Adriamycin treatment increases 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and isoprene biosynthesis in the rat liver

Treatment of rats with Adriamycin caused an increase in the incorporation into hepatic cholesterol of [1-14C] acetate, but not of [2-14C] mevalonate. The step affected was found to be 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase whose activity in the liver microsomes increased in Adriamycin-treated animals, but was inhibited when the drug was added in the assay medium. Also, the concentration of ubiquinone in the liver and of cholesterol in the plasma increased.

Leikin asia : Näkökulmia varhaisnuorten romanttiseen seurustelukulttuuriin

The subject of my research is the romantic dating culture, the practice of 'going with', among preadolescents ('tweens') in Finland during the 1990s. Preadolescence is a cultural construction of the post-industrial period, experienced by school students between the ages of 7 to 13. Deemed by researchers as a shallow, unchallenging and uninteresting period, it has been shadowed in previous studies by early childhood and puberty. This study combines paradigms of the folkloristic research of children's lore, which began in the 1970s, with those of later, turn-of-the-century girls study. The phenomena of romantic girl culture are studied in several ways, through ample and varied subject materials collected in different places at different times. The research material was collected directly from schoolchildren through interviews, questionnaires and the observations of preadolescents' behavior in discos, among other methods. Part of the material consists of reminiscent thematic writings and parts have been quoted from tween message boards. A general picture of romantic preadolescent dating culture is formed in this study from five previously published articles and a summary. The influence of western culture, with its respect for relationships, is evident in tween dating culture. Seven- to thirteen-year olds use the elements of the society around them to construct an appropriate way for themselves to 'go out' with someone. Many expressions in preadolescent dating culture are contrary to the models of adult relationships. For example, a couple isn't necessarily expected to meet each other even once, or the other party, the boy, doesn't even need to know he's dating someone. Girls organize and experience relationships by playing card fortune-telling, calculating 'Love Percentages', and other methods. Categorizing tween dating culture and its related emotional qualities from an adult point of view as simply a play is one example of the hierarchical system of generations where childhood emotions, actions and conceptions of reality aren't valued as highly as the 'real life' of adults. Lowest on the totem pole are little girls, who in this study get their voices backed up by the researcher's adulthood and research-based sisterhood. Keywords: childhood, children's lore, dating culture, girls and boys, girls study, fortune-telling games, preadolescence/tweens

1H NMR and a study of the anomalous temperature dependence of the 35Cl NQR frequencies in 2-chloro-3-pyridinol

A 35Cl NQR study of 2-chloro-3-pyridinol showed the presence of four NQR signals at 77 K. One of the lines showed a positive temperature coefficient of the NQR frequency. 1H NMR studies showed the presence of intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and the anomalous NQR temperature dependence has been explained in terms of Bayer and hydrogen bond effects. The room temperature x-ray structure and the low-temperature NQR data suggest the presence of a phase transition.

Bysanttilaisten ja Akhaian ruhtinaskunnan väliset sotatoimet vuosina 1259-83 : Tapaustutkimus myöhäis-bysanttilaisesta sodankäynnistä

In my master thesis I analyse Byzantine warfare in the late period of the empire. I use military operations between Byzantines and crusader Principality of Achaia (1259–83) as a case study. Byzantine strategy was based (in “oriental manner”) on using ambushes, diplomacy, surprise attacks, deception etc. Open field battles that were risky in comparison with their benefits were usually avoided, but the Byzantines were sometimes forced to seek open encounter because their limited ability to keep strong armies in field for long periods of time. Foreign mercenaries had important place in Byzantine armies and they could simply change sides if their paymasters ran out of resources. The use of mercenaries with short contracts made it possible that the composition of an army was flexible but on the other hand heterogeneous – in result Byzantine armies were sometimes ineffective and prone to confusion. In open field battles Byzantines used formation that was made out from several lines placed one after another. This formation was especially suitable for cavalry battles. Byzantines might have also used other kinds of formations. The Byzantines were not considered equal to Latins in close combat. West-Europeans saw mainly horse archers and Latin mercenaries on Byzantine service as threats to themselves in battle. The legitimacy of rulers surrounding the Aegean sea was weak and in many cases political intrigues and personal relationships can have resolved the battles. Especially in sieges the loyalty of population was decisive. In sieges the Byzantines used plenty of siege machines and archers. This made fast conquests possible, but it was expensive. The Byzantines protected their frontiers by building castles. Military operations against the Principality of Achaia were mostly small scale raids following an intensive beginning. Byzantine raids were mostly made by privateers and mountaineers. This does not fit to the traditional picture that warfare belonged to the imperial professional army. It’s unlikely that military operations in war against the Principality of Achaia caused great demographic or economic catastrophe and some regions in the warzone might even have flourished. On the other hand people started to concentrate into villages which (with growing risks for trade) probably caused disturbance in economic development and in result birth rates might have decreased. Both sides of war sought to exchange their prisoners of war. These were treated according to conventional manners that were accepted by both sides. It was possible to sell prisoners, especially women and children, to slavery, but the scale of this trade does not seem to be great in military operations treated in this theses.

O2- and O1- types of oxygen species on Ni and barium-dosed Ni and Cu surfaces

He II UPS and XPS study of oxygen adsorption on Ni and barium-dosed Ni and Cu surfaces at 300 K show two types of oxygen species which are assigned to O2- and O1- (ad).

1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-3-[4-(dimethylamino)-phenyl]prop-2-enone

In the title compound, C17H15Cl2NO, the dimethylaminophenyl group is close to coplanar with the central propenone group [dihedral angle =13.1 (1)degrees between the mean planes], while the dichlorophenyl group is twisted from the plane [dihedral angle = 64.0 (1)degrees].In the crystal, C-H center dot center dot center dot O and weak C-H center dot center dot center dot pi interactions are formed between molecules.

Oireista puhuminen lääkärin vastaanotolla : Keskustelunanalyyttinen tutkimus lääkärin kysymyksistä

Talking about symptoms during medical consultation. A conversation analytical study of doctors questions This linguistically oriented conversation analytic study investigates doctors questions and patients answers during medical consultation. The focus is on 1) the syntactic constructions of the doctors questions concerning the patients symptoms, 2) the function of different types of syntactic constructions, and 3) the sequential placement of the questions. The data used in the study consist of 57 videotaped doctor patient encounters in Finnish primary health care. The study shows that the traditional division between open and closed questions is vague and needs to be examined further. Open wh-questions and closed yes/no questions form heterogeneous classes: some of the closed questions can be treated as open and vice versa. Wh-questions which occur during the physical examination are often constructed to elicit short answers. These questions can consist of one word (e.g. milloin when ) which does not move to a new topic but supports the unfinished activity of palpation. During the verbal examination, wh-questions are formulated to elicit long descriptions as answers. For example, by asking mites + X ( what about + X), the doctor can open up a new topic and simultaneously give the patient the opportunity to discuss the topic from his/her perspective. Almost half of the yes/no questions project longer than just a minimal answer (e.g. a short confirmation or rejection). In these questions, the doctors use verbal elements which show that more than just a minimal answer is required. They can, for example, add an indefinite element (joku some or mitään any ) to a yes/no question, add a conjunctive vai ( or ) to the end of the question and thus open a space for various types of answers, or add a suggested answer to the question. In addition, the results show that declarative questions not only check understanding, but display the doctor s diagnosing process, check whether the doctor can move on to the next topic or action, and display implicitly the doctor s idea of what is connected and what is relevant. One aim of the study is to describe how different syntactic structures work together. A typical question chain consists of two or three questions. The first question is an open wh-question that elicits a new topic and creates different types of presuppositions. Contingent questions are constructed as yes/no questions that seek an affirmative answer or as declarative sentences that seek confirmation. Contingent questions can function as repair initiators and thus support achieving mutual understanding. Therefore, they are tools for the doctor to construct a description of the medical problem collaboratively with the patient. The results add to the results of previous studies on questions in medical consultation, but also suggest some corrections. They provide additional evidence for the idea that different types of syntactic constructions are useful in different types of settings. However, they also show that the variety of questions that doctors use is more manifold and diverse than the variety introduced in earlier studies and textbooks.

A computerized methodology for structural synthesis of kinematic chains: Part 3 - application to the new case of 10-link, three- freedom chains

The unified computer program for structural synthesis and analysis developed in Part 1 has been employed to derive the new and complete collection of 97 10-link, three-freedom simple-jointed kinematic chains. The program shows that of these chains, 3 have total freedom, 70 have partial freedom and the remaining 24 have fractionated freedom and that the 97 chains yield a total of 676 distinct mechanisms.

Natural Frequencies And Transient Responses Of 3-Phase Rotating Machine Windings

The analysis of transient electrical stresses in the insulation of high voltage rotating machines is rendered difficult because of the existence of capacitive and inductive couplings between phases. The Published theories ignore many of the couplings between phases to obtain the solution. A new procedure is proposed here to determine the transient voltage distribution on rotating machine windings. All the significicant capacitive and inductive couplings between different sections in a phase and between different sections in different phases have been considered in this analysis. The experimental results show good correlation with those computed.

Chlorine NQR in 3-amino-2-chloropyridine and 2-chloro-5-nitropyridine

Temperature dependence of 35Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) frequencies has been studied in 3-amino-2-chloropyridine and 2-chloro-5-nitropyridine from 77 to 298 K. The data were analysed and the torsional frequencies regarding internal motions in the molecules evaluated in the above temperature range using Bayer's theory and Brown's method.

Unsteady compressible 3-dimensional boundary-layer flow near an asymmetric stagnation point with mass transfer

The heat and mass transfer for unsteady laminar compressible boundary-layer flow, which is asymmetric with respect to a 3-dimensional stagnation point (i.e. for a jet incident at an angle on the body), have been studied. It is assumed that the free-stream velocity, wall temperature, and surface mass transfer vary arbitrarily with time and also that the gas has variable properties. The solution in the neighbourhood of the stagnation point has been obtained by series expansion in the longitudinal distance. The resulting partial differential equations have been solved numerically using an implicit finite-difference scheme. The results show that, in contrast with the symmetric flow, the maximum heat transfer does not occur at the stagnation point. The skin-friction and heat-transfer components due to asymmetric flow are only weakly affected by the mass transfer as compared to those components associated with symmetric flow. The variation of the wall temperature with time has a strong effect on the heat transfer component associated with the symmetric part of the flow. The skin friction and heat transfer are strongly affected by the variation of the density-viscosity product across the boundary layer. The skin friction responds more to the fluctuations of the free stream oscillating velocities than the heat transfer. The results have been compared with the available results and they are found to be in excellent agreement.

Kaksi perspektiiviä Etykiin: Viro suomalaisten ja ruotsinvirolaisten lehtien silmin 1973-1975

Suomen ja Viron välillä on ollut kontakteja tuhansien vuosien ajan. Vilkkaammiksi yhteydet muuttuivat kansallisen heräämisen ajalla ja sotien välisenä aikana. Toinen maailmansota katkaisi suomalais-virolaiset suhteet lähes 20 vuodeksi Neuvostoliiton miehitettyä Viron. Yhteydet Viroon palasivat jossakin muodossa 1960-luvulla, mutta olivat silloin ja tutkimusajankohtana 1970-luvulla tiukasti säädeltyjä. Kaikki virallisen tason yhteydenpito tapahtui Moskovan kautta ja valvonnassa, ja kansalaisyhteiskunnan tasolla tapahtuvaa toimintaa maiden välillä ei ollut. Myös lehtikirjoittelu oli Moskovan seurannassa ja Neuvostoliitto puuttui usein, mikäli Suomessa kirjoitettiin Virosta jotakin mikä ei ollut sille mieleen. Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, millainen maa Viro oli 1970-luvun alkupuolella ja millainen kuva siitä oli Suomessa sekä Ruotsissa eläneen pakolaisvirolaisen yhteisön keskuudessa. Aineistona on sanomalehtiartikkeleita vuosilta 1973–1975 neljästä suomalaisesta ja kahdesta ruotsinvirolaisesta sanomalehdestä. Erityinen painopistealue on Euroopan turvallisuus- ja yhteistyökokous eli Etyk, jonka järjestelyihin Suomi otti aktiivisesti osaa. Länsivaltiot ajoivat Ety-asiakirjaan periaatteita mm. vapaammasta tiedonvälityksestä ja ihmisten liikkumisesta, Neuvostoliitto taas tavoitteli rauhansopimuksen korviketta, jolla Euroopan toisen maailmansodan jälkeiset rajat vahvistettaisiin. Etyk oli siis virolaisille monella tavalla merkittävä: he saattoivat toivoa kokouksen tuovan mahdollisuuksia ottaa Baltian asia esille ja saada Baltian maille itsenäisyys, tai ainakin suurempi itsemääräämisoikeus. Toisaalta he pelkäsivät Neuvostoliiton vain vahvistavan otettaan Virosta Etykin avulla. Etykiin liittyvässä kirjoittelussa suomalaislehtien haluttomuus ottaa Viron asiaa esille näkyy erityisen selvästi.Virosta ei muutenkaan 1970-luvulla uutisoitu usein ja Etykin yhteydessä virolaisten toiveita ja tavoitteita ei juuri julkistettu. Baltian maista paenneet pyrkivät kyllä tuomaan asiaansa julkisuuteen Helsingin 1973 ja 1975 kokousten aikaan, mutta suomalaislehdissä se ei näkynyt. Virosta myös annettiin siloiteltu kuva sanomalehdissä ja epäkohtia kuten venäläistämistoimenpiteitä, pidätyksiä tai elintarvikepulaa ei julkistettu. Samaan aikaan Ruotsissa pakolaisvirolaisten toimesta ilmestyneiden lehtien maailma oli aivan toisenlainen. Niiden Etyk-aiheiset kirjoitukset käsittelivät lähes pelkästään Viron asiaa ja Etykin kolmannen korin asioita eli ihmisoikeuskysymyksiä. Ne myös toivat esille aivan toisenlaisen kuvan Neuvosto-Viron oloista kuin suomalaislehdet. Muissa kuin Etykiin liittyvissä artikkeleissa suomalaislehtien välillä on kuitenkin eroja. Yhdenkään tutkituista suomalaislehdistä (Helsingin Sanomat, Hufvudstadsbladet, Kansan Uutiset ja Uusi Suomi) ei voi sanoa noudattaneen täysin horjumatta mitään tiettyä linjaa Viro-kirjoittelussa. Yhdenmukaisimmin suhtautui Kansan Uutiset, joka harvoja poikkeuksia lukuun ottamatta ei tuonut esiin kritiikkiä Neuvostoliittoa kohtaan. Vaihtelevin suhtautuminen oli Helsingin Sanomilla, jonka tapauksessa ei oikeastaan voi puhua minkäänlaisesta linjasta. Hufvudstadsbladet oli melko neutraali joskin etäinen ja maltillinen. Eniten neuvostokritiikkiä viljeli Uusi Suomi. Kuitenkin myös siinä ilmestyi esimerkiksi kaunistelevia kuvauksia elämästä Neuvosto-Virossa, eikä sekään Ety-kokousten aikaan asettunut balttipakolaisten puolelle. Yhdessäkään lehdessä ei ilmestynyt Viro-aiheisia kirjoituksia usein; kaikkiaan artikkeleita aineistossani oli 4 lehdestä 3 vuodelta 247. Monissa niistäkään Viro ei ollut pääasia vaan sitä vain sivuttiin. Ruotsinvirolaisia lehtikirjoituksia aineistossani oli 318. Lehtien (Eesti Päevaleht ja Teataja) välillä ei ollut merkittäviä sisällöllisiä eroja. Suomalaislehdistä ne taas erosivat täysin. Viron kuulumisten ja maailmanpolitiikan lisäksi ne seurasivat myös Suomen asioita ja etenkin niitä tapauksia, joissa Viro ylitti uutiskynnyksen suomalaislehdissä. Suomen lehdissä taas ei paria lähinnä Uuden Suomen poikkeusta lukuun ottamatta kirjoitettu pakolaisvirolaisista mitään, eikä etenkään heidän toiminnastaan Viron asian eteen. Pakolaisvirolaisten lisäksi myös Neuvosto-Viro oli 1970-luvulla suurimmalle osalle suomalaisista varsin tuntematon, sillä julkisessa keskustelussa se esiintyi erittäin harvoin ja oli poistettu jopa oppikirjoista. Suomalaisten yleisen käsityksen mukaan Virossa kaikki oli hyvin ja siellä asui tyytyväisiä ihmisiä. Myös Etyk nähtiin Suomessa täysin toisenlaisessa valossa kuin Pohjanlahden toisella puolella, jossa kirjoittelua leimasi pettymys Etykiin toisen maailmansodan jälkeisten rajojen vahvistajana.

High resolution genetic and physical mapping of the I-3 region of tomato chromosome 7 reveals almost continuous microsynteny with grape chromosome 12 but interspersed microsynteny with duplications on Arabidopsis chromosomes 1, 2 and 3

The tomato I-3 gene introgressed from the Lycopersicon pennellii accession LA716 confers resistance to race 3 of the fusarium wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. We have improved the high-resolution map of the I-3 region of tomato chromosome 7 with the development and mapping of 31 new PCR-based markers. Recombinants recovered from L. esculentum cv. M82 × IL7-2 F2 and (IL7-2 × IL7-4) × M82 TC1F2 mapping populations, together with recombinants recovered from a previous M82 × IL7-3 F2 mapping population, were used to position these markers. A significantly higher recombination frequency was observed in the (IL7-2 × IL7-4) × M82 TC1F2 mapping population based on a reconstituted L. pennellii chromosome 7 compared to the other two mapping populations based on smaller segments of L. pennellii chromosome 7. A BAC contig consisting of L. esculentum cv. Heinz 1706 BACs covering the I-3 region has also been established. The new high-resolution map places the I-3 gene within a 0.38 cM interval between the molecular markers RGA332 and bP23/gPT with an estimated physical size of 50-60 kb. The I-3 region was found to display almost continuous microsynteny with grape chromosome 12 but interspersed microsynteny with Arabidopsis thaliana chromosomes 1, 2 and 3. An S-receptor-like kinase gene family present in the I-3 region of tomato chromosome 7 was found to be present in the microsyntenous region of grape chromosome 12 but was absent altogether from the A. thaliana genome.