e esta, entretanto, sempre recebeu influências da classe pela qual é dominada. Na contemporaneidade, percebemos claramente esta realidade, sendo a ética hedonista moralmente propagada pelos meios de comunicação, pelos espaços públicos e privados, pela escola, etc. Com isso, ao pensar no campo educacional, os PCN, trazem a necessidade de uma educação moral na escola que inverta os valores morais existentes, para os valores referentes à justiça eqüitativa que está no discurso neoliberal atual. O qual visa solucionar os problemas advindos da modernidade desenfreada, porém sem modificar a lógica capitalista existente.
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Pós-graduação em Linguística e Língua Portuguesa - FCLAR
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Reconhecer as unidades fraseológicas de um texto ao traduzi-lo representa para o tradutor uma das grandes dificuldades impostas à sua tarefa de interpretação. Para além do simples reconhecimento, a identificação de um equivalente apropriado na língua de chegada, considerando seu registro de uso e a carga metafórica que encerra, dentre outros aspectos presentes em tais unidades, impõem ao tradutor um árduo trabalho de pesquisa e análise linguística. Analisamos aqui, além da organização da mega, macro e microestrutura, a tradução para o português de unidades fraseológicas em três dicionários bilíngues na direção espanhol/português, a saber: Señas – Diccionario para la enseñanza de la lengua española para brasileños (Universidad Alcalá de Henares), Diccionario Bilíngüe de Uso Español-Portugués/Português-Espanhol e o Gran Diccionario Español/Portugués/ Português/Espanhol. A análise é feita a partir de um levantamento abrangendo as unidades agrupadas pelo campo semântico 'nome de animal', especificamente as organizadas na entrada 'gato'. Embora a expressão de idéias afins seja comum a diferentes línguas e culturas, o maior ou menor grau de idiomatismo de algumas expressões pode ocasionar ao tradutor diferentes níveis de dificuldade ao tentar estabelecer equivalentes para os dois idiomas.
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The present paper aims at applying a model of bilingual onomasiological terminological dictionary, as proposed by Babini (2001b), for the development of an English-Portuguese and Portuguese-English electronic dictionary of the fundamental Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) terms. This subarea of Artificial Intelligence was chosen due to its use in several technological activities. The onomasiological dictionary is characterized by allowing searches of either lexical or terminological units from its semantic content. Our dictionary model allows two types of search: semasiological and onomasiological. The onomasiological search is made possible by a set of semes or semantic traits that make up the concept of each term in the dictionary.
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This paper aims to investigate the behavior of the modal verb poder as an auxiliary verb in text written in both two Romance languages, Brazilian Portuguese and Iberian Spanish. This research follows a functionalist language approach, more precisely the Dutch Functional Grammar tradition, based on the modality classification proposed by Hengeveld (2004). This author considers two main criteria: target of evaluation, and semantic domain of evaluation. Considering this classification, we analyze the use of the auxiliary verb poder in a corpus of self-help discourses, which currently enjoy enormous popularity in various parts of the world. Although in Portuguese the auxiliary verb poder is essentially an epistemic modal (cf. Neves 1999-2000) —which, according to the Hengeveld (2004), corresponds to the event-oriented epistemic modality—. However, our analysis show that, given the essentially optimistic nature of the discourse analyzed, the self-help discourse, the previously mentioned modal verb (poder) behaves predominantly as a participant-oriented facultative modal. This result demonstrates the importance of considering the context of occurrence of the verb poder in order to evaluate the effects of meaning associated with its use.
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This work deals with the distinction between embedded questions and headless relatives, that was already pointed out as problematic in several studies based on generative approach. The purpose is to examine to what extent functional aspects, as proposed by the theory of Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008) to describe the two types of clauses can contribute to the explanation of the differences and similarities between them. Based on representative occurrences of spoken Brazilian Portuguese, we demonstrated that the approach of Functional Discourse Grammar provides important parameters for defining the nature of these two types of clauses, in both formal and functional (semantic-discursive) terms, contributing thus to the existing proposals for the distinction between these clauses.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento em Pesquisa (CNPq)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)