From Amazonia to the Atlantic forest: Molecular phylogeny of Phyzelaphryninae frogs reveals unexpected diversity and a striking biogeographic pattern emphasizing conservation challenges

Documenting the Neotropical amphibian diversity has become a major challenge facing the threat of global climate change and the pace of environmental alteration. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed that the actual number of species in South American tropical forests is largely underestimated, but also that many lineages are millions of years old. The genera Phyzelaphryne (1 sp.) and Adelophryne (6 spp.), which compose the subfamily Phyzelaphryninae, include poorly documented, secretive, and minute frogs with an unusual distribution pattern that encompasses the biotic disjunction between Amazonia and the Atlantic forest. We generated >5.8 kb sequence data from six markers for all seven nominal species of the subfamily as well as for newly discovered populations in order to (1) test the monophyly of Phyzelaphryninae, Adelophryne and Phyzelaphryne, (2) estimate species diversity within the subfamily, and (3) investigate their historical biogeography and diversification. Phylogenetic reconstruction confirmed the monophyly of each group and revealed deep subdivisions within Adelophryne and Phyzelaphryne, with three major clades in Adelophryne located in northern Amazonia, northern Atlantic forest and southern Atlantic forest. Our results suggest that the actual number of species in Phyzelaphryninae is, at least, twice the currently recognized species diversity, with almost every geographically isolated population representing an anciently divergent candidate species. Such results highlight the challenges for conservation, especially in the northern Atlantic forest where it is still degraded at a fast pace. Molecular dating revealed that Phyzelaphryninae originated in Amazonia and dispersed during early Miocene to the Atlantic forest. The two Atlantic forest clades of Adelophryne started to diversify some 7 Ma minimum, while the northern Amazonian Adelophryne diversified much earlier, some 13 Ma minimum. This striking biogeographic pattern coincides with major events that have shaped the face of the South American continent, as we know it today. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Phylogenetic analysis of Codium species from Brazil, with the description of the new species C. pernambucensis (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta)

The genus Codium comprises c. 125 species widely distributed in marine coastal environments throughout the world. Due to morphological plasticity, the taxonomic delimitation of Codium species can be difficult. Sequences of the first exon of the large subunit of RUBISCO (rbcL) have been used in the molecular delimitation of species and for phylogenetic purposes. In the present study, we complement previous morphological work on Brazilian Codium species with molecular systematics. Based on the partial rbcL sequences, seven species are recognized along the Brazilian coast: C. decorticatum, C. intertextum, C. isthmocladum, C. profundum, C. spongiosum, C. taylorii and the new species Codium pernambucensis. Ten unique sequences were obtained among the samples examined, which we used in combination with previously published sequences to infer molecular phylogenies using various methods. The resulting trees showed three principal monophyletic groupings: Clade A with species having a prostrate habit, not branched, and mostly with small, grouped utricles; Clade B primarily consisting of upright species with cylindrical branches and large individual utricles; and Clade C composed of upright species with cylindrical branches that are slightly flattened, and have intermediate-sized individual utricles. The Brazilian species grouped with morphologically similar taxa from other geographic localities, and are present in all three main clades. A new sprawling species, Codium pernambucensis is described based on morphology and molecular analyses.

Multiple independent origins of mitochondrial control region duplications in the order Psittaciformes

mitochondrial genomes are generally thought to be under selection for compactness, due to their small size, consistent gene content, and a lack of introns or intergenic spacers. As more animal mitochondrial genomes are fully sequenced, rearrangements and partial duplications are being identified with increasing frequency, particularly in birds (Class Ayes). In this study, we investigate the evolutionary history of mitochondrial control region states within the avian order Psittaciformes (parrots and cockatoos). To this aim, we reconstructed a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny of parrots, used PCR of three diagnostic fragments to classify the mitochondrial control region state as single or duplicated, and mapped these states onto the phylogeny. We further sequenced 44 selected species to validate these inferences of control region state. Ancestral state reconstruction using a range of weighting schemes identified six independent origins of mitochondrial control region duplications within Psittaciformes. Analysis of sequence data showed that varying levels of mitochondrial gene and tRNA homology and degradation were present within a given clade exhibiting duplications. Levels of divergence between control regions within an individual varied from 0-10.9% with the differences occurring mainly between 51 and 225 nucleotides 3' of the goose hairpin in domain I. Further investigations into the fates of duplicated mitochondrial genes, the potential costs and benefits of having a second control region, and the complex relationship between evolutionary rates, selection, and time since duplication are needed to fully explain these patterns in the mitochondrial genome. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Parasites reveal movement of bats between the New and Old Worlds

The global distribution of bat taxa indicates that the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans are effective barriers to movement between the Old and New Worlds. For instance, one of the major suborders, Yinpterochiroptera, has an exclusively Old World distribution, and within the other, Yangochiroptera, no species and only five genera are common to both. However, as bats are sometimes blown out to sea, and have colonised isolated islands, occasional natural movement between the New and Old Worlds does appear to be possible. Here we identify new genotypes of a blood parasite, Trypanosoma dionisii, in Old World bats that are closely related to South American strains. Using highly conservative calibration points, divergence of Old and New World strains is estimated to have occurred 3.2-5.0 million years ago (MYA), depending on the method used (upper 95% CL for maximum time 11.4 MYA). The true date of divergence is likely to be considerably more recent. These results demonstrate that taxon-specific parasites can indicate historical movements of their hosts, even where their hosts may have left no lasting phylogenetic footprint. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Radiation of the Tnt1 retrotransposon superfamily in three Solanaceae genera

Abstract Background Tnt1 was the first active plant retrotransposon identified in tobacco after nitrate reductase gene disruption. The Tnt1 superfamily comprises elements from Nicotiana (Tnt1 and Tto1) and Lycopersicon (Retrolyc1 and Tlc1) species. The study presented here was conducted to characterise Tnt1-related sequences in 20 wild species of Solanum and five cultivars of Solanum tuberosum. Results Tnt1-related sequences were amplified from total genomic DNA using a PCR-based approach. Purified fragments were cloned and sequenced, and clustering analysis revealed three groups that differ in their U3 region. Using a network approach with a total of 453 non-redundant sequences isolated from Solanum (197), Nicotiana (140) and Lycopersicon (116) species, it is demonstrated that the Tnt1 superfamily can be treated as a population to resolve previous phylogenetic multifurcations. The resulting RNAseH network revealed that sequences group according to the Solanaceae genus, supporting a strong association with the host genome, whereas tracing the U3 region sequence association characterises the modular evolutionary pattern within the Tnt1 superfamily. Within each genus, and irrespective of species, nearly 20% of Tnt1 sequences analysed are identical, indicative of being part of an active copy. The network approach enabled the identification of putative "master" sequences and provided evidence that within a genus these master sequences are associated with distinct U3 regions. Conclusion The results presented here support the hypothesis that the Tnt1 superfamily was present early in the evolution of Solanaceae. The evidence also suggests that the RNAseH region of Tnt1 became fixed at the host genus level whereas, within each genus, propagation was ensured by the diversification of the U3 region. Different selection pressures seemed to have acted on the U3 and RNAseH modules of ancestral Tnt1 elements, probably due to the distinct functions of these regions in the retrotransposon life cycle, resulting in both co evolution and adaptation of the element population with its host.

Genetic aspects of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in a family with multiple affected members: a research article

Abstract Background The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis remains unknown and different factors have been suggested as causal. Hereditary factors can also determine the etiology of the disease; however, the pattern of inheritance remains unknown. Autosomal dominant, X-linked and multifactorial patterns of inheritances have been reported. Other studies have suggested possible chromosome regions related to the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. We report the genetic aspects of and investigate chromosome regions for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in a Brazilian family. Methods Evaluation of 57 family members, distributed over 4 generations of a Brazilian family, with 9 carriers of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The proband presented a scoliotic curve of 75 degrees, as determined by the Cobb method. Genomic DNA from family members was genotyped. Results Locating a chromosome region linked to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis was not possible in the family studied. Conclusion While it was not possible to determine a chromosome region responsible for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by investigation of genetic linkage using microsatellites markers during analysis of four generations of a Brazilian family with multiple affected members, analysis including other types of genomic variations, like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could contribute to the continuity of this study.

Engraftment of human adipose derived stem cells delivered in a hyaluronic acid preparation in mice

PURPOSE: To evaluate the implant of human adipose derived stem cells (ADSC) delivered in hyaluronic acid gel (HA), injected in the subcutaneous of athymic mice. METHODS: Control implants -HA plus culture media was injected in the subcutaneous of the left sub scapular area of 12 athymic mice. ADSC implants: HA plus ADSC suspended in culture media was injected in the subcutaneous, at the contra lateral area, of the same animals. With eight weeks, animals were sacrificed and the recovered implants were processed for extraction of genomic DNA, and histological study by hematoxilin-eosin staining and immunufluorescence using anti human vimentin and anti von Willebrand factor antibodies. RESULTS: Controls: Not visualized at the injection site. An amorphous substance was observed in hematoxilin-eosin stained sections. Human vimentin and anti von Willebrand factor were not detected. No human DNA was detected. ADSC implants - A plug was visible at the site of injection. Fusiform cells were observed in sections stained by hematoxilin- eosin and both human vimentin and anti von Willebrand factor were detected by immunofluorescence. The presence of human DNA was confirmed. CONCLUSION: The delivery of human adipose derived stem cells in preparations of hyaluronic acid assured cells engraftment at the site of injection.

Screening bacterial metabolites for inhibitory effects against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis using a spectrophotometric assay

Certain bacteria present on frog skin can prevent infection by the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), conferring disease resistance. Previous studies have used agar-based in vitro challenge assays to screen bacteria for Bd-inhibitory activity and to identify candidates for bacterial supplementation trials. However, agar-based assays can be difficult to set up and to replicate reliably. To overcome these difficulties, we developed a semi-quantitative spectrophotometric challenge assay technique. Cell-free supernatants were prepared from filtered bacterial cultures and added to 96-well plates in replicated wells containing Bd zoospores suspended in tryptone-gelatin hydrolysate-lactose (TGhL) broth medium. Plates were then read daily on a spectrophotometer until positive controls reached maximum growth in order to determine growth curves for Bd. We tested the technique by screening skin bacteria from the Australian green-eyed tree frog Litoria serrata. Of bacteria tested, 31% showed some degree of Bd inhibition, while some may have promoted Bd growth, a previously unknown effect. Our cell-free supernatant challenge assay technique is an effective in vitro method for screening bacterial isolates for strong Bd-inhibitory activity. It contributes to the expanding field of bioaugmentation research, which could play a significant role in mitigating the effects of chytridiomycosis on amphibians around the world.

Production, radiochemical separation and chemical coupling of radioactive arsenic isotopes to synthesize radiopharmaceuticals for molecular imaging

Noninvasive molecular-imaging technologies are playing a keyrole in drug discovery, development and delivery. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is such a molecular imaging technology and a powerful tool for the observation of various diseases. However, it is limited by the availability of agents with high selectivity to the target and a physical half-life of the used positron emitting nuclide which matches the biological half-life of the observed process. For the long lasting enrichment of antibodies in tumor tissue few suitable isotopes for PET imaging are currently available. The element arsenic provides a range of isotopes, which could be used for diagnosis and also for endoradiotherapy. This work describes the development of radiochemical separation procedures to separate arsenic isotopes in no-carrier-added (nca) purity from reactor or cyclotron irradiated targets, the development and evaluation of a labeling chemistry to attach these separated arsenic isotopes to monoclonal antibodies, the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of antibodies labeled with radioactive arsenic isotopes and the molecular imaging using small animal PET.

Influenza del sistema immunogenetico KIR nell'alloreattività Natural Killer nel trapianto di rene

Kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for the restoration of excretory and endocrine kidney function in patients with end-stage renal disease. The success of the transplant is linked to the genetic compatibility between donor and recipient, and upon progress in surgery and immunosuppressive therapy. Numerous studies have established the importance of innate immunity in transplantation tolerance, in particular natural killer (NK) cells represent a population of cells involved in defense against infectious agents and tumor cells. NK cells express on their surface the Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) which, by recognizing and binding to MHC class I antigens, prevent the killing of autologous cells. In solid organ transplantation context, and in particular the kidney, recent studies show some correlation between the incompatibility KIR / HLA and outcome of transplantation so as to represent an interesting perspective, especially as regards setting of immunosuppressive therapy. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess whether the incompatibility between recipient KIR receptors and HLA class I ligands of the donor could be a useful predictor in order to improve the survival of the transplanted kidney and also to select patients who might benefit of a reduced regimen. One hundred and thirteen renal transplant patients from 1999 to 2005 were enrolled. Genomic DNA was extracted for each of them and their donors and genotyping of HLA A, B, C and 14 KIR genes was carried out. Data analysis was conducted on two case-control studies: one aimed at assessing the outcome of acute rejection and the other to assess the long term transplant outcome. The results showed that two genes, KIR2DS1 and KIR3DS1, are associated with the development of acute rejection (p = 0.02 and p = 0.05, respectively). The presence of the KIR2DS3 gene is associated with a better performance of serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (MDRD) over time (4 and 5 years after transplantation, p <0.05), while in the presence of ligand, the serum creatinine and MDRD trend seems to get worse in the long term. The analysis performed on the population, according to whether there was deterioration of renal function or not in the long term, showed that the absence of the KIR2DL1 gene is strongly associated with an increase of 20% of the creatinine value at 5 years, with a relative risk to having a greater creatinine level than the median 5-year equal to 2.7 95% (95% CI: 1.7788 - 2.6631). Finally, the presence of a kidney resulting negative for HLA-A3 / A11, compared to a positive result, in patients with KIR3DL2, showed a relative risk of having a serum creatinine above the median at 5 years after transplantation of 0.6609 (95% CI: 0.4529 -0.9643), suggesting a protective effect given to the absence of this ligand.

Approcci molecolari e bioinformatici volti alla caratterizzazione di Vgt1, QTL coinvolto nella regolazione dell'epoca di fioritura in Zea Mays

The genetic control of flowering time has been addressed by many quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies. A survey of the results from 29 independent studies reporting information on 441 QTLs led to the production of a QTL consensus map, which enabled the identification of 59 chromosome regions distributed on all chromosomes and shown to be frequently involved in the genetic control of flowering time and related traits. One of the major QTLs for flowering time, the Vegetative to generative transition 1 (Vgt1) locus , corresponds to an upstream (70 kb) non-coding regulatory element of ZmRap2.7, a repressor of flowering. A transposon (MITE) insertion was identified as a major allelic difference within Vgt1. One of the hypotheses is that Vgt1 might function by modifying ZmRap2.7 chromatin through an epigenetic mechanism. Therefore, the methylation state at Vgt1 was investigated using an approach that combines digestion with McrBc, an endonuclease that acts upon methylated DNA, and quantitative PCR. The analyses were performed on genomic DNA from leaves of six different maize lines at four stages of development. The results showed a trend of reduction of methylation from the first to the last stage with the exception of a short genomic region flanking the MITE insertion, which showed a constant and very dense methylation throughout leaf development and for both alleles. Preliminary results from bisulfite sequencing of a small portion of Vgt1 revealed differential methylation of a single cytosine residue between the two alleles. ZmRap2.7 expression was assayed in the four developmental stages afore mentioned for the six genotypes, in order to establish a link between methylation at Vgt1 and ZmRap2.7 transcription. To assess the role of Vgt1 as a transcriptional enhancer, two reporter vectors for stable transformation of plants have been developed.

Ansatz zur Generierung einer konditionalen, reversiblen Wt1 k.o.-Maus

Ansatz zur Generierung einer konditionalen, reversiblen Wt1 k.o.-Maus Der Wilms-Tumor (WT, Nephroblastom) ist ein embryonaler Nierentumor, der durch die maligne Transformation von undifferenziertem Nierengewebe, sog. nephrogenen Resten, entsteht. WT treten mit einer Inzidenz von 1 in 10.000 Lebendgeburten auf. Das Hauptmanifestationsalter, der normalerweise einseitig und sporadisch auftretenden Tumore, liegt zwischen dem 3. und 4. Lebensjahr. Etwa 10 % der Patienten entwickeln jedoch bilaterale Tumore. In diesen Fällen ist eine Assoziation mit komplexen genetischen Krankheitsbildern (u. a. WAGR-, Denys-Drash-, Frasier- und Beckwith-Wiedemann-Syndrom) festzustellen. In 15 % der sporadischen WT sind Mutationen im WT1 (Wilms-Tumor 1)-Gen beschrieben. WT1 besteht aus zehn Exons und weist typische Merkmale von Transkriptionsfaktoren (z. B. vier Zinkfinger) auf. Zwei alternative Spleißereignisse betreffen Exon 5 (+/−Exon 5) und Exon 9 (Transkripte mit bzw. ohne die codierenden Sequenzen für die AS Lysin-Threonin-Serin; +/−KTS). Die Lage der drei alternativ vorhandenen AS zwischen den Zinkfingern 3 und 4 bestimmt die verschiedenen Funktionen der WT1-Proteine (4 Isoformen) als Transkriptionsfaktor (−KTS) bzw. als RNA-bindendes Protein (+KTS). Das zunächst im Zusammenhang mit WT als Tumorsuppressorgen identifizierte WT1 ist ein Entwicklungsgen mit einem sehr komplexen Expressionsmuster in der Embryonalentwicklung. Dabei ist v. a. die Bedeutung in der Urogenitalentwicklung entscheidend. Konstitutive, homozygote Wt1−/− k.o.-Mäuse sind embryonal (~ E12,5 dpc) letal und bilden u. a. keine Gonaden und keine Nieren. Aus diesem Grund existiert bisher kein Wilms-Tumormodell. Die Herstellung eines konditionalen murinen Tiermodells auf Basis des Tet on/off-Systems zur Untersuchung der Nierenentwicklung bzw. zur Analyse der Wilms-Tumorpathogenese war Ziel dieser Arbeit. Hierfür wurden drei Mauslinien generiert: Zwei transgene sog. Responder-Linien, die eine chimäre spleißbare Wt1-cDNA der Variante musWt1+Exon 5;+/−KTS unter der Kontrolle eines Tet-responsiven Promotors im Genom tragen. Dieses tTA/Dox-abhängig regulierbare Wt1-Transgen (tgWt1) sollte (exogen regulierbar) die Expression des endogenen Wt1-Lokus ausreichend nachahmen, um die kritischen Phasen der Embryogenese zu überwinden und lebensfähige Tiere zu erhalten. Parallel dazu wurde die Wt1-Effektor-Mauslinie (WE2) generiert. Diese trägt einen tetrazyklinabhängigen Transaktivator (tTA) zur Steuerung Tet-regulierbarer Transgene unter der Kontrolle des endogenen Wt1-Promotors. Die durch homologe Rekombination in ES-Zellen erreichte Integration des tTA direkt am Translationsstartpunkt des Wt1-Lokus hat in den Tieren einen heterozygoten Wt1 knock out/tTA knock in zur Folge. Die bisher vorgenommenen Verpaarungen doppelt transgener Wt1-tTA+/−/Resp-Mäuse ergaben keinen Rescue des letalen Wt1 k.o. und es konnten bislang keine Wilms-Tumore induziert werden. Alle im Verlauf der Arbeit generierten Mauslinien wurden umfassend charakterisiert. So konnte für die Tiere der Responder-Linien Wt1-Resp1 (mit zusätzlichen Isolator-Sequenzen zum Schutz des Transgens vor Positionseffekten) und Wt1-Resp2 (ohne Isolatoren) konnte die Tet-induzierbare Expression und die Spleißbarkeit des tgWt1 in MEF-Assays und mittels Effektor-Mäusen auf RNA-Ebene nachgewiesen werden. Die genomische Charakterisierung der WE2-Linie ergab eine ungeklärte etwa 120 kb große Inversion am Wt1-Lokus, die alle 5'-regulatorischen Sequenzen mitsamt des tTA vom Rest von Wt1 trennt. Tiere dieser Linie weisen aber dennoch einen funktionalen Wt1 k.o. auf: Unter den Nachkommen aus Intercross-Verpaarungen von Wt1-tTA+/−-Mäusen lassen sich auf Grund der Letalität keine Wt1−/−-Genotypen nachweisen. Die Charakterisierung der Effektor-Linie auf RNA-Ebene und mittels Reporter-Mäusen liefert ein Wt1-analoges tTA-Expressionsmuster: So findet man eine deutliche tTA-Expression u. a. in Niere (Glomeruli), Uterus, Ovar und Testis. Die hier vorgestellten Experimente ergeben darüber hinaus eindeutige Hinweise einer Beteiligung von Wt1 in der Entstehung der glatten Muskulatur bzw. in der Vaskulogenese.

Analisi di “Copy Number Variants” ed identificazione di nuovi geni candidati per l’Autismo e Ritardo Mentale

I disturbi dello spettro autistico (DSA) ed il ritardo mentale (RM) sono caratterizzati da un’eziologia genetica complessa ed eterogenea. Grazie ai recenti sviluppi nella ricerca genomica, è stato possibile dimostrare il ruolo di numerose copy number variants (CNVs) nella patogenesi di questi disturbi, anche se nella maggior parte dei casi l’eziologia rimane ancora sconosciuta. Questo lavoro riguarda l’identificazione e la caratterizzazione dei CNVs in famiglie con DSA e RM. E’ stata studiata una microdelezione in 7q31 che coinvolge i geni IMMP2L e DOCK4, trasmessa dalla madre con dislessia a due figli con autismo ed una figlia con dislessia. Nella stessa famiglia segrega una seconda microdelezione in 2q14 che inattiva il gene CNTNAP5 ed è trasmessa dal padre (con tratti autistici) ai due figli con autismo. Abbiamo quindi ipotizzato che i geni DOCK4 e CNTNAP5 potessero essere implicati, rispettivamente, nella suscettibilità a dislessia e DSA. Lo screening di numerosi individui affetti ha supportato la nostra ipotesi, con l’identificazione di una nuova microdelezione di DOCK4 che segrega con la dislessia, e 3 nuove varianti missenso in CNTNAP5 in individui con autismo. Dall’analisi genomica comparativa su array (aCGH) di individui con RM, è stata identificata una delezione nella regione 7q31.32, che coinvolge il gene CADPS2, in due fratelli con RM e tratti autistici, probabilmente ereditata dalla madre. Lo screening di mutazione di questo gene in individui con autismo o RM, ha portato all’identificazione di 3 varianti non sinonime, assenti nei controlli, ed ereditate per via materna. Poiché CADPS2 risiede in una regione genomica che contiene loci soggetti ad imprinting, abbiamo ipotizzato che il gene CADPS2 possa essere anch’esso caratterizzato da imprinting, con espressione monoallelica materna. Lo studio di espressione di CADPS2 in cellule del sangue ha avvalorato questa ipotesi, implicando perciò CADPS2 come un nuovo gene di suscettibilità per il RM e DSA.

Synthesis and evaluation of 18-F-radiopharmaceuticals within the serotonergic receptor system for molecular imaging

Molecular imaging technologies as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) are playing a key role in drug discovery, development and delivery due to the possibility to quantify e.g. the binding potential in vivo, non-invasively and repetitively. In this context, it provides a significant advance in the understanding of many CNS disorders and conditions. The serotonergic receptor system is involved in a number of important physiological processes and diseases such as depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, sleep or sexual behaviour. Especially, the 5-HT2A and the 5-HT1A receptor subtypes are in the focus of fundamental and clinical research due to the fact that many psychotic drugs interact with these neuronal transmembrane receptors. This work describes the successful development, as well as in vitro and in vivo evaluation of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A selective antagonistic PET-radiotracers. The major achievements obtained in this thesis are: 1. the development and in vitro evaluation of several 5-HT2A antagonistic compounds, namely MH.MZ (Ki = 9.0 nM), (R)-MH.MZ (Ki = 0.72 nM) and MA-1 (Ki = 3.0 nM). 2. the 18F-labeling procedure of these compounds and their optimization, whereby radiochemical yields > 35 % in high specific activities (> 15 GBq/µmol) could be observed. Synthesis time inclusive secondary synthon synthesis, the radioactive labeling procedure, separation and final formulation took no longer than 120 min and provided the tracer in high radiochemical purity. 3. the in vivo µPET evaluation of [18F]MH.MZ and (R)-[18F]MH.MZ resulting in promising imaging agents of the 5-HT2A receptor status; from which (R)-[18F]MH.MZ seems to be the most promising ligand. 4. the determination of the influence of P-gp on the brain biodistribution of [18F]MH.MZ showing a strong P-gp dependency but no regional alteration. 5. the four-step radiosynthesis and evaluation of [18F]MDL 100907 resulting in another high affine tracer, which is, however, limited due to its low radiochemical yield. 6. the development and evaluation of 3 novel possible 5-HT2A imaging agents combining structural elements of altanserin, MDL 100907 and SR 46349B demonstrating different binding modes of these compounds. 7. the development, the labeling and in vitro evaluation of the novel 5-HT1A antagonistic tracer [18F]AH1.MZ (Ki = 4.2 nM).

Innovative Strategies for the Synthesis of Biologically Active Small Molecules

The post genomic era, set the challenge to develop drugs that target an ever-growing list of proteins associated with diseases. However, an increase in the number of drugs approved every year is nowadays still not observed. To overcome this gap, innovative approaches should be applied in drug discovery for target validation, and at the same time organic synthetic chemistry has to find new fruitful strategies to obtain biologically active small molecules not only as therapeutic agents, but also as diagnostic tools to identify possible cellular targets. In this context, in view of the multifactorial mechanistic nature of cancer, new chimeric molecules, which can be either antitumor lead candidates, or valuable chemical tools to study molecular pathways in cancer cells, were developed using a multitarget-directed drug design strategy. According to this approach, the desired hybrid compounds were obtained by combining in a single chemical entity SAHA analogues, targeting histone deacetylases (HDACs), with substituted stilbene or terphenyl derivatives able to block cell cycle, to induce apoptosis and cell differentiation and with Sorafenib derivative, a multikinase inhibitor. The new chimeric derivatives were characterized with respect to their cytotoxic activity and their effects on cell cycle progression on leukemia Bcr-Abl-expressing K562 cell lines, as well as their HDACs inhibition. Preliminary results confirmed that one of the hybrid compounds has the desired chimeric profile. A distinct project was developed in the laboratory of Dr Spring, regarding the synthesis of a diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) library of macrocyclic peptidomimetics. From a biological point of view, this class of molecules is extremely interesting but underrepresented in drug discovery due to the poor synthetic accessibility. Therefore it represents a valid challenge for DOS to take on. A build/couple/pair (B/C/P) approach provided, in an efficient manner and in few steps, the structural diversity and complexity required for such compounds.