Käytäntöyhteisöt ja asiantuntijaorganisaation oppiminen

Työssä lähdetään olettamuksesta, että organisaation oppiminen on keskeinen menestystekijä ja organisaation elinehtona on pystyä vastaamaan muutoksen tuomiin haasteisiin. Muutokseen vastaaminen puolestaan tarkoittaa sitä, että organisaatio oppii tekemään asioita toisin. Työssä on haettu vastausta sille kuinka käytäntöyhteisöillä voidaan tukea asiantuntijaorganisaation oppimista eräässä IT-alan organisaatiossa. Tuloksena syntynyttä mallia ja organisaation oppimisen käsitteitä tarkastelemalla osoitetaan, että käytäntöyhteisöillä pystytään edistämään asiantuntijaorganisaation oppimista tutkimuskohteena olevassa organisaatiossa. Käytäntöyhteisöissä ihmiset yhdistää aihealue, joka muodostaa yhteisölle yhteisen näkemyksen siitä, mitä yhteisö on ja mitä se tekee. Tiedon jakamiseen motivoi se, että yhteisössä henkilöt pystyvät nostamaan omaa arvostustaan tuomalla oman panoksensa yhteisen edun hyväksi. Mitä enemmän tietoa jaetaan, sitä suuremmaksi tulee yhteisen tiedon määrä, ja sen paremmaksi muodostuu organisaation kyky vastaanottaa uutta tietoa. Kyky vaikuttaa ongelmiin ja nähdä ongelmien taustalla todellisuudessa vaikuttavat asiat ovat keskeinen asia organisaation oppimisessa. Mallissa kuvataan esimerkein, miten uuden tiedon luominen yhteisöissä tapahtuu.

Animal sound : què se sent quan s’és una cabra?

Aquest projecte treballa sobre la possibilitat d'aplicar tècniques d'enregistrament binaural en animals, en concret, en una cabra domèstica. Mitjançant uns micròfons col·locats dins les seves orelles i una petita càmera de vídeo muntada sobre el seu cap, s'obté un material audiovisual que permet fer-se una idea aproximada de com és la seva percepció del món. En base a un estudi de cognició comparada, es pretén trobar maneres de transformar els enregistraments obtinguts per tal d'adaptar el marc psicoacústic humà al de l'animal. L'objectiu és que una persona pugui sentir com ho fa un animal, encara que sigui d'una manera aproximada. Els materials obtinguts al llarg dels enregistraments són el punt de partida per a la construcció de paisatges sonors i peces audiovisuals diverses. Així doncs, el treball s'inicia amb el disseny i construcció d'un micròfon binaural, continua amb enregistraments de camp en animals i acaba amb l'edició, el processat i la composició dels paisatges sonors finals.

Development of Russian Ports in The Gulf of Finland

Russia has been one of the fastest developing economic areas in the world. Based on the GDP, the Russian economy grew evenly since the crisis in 1998 up till 2008. The growth in the gross domestic product has annually been some 5–10%. In 2007, the growth reached 8.1%, which is the highest figure after the 10% growth in 2000. Due to the growth of the economy and wage levels, purchasing power and consumption have been strongly increasing. The growing consumption has especially increased the imports of durables, such as passenger cars, domestic appliances and electronics. The Russian ports and infrastructure have not been able to satisfy the growing needs of exports and imports, which is why quite a large share of Russian foreign trade is going through third countries as transit transports. Finnish ports play a major role in transit transports to and from Russia. About 15% of the total value of Russian imports was transported through Finland in 2008. The economic recession that started in autumn 2008 and continues to date has had an impact on the economic development of Russia. The export income has decreased, mainly due to the reduced world market prices of energy products (oil and gas) and raw minerals. Investments have been postponed, getting credit is more difficult than before, and the ruble has weakened in relation to the euro and the dollar. The imports are decreasing remarkably, and are not forecast to reach the 2008 volumes even in 2012. The economic crisis is reflected in Finland's transit traffic. The volume of goods transported through Finland to and from Russia has decreased almost in the same proportion as the imports of goods to Russia. The biggest risk threatening the development of the Russian economy over long term is its dependence on export income from oil, gas, metals, minerals and forest products, as well as the trends of the world market prices of these products. Nevertheless, it is expected that the GDP of Russia will start to grow again in the forthcoming years due to the increased demand for energy products and raw minerals in the world. At the same time, it is obvious that the world market prices of these products will go up with the increasing demand. The increased income from exports will lead to a growth of imports, especially those of consumer goods, as the living standard of Russian citizens rises. The forecasts produced by the Russian Government concerning the economic development of Russia up till 2030 also indicate a shift in exported goods from raw materials to processed products, which together with energy products will become the main export goods of Russia. As a consequence, Russia may need export routes through third countries, which can be seen as an opportunity for increased transit transports through the ports of Finland. The ports competing with the ports of Finland for Russian foreign trade traffic are the Russian Baltic Sea ports and the ports of the Baltic countries. The strongest competitors are the Baltic Sea ports handling containers. On the Russian Baltic Sea, these ports include Saint Petersburg, Kaliningrad and, in the near future, the ports of Ust-Luga and possibly Vyborg. There are plans to develop Ust-Luga and Vyborg as modern container ports, which would become serious competitors to the Finnish ports. Russia is aiming to redirect as large a share as possible of foreign trade traffic to its own ports. The ports of Russia and the infrastructure associated with them are under constant development. On the other hand, the logistic capacity of Russia is not able to satisfy the continually growing needs of the Russian foreign trade. The capacity problem is emphasized by a structural incompatibility between the exports and imports in the Russian foreign trade. Russian exports can only use a small part of the containers brought in with imports. Problems are also caused by the difficult ice conditions and narrow waterways leading to the ports. It is predicted that Finland will maintain its position as a transit route for the Russian foreign trade, at least in the near future. The Russian foreign trade is increasing, and Russia will not be able to develop its ports in proportion with the increasing foreign trade. With the development of port capacity, cargo flows through the ports of Russia will grow. Structural changes in transit traffic are already visible. Firms are more and more relocating their production to Russia, for example as regards the assembly of cars and warehousing services. Simultaneously, an increasing part of transit cargoes are sent directly to Russia without unloading and reloading in Finland. New product groups have nevertheless been transported through Finland (textile products and tools), replacing the lost cargos. The global recession that started in autumn 2008 has influenced the volume of Russian imports and, consequently, the transit volumes of Finland, but the recession is not expected to be of long duration, and will thus only have a short-term impact on transit volumes. The Finnish infrastructure and services offered by the logistic chain should also be ready to react to the changes in imported product groups as well as to the change in Russian export products in the future. If the development plans of the Russian economy are realized, export products will be more refined, and the share of energy and raw material products will decrease. The other notable factor to be taken into consideration is the extremely fast-changing business environment in Russia. Operators in the logistic chain should be flexible enough to adapt to all kinds of changes to capitalise on business opportunities offered by the Russian foreign trade for the companies and for the transit volumes of Finnish ports, also in the future.

Tratamento de resíduos de corante por eletrofloculação: um experimento para cursos de graduação em química

This paper describes the use of a simple experiment of electroflocculation for classroom in Chemistry. Parameters such as electrode material, current density and temperature direct influence the process efficiency. Due to the process low cost and efficient color removal, the methodology proposed has shown good potential for use in wastewater treatment. In addition, the proposed experiment allows discussion about environmental electrochemistry, introduction to concepts of water contamination by industry and university, and also about different alternatives in wastewater treatment used nowadays. Finally, the very easy operation make possible to easy adapt this experiment for high school and elementary school.

Patenteamento em nanotecnologia no Brasil: desenvolvimento, potencialidades e reflexões para o meio ambiente e a saúde humana

Nanotechnology developments continue to be produced at exponential rates for a wide and diverse range of applications. In this paper was done a study of technological forecasting in nanotechnology applied to health, based on information drawn in Brazil from 1991 to 2010. The longitudinal evolutions of the number of patent applications, their topics, and their respective patent families have been evaluated for the total global activity. There were obtained 1352 patent applications in this period. It were analyzed the legal nature of the depositors, the year of deposit, depositors' home countries and processes. It has been a goal subsidizes the policy-makers to adapt and modernize the regulatory framework on nanotechnology and risks involving health as a strategic area in the politics of Science.

ADAPTAÇÃO DA METODOLOGIA DE ANÁLISE DE METEMOGLOBINA COMO BIOMARCADOR DE EFEITO DA EXPOSIÇÃO AO AGROTÓXICO DIFLUBENZURON

This work aimed to adapt the analysis of methemoglobin recommended by Evelyn - Malloy (visible spectrophotometry), in order to facilitate its application in the field, or to analysis in clinical laboratory, of existing sites of diflubenzuron application. The parameters changed included: centrifuge rotation speed; time between the collection of biological sample and analysis, and storage temperature of the samples; and the volume of reagents. The comparison of the rotation speed (rpm) of the reference methodology with the rpm of a "clinical centrifuge" did not reveal a statistically significant difference in the levels of methemoglobin. The time between the collection of biological sample and analysis was extended for a period of up to 48 hours for both conservation by refrigeration and ambient temperature, producing no statistically significant difference when compared to the standard duration of 2 hours. Regarding the reagents, the reference methodology already uses the volume necessary to ensure complete reaction, whereas a wider range from the recommended volume to a 5-fold reduction in comparison to the reference methodology could be used. It was concluded that the proposed changes to the methodology for adapting the analysis are applicable to studies of field / workplace exposure and ensure the reliability of results. The adapted methodology was inter-laboratory validated and the parameters changed can be selected according to the requirements of the laboratory at which the methemoglobin is to be measured.

INNOVATIVE USE OF A TABLET DEVICE TO DELIVER INSTRUCTION IN UNDERGRADUATE CHEMISTRY LECTURES

This report describes a simple, inexpensive and highly effective instructional model based on the use of a tablet device to enable the real-time projection of the instructor's digitally handwritten annotations to teach chemistry in undergraduate courses. The projection of digital handwriting allows the instructor to build, present and adapt the class contents in a dynamic fashion and to save anything that is annotated or displayed on the screen for subsequent sharing with students after each session. This method avoids the loss of continuity and information that often occurs when instructors switch between electronic slides and white/chalk board during lessons. Students acknowledged that this methodology allows them to follow the instructor's cognitive process and the progressive development of contents during lectures as the most valuable aspect of the implemented instructional model.

Técnica de obtenção de filtrado de cultura de Alternaria solani

This work was developed to adapt culture filtrates of Alternaria solani to be used in vitro selection of resistant potato. Three isolates of A. solani (I1 and I2) from Eldorado do Sul and Rio Pardo were used. Two liquid media, V8 and Czapek, were used to grow each of the fungal isolate, giving six culture filtrates (I1V8, I2V8, I3V8, I1Cz, I2Cz and I3Cz). Two sterilization forms, Millipore and autoclave were tested. There was no difference in these two sterilization forms. Tissue culture and toxic filtrates of A. solani have a potential to reduce the time in selection of resistant potato.

Luottamuksen ilmeneminen alueellisissa yhteistyöverkostoissa

Appearance of trust in regional, co-operative networks In our times, the value of social networks has been widely acknowledged. One can say that it is important for private persons to get networked, whilst it is even a must for companies and organizations in business life. This doctor's thesis examines three co-operative regional networks. Networks are located in Western Uusimaa (Länsi-Uusimaa) region in southernmost Finland, and they had both public organizations and private companies as participants (later called ‘players’). Initially, all of them were co-financed from public funds, and two of them are still operational while writing this. The main target of these networks has been to act as learning networks. The learning network stands for an ensemble of research and development units and workplaces constituting a common forum for learning. The main focus in this study has been on qualitative and structural characteristics of the networks, and how they are relating with intrinsic trust. In addition to the development of trust, it has been studied, at what level organizational learning within the networks takes place, and lastly, what kind of factors facilitate the development of social capital. The theoretical framework for the study is built on analysing trust and social capital. It is a 'mission impossible' to find single definitions for such major concepts. In this study, from the research questions' point of view it has been more relevant to concentrate on the aspects of networking and the relationships between the participating organizations. The total view in this study is very network-centric, and therefore those theories which have similar point of view have been prioritized. Such is the theory about structural holes by Ronald S. Burt (1992). It has been widely applied; especially his views on constraints affecting players in networks. The purpose of this study has not been to create new theories or to analyse and compare thoroughly the existing theoretical trends. Instead, the existing theories have provided the study with conceptual tools, which have been utilized for supporting the empirical results. The aim has been to create an explanatory case study consisting relevant discussion on the relationship between the network characteristics and the appearance of trust. The conceptual categorization for confidence vs. trust created by Niklas Luhmann (1979) is another important theoretical building block. In most cases, co-operation in networks is initiated by people already trusting in each other and willing to work together. However, personal trust is not sufficient in the long run to sustain the co-operation within the network: more abstract systemic trust described by Luhmann must also emerge. In the networks with different structures and at different development phases, these forms of trust appear at different levels. In this study, Luhmann’s systemic trust as a term has been replaced by the concept of 'trust in network as a system'. Structural characteristics of a network (density, centrality, structural holes etc.) have been selected to explain the creation of social capital and trust. The ability to adapt new information is essential for the development of social capital. Qualitative analysis for development phase has been used, and the Learning Network Maturity Test by Leenamaija Otala (2000) and her work have been applied. Thus, the qualitative characteristics and the structural characteristics of the networks are utilized together, when the creation of social capital and appearance of trust are assessed. Social Network Analysis, questionnaires and interviews have been the research methods. Quantitative and qualitative data have been combined. There is a similarity in viewpoints to research data with Extensive Case Study method, in which different cases are searched by exploring various cases and comparing certain common features between them and generic models. Development of trust, social capital and organizational learning has been explained in the study by comparing the networks in hand. Being a case study, it doesn't have targets to provide with general results and findings like conventional surveys. However, in this work phenomena and mechanisms related to them are interpreted from the empirical data. Key finding of this study is that the networks with high structural equality and clear target setting enable building trust to the network as a system. When systemic trust is present, e.g. changes in personnel involved in the co-operation won't hinder the network from remaining operational. On the other hand, if the players are not well motivated to co-operate, if the network is extremely centralized structurally, or if the network has players holding very much more beneficial position compared to the others, systemic trust won't develop: trust tends to remain at the personal level, and is directed to some players only. Such networks won't generate results and benefits to its players, and most probably they won’t live very long. In other words, learning networks cannot solely be based on willingness to learn, but also on willingness to co-operate.

Asiakkuuksien johtaminen kuljetusalan pk-yrityksessä

The profitability on transportation field has been low for a long time. The re-cession that started in the fall of 2008 has caused even more trouble to transportation companies as the number of transportations has gone down and the competition has gotten tougher since the time before the recession. Because the low profitability level does not allow competing with prices, transportation companies must come up with other means to differ from their competitors. The main goal of the research was to find out how a small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) on transportation field should manage its customer relationships. Due to limited resources, companies should direct their resources to serving their most valuable customers. Companies should first make a determination of their customer base. This works as a base for establishing customer portfolios, in other words making customer groups based on e.g. profitability, buying volumes and loyalty. Companies can gain competitive advantage also by improving their service quality. Important information regarding the selection criteria of a transporta-tion company, transaction methods, service time and accessibility of person-nel, customers’ expectations on transportation company’s personnel, utiliza-tion of IT-solutions as a part of transportation service, the image of a transportation company and necessity of quality control meetings was gathered for this research by interviewing customers. By utilizing this information, transportation company can adapt its service offering to equal the customer needs and expectations better. A service process example was created to improve the service quality of the transportation company. It shows the whole process from the customer sending the transportation order to the point when the customer receives an invoice from the transportation company. The example process shows the most fragile stages of the service process: the interaction points. An example of this is when the driver and the customer meet at the unloading place. The results show that even a SME can have the opportunity to succeed in competitive markets by managing CRM. Expensive software are usually out of reach of a SME, but having a CRM software does not automatically guar-antee success in customer relationship management. Small and medium-sized firms can commit their current customers and recruit new customers by utilizing customer knowledge, offering top quality service, being innovative and offering functional services.

Osaamisen hallinta suurissa muutosprojekteissa

Ydinvoimatoiminta on muuta teollisuustoimintaa huomattavasti säädellympi alue, missä organisaatioiden riittävä osaaminen on ydinturvallisuuden kannalta tärkeää. Tästä syystä osaamisen riittävyyden takaamiseksi panostetaan tinkimättömästi. Etenkin prosessi- ja turvajärjestelmiin tehtävät muutos- modernisointityöt luovat haasteita organisaatioiden nykyosaamiselle, koska muutosten hallinta edellyttää organisaatioilta jatkuvaa oppimista ja osaamisen kehittämistä. Fortum Power & Heat Oy:n omistamalla ydinvoimalaitoksella käynnistettiin vuoden 2005 alussa laaja automaatiouusintaan tähtäävä projekti. Järjestelmien kokonaistoimittajaksi oli valittu ranskalais-saksalainen Areva NP GmbH – Siemens AG – konsortio. Konsortion kokonaistoimitukseen kuuluu automaatiojärjestelmien uusimisen lisäksi myösydinvoimalaitoksen henkilöstön kouluttaminen. Loviisa ydinvoimalaitoksen käyttöluvan haltijana Fortum Power & Heat Oy on kokonaisvastuullinen ydinvoimalaitoksen toiminnasta. Täten myös henkilöstön riittävä osaaminen ja pätevyys ovat Fortumin vastuulla. Toimittajan järjestämien koulutustilaisuuksien avulla hankittu uusi osaaminen on havaittu riittämättömäksi. Tämän on koettu johtuvan osittain teoriaan painottuvasta koulutusmateriaalista ja myös siitä, että käytännön tarjoamiin koulutustilaisuuksiin kuten esimerkiksi osallistuminen suunnittelutyöhön ei ole hakeuduttu. Lisäksi koulutus kaipaa kokonaisuudessaan kehittämistä. Tästä johtuen ydinvoimalaitosten muutostöihin liittyvän henkilöstön osaamisen ja pätevyyden selvittämiseksi käynnistettiin tämä tutkimus. Tutkimuksessa on tunnistettu useita sellaisia kehityskohteita, joita tehostamalla on mahdollista kehittää automaatioylläpitoryhmän osaamista. Lisäksi on esitetty menettelytapoja ja käytäntöjä, joilla ylläpidon koulutusta on mahdollista tehostaa. Tutkimuksen tuotokset toimivat suuntaviivoina organisaation kehittämisen toteutukselle.

Analysis of electricity distribution network operation business models and capitalization of control room functions with DMS

Electricity distribution network operation (NO) models are challenged as they are expected to continue to undergo changes during the coming decades in the fairly developed and regulated Nordic electricity market. Network asset managers are to adapt to competitive technoeconomical business models regarding the operation of increasingly intelligent distribution networks. Factors driving the changes for new business models within network operation include: increased investments in distributed automation (DA), regulative frameworks for annual profit limits and quality through outage cost, increasing end-customer demands, climatic changes and increasing use of data system tools, such as Distribution Management System (DMS). The doctoral thesis addresses the questions a) whether there exist conditions and qualifications for competitive markets within electricity distribution network operation and b) if so, identification of limitations and required business mechanisms. This doctoral thesis aims to provide an analytical business framework, primarily for electric utilities, for evaluation and development purposes of dedicated network operation models to meet future market dynamics within network operation. In the thesis, the generic build-up of a business model has been addressed through the use of the strategicbusiness hierarchy levels of mission, vision and strategy for definition of the strategic direction of the business followed by the planning, management and process execution levels of enterprisestrategy execution. Research questions within electricity distribution network operation are addressed at the specified hierarchy levels. The results of the research represent interdisciplinary findings in the areas of electrical engineering and production economics. The main scientific contributions include further development of the extended transaction cost economics (TCE) for government decisions within electricity networks and validation of the usability of the methodology for the electricity distribution industry. Moreover, DMS benefit evaluations in the thesis based on the outage cost calculations propose theoretical maximum benefits of DMS applications equalling roughly 25% of the annual outage costs and 10% of the respective operative costs in the case electric utility. Hence, the annual measurable theoretical benefits from the use of DMS applications are considerable. The theoretical results in the thesis are generally validated by surveys and questionnaires.

Aloittavan yrityksen kilpailustrategia. Case: Yritys Oy

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli tutkia matkailupalveluliiketoiminnassa aloittavan Yritys Oy:n ydinkyvykkyyksiä, strategisia vaihtoehtoja, pääkilpailijoita sekä potentiaalisia asiakkaita ja suhteuttaa ne yrityksen käytettävissä oleviin resursseihin sekä toimintaympäristöön kilpailustrategian määrittämiseksi. Tutkielma on toteutettu kvalitatiivisena case- eli tapaustutkimuksena aineistotriangulaatiota soveltaen. Tutkielman teoriaosissa selvitettiin palveluliiketoiminnan, kilpailun, kilpailija-analyysin, verkostoitumisen sekä henkilökohtaisen myyntityön teoreettiset lähtökohdat, joita edelleen sovellettiin tutkielman empiirisessä kyselytutkimuksessa sekä avoimissa haastatteluissa. Tutkimustulosten perusteella todettiin, että Yritys Oy:llä on käytössään resursseja, jotka mahdollistavat hyvät lähtökohdat valitun kilpailustrategian menestykselliseen implementointiin.

Evaluación de barreras vegetales en el manejo integrado de la mancha anular del papayo (PRSV-P) en Michoacán, México

El efecto de barreras vegetales como componente de un programa de manejo integrado (MI), se validó y adaptó en 1999 en Michoacán, México, para controlar la Mancha Anular del Papayo, enfermedad causada por el Papaya ringspot potyvirus type-P (PRSV-P). Se estableció un experimento en parcelas divididas con dos factores experimentales: barreras vegetales (Hibiscus sabdariffa), y componentes de MI: MI sin aspersión de citrolina (1.5%) (MI-A), MI sin eliminación de plantas con síntomas iniciales de virosis antes de floración (MI-D) y MI. Las barreras vegetales sembradas 20 días antes del trasplante del papayo y el desplante retrasaron en 19 días el inicio del progreso de epidemias en el MI lo que resultó en una mayor producción (14.2%) que el resto de tratamientos, aunque fue superado por MI-A en vigor (4% en diámetro de tallo). La citrolina fue fitotóxica, disminuyó el vigor de plantas (5.3%) y no limitó significativamente el desarrollo de la enfermedad ya que la intensidad de las epidemias (X0 = 47días, Yf = 84% y ABCPE = 3220% días) fue similar al testigo. El uso de barreras vegetales por si sola aparentemente no es suficiente para la reducción de la incidencia y dispersión de la enfermedad. Los áfidos más abundantes, con reconocida capacidad transmisora del PRSV-P, fueron Aphis gossypii, A. nerii, A. spiraecola y Macrosiphum euphorbiae, los cuales representaron aproximadamente el 13% del total de áfidos capturados.

Sähkön ja lämmön yhteistuotanto haasteellisilla polttoaineilla

Maailman energian kulutuksen lisääntymisen ja ilmastonmuutoksen myötä energiantuotannossa joudutaan jatkuvasti sopeutumaan muuttuviin tilanteisiin ja haasteisiin. Polttoteknillisiä haasteita aiheuttavat pelto- ja kierrätyspolttoaineet ovat lisäämässä osuuttaan uusiutuvien polttoaineiden joukossa. Jotta kyseisiä haasteellisia polttoaineita pystytään hyödyntämään, täytyy niiden aiheuttamat ongelmat tuntea ja laitevalmistajien kehittää niiden hyödyntämiseen sopivaa tekniikkaa. Tässä diplomityössä käydään läpi tulevaisuudessa käytettävät polttoaineet, nykyiset päästörajat, kiinteiden polttoaineiden poltto- ja kaasutustekniikat sekä likaantumis-, kuonaantumis- ja korroosiomekanismit voimalaitoskattiloissa. Työssä tutkitaan, onko haasteellisten polttoaineiden käyttöön investoiminen järkevää ja mikä nykypäivän tekniikoista on kannattavin. Myös välitulistuksen, lauhdeperän ja apujäähdyttimen kannattavuuksia vertaillaan sähkön ja lämmön yhteistuotannossa. Tuloksiksi saatiin, että edullisten peltobiomassojen ja kierrätyspolttoaineiden käyttäminen, joko perinteisten polttoaineiden seassa tai pääpolttoaineena, on nykyhinnoilla perinteisiin polttoaineisiin verrattuna kannattavaa. Investoiminen kierrätyspolttoaineiden valmistuslaitteisiin maksimoi kierrätyspolttoaineista saatavaa hyötyä. Välitulistuksen todettiin soveltuvan huonosti vastapaineprosessiin, sillä siitä saatava sähköntuotannon lisäys on hyvin pieni. Lauhdeperän ja apujäähdyttimen vertailuissa huomattiin, että lauhdeperä on kannattava investointi, jos sähkön ja lämmön hintaero pysyy tarpeeksi suurena. Haasteellisilla polttoaineilla pystytään pienentämään kasvihuonepäästöjä ja korvaamaan fossiilisten polttoaineiden käyttöä.