GaN m-i-n LED grown by MOVPE

Undoped and Zinc-doped GaN films have been grown using TMGa, DEZn and Ammonia by MOVPE. The GaN blue-green LEDs of m-i-n structure have been fabricated. They can be operated at forward bias less than 5 volts. The EL peak wavelengths was from 455 nm to 504 nm.

Preparation of 50mm 3C-SiC/Si(111) as Substrates Suited for Ⅲ-Nitrides

50mm SiC films with high electrical uniformity are grown on Si(111) by a newly developed vertical low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) reactor.Both in-situ n- and p-type doping of 3C-SiC are achieved by intentional introduction of ammonia and boron into the precursor gases.The dependence of growth rate and surface morphology on the C/Si ratio and optimized growth conditions is obtained.The best electrical uniformity of 50mm 3C-SiC films obtained by non-contact sheet resistance measurement is ±2.58%.GaN films are grown atop the as-grown 3C-SiC/Si(111) layers using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).The data of both X-ray diffraction and low temperature photoluminescence of GaN/3C-SiC/Si(111) show that 3C-SiC is an appropriate substrate or buffer layer for the growth of Ⅲ-nitrides on Si substrates with no cracks.

In situ doping of 3C-SiC grown on (0001) sapphire substrates by LPCVD

The heteroepitaxial growth of n-type and p-type 3C-SiC on (0001) sapphire substrates has been performed with a supply of SiH4+C2H4+H-2 system by introducing ammonia (NH3) and diborane (B2H6) precursors, respectively, into gas mixtures. Intentionally incorporated nitrogen impurity levels were affected by changing the Si/C ratio within the growth reactor. As an acceptor, boron can be added uniformly into the growing 3C-SiC epilayers. Nitrogen-doped 3C-SiC epilayers were n-type conduction, and boron-doped epilayers were p-type and probably heavily compensated.

不同年限蔬菜温室土壤基本化学性质比较研究

本文对沈阳市郊大民屯镇不同年限蔬菜温室土壤化学性质进行研究与分析。得到主要结论如下： 蔬菜温室0～20 cm表层土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、铵态氮、硝态氮均处于较高的养分水平，并且随温室使用年限的延长，呈增加的趋势。土壤有酸化的趋势，土壤电导率呈升高态势。土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量分别为8.57～60.30 mg kg-1、2.69～22.43 mg kg-1、0.64～7.52 mg kg-1和0.56～9.29 mg kg-1，变异系数为50%左右；随着温室使用年限的增加，土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量总体上呈增加的趋势。土壤Ni、Cd的有效含量随种植年限的延长趋于增加，有效Pb呈现出下降的趋势，土壤重金属Cr的有效态含量与种植年限之间没有明显的相关性。 不同年限蔬菜温室土壤剖面有机质、全氮、速效磷及速效钾含量高于相邻的露地菜田土壤，并随种植年限的延长而增加，随土层深度的增加而下降。温室土壤中铵态氮的含量随温室种植年限的变化相对较小，在土壤剖面不同层次中变化也没有明显的规律性。与露地菜田土壤相比，温室土壤中有效态铁、锰含量下降，有效态铜、锌、铅、镍含量增加。0～30 cm土层土壤交换性Ca呈下降的趋势，交换性Mg呈上升的趋势，土壤Ca/Mg比值呈下降的趋势。

下辽宁省河平原稻田生态系统的NH_3挥发和N淋溶

在地处下辽河平原的中国科学院沈阳生态实验站潮棕壤上布置施N量分别为180、240和300kg·hm~(-2)，施P量分别为70、100和130kg·hm~(-2)的稻田田间试验。应用通气密闭室法和陶土渗滤管法，测定了稻田生态系统三个不同施肥期施用氮肥后的NH3挥发损失和N淋溶，结果表明：1．水稻生长季节施用氮肥后有明显NH3挥发，总挥发量为11.64kgN·hm~(-2)-34.01kgN·hm~(-2)，占施N量的4.66％-11.66％，主要发生在施用分孽肥后，每次NH3挥发高峰出现在施氮肥后的2-4d内。2．水分渗漏对NH3挥发损失有重要影响。田面积水条件下，NH3挥发损失量及其占施N量的比率都较大，不同施N处理间差异显著（P＜0.05），NH3挥发量随施N量增加而增加；田面不积水条件下，NH3挥发损失挥发量相对较小。3．氮肥用量、田面水NH4斗一浓度和田面水pH是影响NH3挥发重要因素；180kgN·hm~(-2)条件下，积水时不同P处理间NH3挥发差异不显著。4．水稻生长季节各次施用氮肥后，60cm和gocm深处渗漏液中NH4+-N含量都小于2mg·L~(-1)，各施氮肥处理与对照间差异不显著。但NO3-淋溶比较显著，多集中在3mgN·ul-15mgN·L~(-1)之间。NO3-的淋溶随施N量增加而增加。水分渗漏状况影响N03一在不同土层深度的累积，渗水越快NO3-淋溶深度越大。渗水快或者施N量高时NO3，淋溶浓度高于国际饮用水卫生标准10mgN·L~(-1)，已有污染浅层地下水的可能。5．施用基肥后灌水，NH_4~+、NO_3~-立即出现淋溶高峰，而两次追施氮肥的淋溶高峰出现在施肥后10d或更久；并且基肥时期的淋溶浓度也比较高。

Modeling study on the flow, heat transfer and energy conversion characteristics of low-power arc-heated hydrogen/nitrogen thrusters

A modeling study is conducted to investigate the effect of hydrogen content in propellants on the plasma flow, heat transfer and energy conversion characteristics of low-power (kW class) arc-heated hydrogen/nitrogen thrusters (arcjets). 1:0 (pure hydrogen), 3:1 (to simulate decomposed ammonia), 2:1 (to simulate decomposed hydrazine) and 0:1 (pure nitrogen) hydrogen/nitrogen mixtures are chosen as the propellants. Both the gas flow region inside the thruster nozzle and the anode-nozzle wall are included in the computational domain in order to better treat the conjugate heat transfer between the gas flow region and the solid wall region. The axial variations of the enthalpy flux, kinetic energy flux, directed kinetic-energy flux, and momentum flux, all normalized to the mass flow rate of the propellant, are used to investigate the energy conversion process inside the thruster nozzle. The modeling results show that the values of the arc voltage, the gas axial-velocity at the thruster exit, and the specific impulse of the arcjet thruster all increase with increasing hydrogen content in the propellant, but the gas temperature at the nitrogen thruster exit is significantly higher than that for other three propellants. The flow, heat transfer, and energy conversion processes taking place in the thruster nozzle have some common features for all the four propellants. The propellant is heated mainly in the near-cathode and constrictor region, accompanied with a rapid increase of the enthalpy flux, and after achieving its maximum value, the enthalpy flux decreases appreciably due to the conversion of gas internal energy into its kinetic energy in the divergent segment of the thruster nozzle. The kinetic energy flux, directed kinetic energy flux and momentum flux also increase at first due to the arc heating and the thermodynamic expansion, assume their maximum inside the nozzle and then decrease gradually as the propellant flows toward the thruster exit. It is found that a large energy loss (31-52%) occurs in the thruster nozzle due to the heat transfer to the nozzle wall and too long nozzle is not necessary. Modeling results for the NASA 1-kW class arcjet thruster with hydrogen or decomposed hydrazine as the propellant are found to compare favorably with available experimental data.

糖原酸酯合成方法的研究以及二环糖胺的合成

在糖化学中，糖原酸酯是一类重要的合成中间体，广泛运用于1,2-反式糖苷的合成，尤其对于寡糖的立体选择性合成具有重要的价值。目前文献报道的制备糖原酸酯的方法大多存在对环境不友好的问题。本文对传统的糖原酸酯制备方法进行了改进，通过研究发现无机碱也能够有效地催化合成糖原酸酯。以溴代糖和醇（或糖基受体）为原料，在无机碱、四丁基溴化铵、乙腈的体系中，合成了一系列简单醇糖原酸酯和糖-糖原酸酯。 聚乙二醇及其衍生物作为有机反应的溶剂和催化剂在有机化学中有广泛的应用。本文阐述了一种以溴代糖和醇（或糖基受体）为原料，在无机碱和聚乙二醇二甲醚反应体系中合成糖原酸酯的方法。该方法中，聚乙二醇二甲醚即作为绿色溶剂又作为催化剂，反应条件温和、环保、高效。 糖胺是一类重要的糖苷酶抑制剂，已在糖尿病和其他代谢紊乱等疾病的治疗中发挥了极其重要的作用。本文提供了一种合成一类具有潜在的糖苷酶抑制活性、结构新颖的二环糖胺的途径。该合成思路是以1-叠氮基-2-C-乙酰甲基-3,4,6-三-O-苄基-2-脱氧-β-D-葡萄糖为原料，经二环糖亚胺中间体，通过二环糖亚胺还原或加成得到一类二环糖胺。 Sugar orthoesters as one of the most important intermediates in carbohydrate chemistry, are used extensively in the synthesis of sugar 1,2-trans-glycosides, especially oligosaccharide. These methods in the literature are mostly eco-unfriendly. Herein we described a modified protocol for the preparation of sugar orthoesters using inorganic base, by improving the conventional method. Our method involves the treatment of peracetylated or perbenzotlated glycosyl bromides with alcohols in the presence of a quaternary ammonium salt and an inorganic alkali in acetonitrile solvent, affording both simple sugar orthoesters and sugar-sugar orthoesters. Polyethylene glycol and their derivatives as solvents or catalysts play a significant role in the organic reaction. We developed a novel and environmentally benign methodology towards the synthesis of sugar orthoesters, which are prepared by the reaction of peracetylated or perbenzotlated glycosyl bromides and alcohols in the presence of dimethyl ether of polyethylene glycol as either the reaction medium or catalyst. Glycosylamines and pseudo-glycosylamines have been tested against various glycosidases, and applied to the treatment of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. We presented a route of the synthesis of a bicyclic glycosylamine as a potential glycosidases inhibitor with unique structure. Reduction of 2-C-acetlymethyl-β-glucopyranosyl azide derivative firstly produced a bicyclic glycosylimine intermediate, and subsequently the bicyclic glycosylamine and its derivatives would be prepared through the selective reduction or addition the C=N double bond of the bicyclic glycosylimine intermediate.

自养氨氧化混合种群特性和共存机理初步研究

组特殊自养氨氧化混合种群，表现：无机环境种群生长迅速、生物量高；在一个完全无机的自养生长环境中，不仅保持高氨氧化速率，并出现丰富的异养微生物种群；该种群置于异养、厌氧环境中，迅速表现出产氢特征。对于这样一个特殊的生态体系，研究其共生机理，以及联接这些种群之间的碳源和能源问题，将具有非常重要意义。我们拟从种群特征、细胞表面分泌产物、游离体系产物多糖、蛋白和脂肪酸方面开展研究。 第一部分，自养氨氧化混合种群的基本特征。采用氨氧化培养基，进行种群氨氧化特征研究；采用扫描电镜观察自养混合种群的微观特征；沉降、离心去除微生物种群，分析水相中的总有机碳、糖类等物质；利用LB培养基进行种群的分离、纯化，并采用DGGE手段对微生物种群结构进行分析。结果表明，接入菌种后（2/5000（V/V）），培养液中氨（200mg/L）在3－5天内快速降解；亚硝酸盐与氨氮变化呈负相关趋势，仅有少量硝酸盐含量（< 30mg/L）。氨氧化种群的生物量增长与氨氧化趋势一致，初始生物量7.75 mg/L(蛋白含量)，3-5天后生物量快速增长，并达到最高63.06 mg/L（蛋白含量）。电镜图片显示，种群外包裹一层粘液。离心除去菌体后，检测培养液总有机碳和糖的含量，同样表现出与生物量增长相似的特征，分别由初始的3.73、2.35 mg/L，3－5内天迅速增加，并分别达到最大值35.19、27.45 mg/L。经初步分离、纯化并对纯化菌株进行测序，获得了10株异养微生物分别为布鲁氏菌科苍白杆菌属、纤维单孢菌、类芽孢菌属、黄杆菌属、无色杆菌、鞘脂单胞菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、噬氢菌属、硫红球菌、假单胞菌；DGGE显示，约有20分条离带，我们对其中的两条优势条带进行切割回收测序，鉴定为欧洲亚硝化单胞菌（Nitrosomonas eur）。 第二部分：混合种群自养-异养菌共生的可能机制。在对微生物种群特征初步分析基础上，针对胞外糖类组分可能被微生物代谢分解，我们重点对微生物细胞蛋白质与糖类进行分析。采用超声结合RIPA裂解液裂解，SDS-PAGE电泳分析混合种群总蛋白种类，并通过氨基酸分析仪及红外光谱法分析氨基酸组成及蛋白红外特征。采用超声破碎结合反复冻融对细胞样品进行处理，提取液采用醇沉、Sevage脱氮白，凝胶过滤方法脱盐和分级分离。对提取物的糖分析包括：紫外扫描，红外光谱，核磁共振，单糖组成分析；扫描电镜观察菌群破裂现象。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明：氨氧化种群不同生长阶段都显示出42kD蛋白表达量很高，d4时42kD蛋白表达已经很强，4-7d内一直持续这种过量表达，直到d8后表达开始减弱。说明42kD蛋白可能与氨氧化密切相关。红外光谱分析显示：细胞提取物的特征峰分布在3427.42cm-1、1718.18 cm-1和1681.72 cm-1、1160.07和1086.74 cm-1，分别对应为OH、 C=O、C－O－C基团，表明具有蛋白的典型特征；氨基酸分析显示蛋白中的Gly,Asp,Ala,Glu含量相对较高。 提取物中胞外多糖分离谱图得到不均一组分，共得到6个收集峰；紫外扫描在201－213 nm处有多糖吸收峰，同样表明多糖成分不均一性；多糖红外光谱特征峰主要分别在3400.49 cm-1、2920.28 cm-1、1154.54和1087.52 cm-1，对应OH、－CH2－ or CH 、C－O－H or C－O－C等多糖特征基团；多糖提取物核磁共振1H d4.3～5.9之间出现强吸收峰，这是1H中，多糖存在的明显证据，1H NMR中，其中O-乙酰基的甲基上的氢信号为d1.1～1.3之间。糖肟全苯甲酸酯衍生物的HPLC测定中，得到单一的单糖峰，由于时间问题，还未进行更深入的试验；电镜图片显示，种群中的细胞有大量的破裂现象。 实验表明，自养氨氧化混合种群显示出快速的氨氧化速率，氨氧化过程生物量和有机质的增加明显。微生物种群包裹粘液层，并分离纯化出大量的异养菌；去除菌体后的游离培养液中存在有机质（包括多糖）说明无机自养生长体系中存在异养菌生长、繁殖的二次碳源；细胞提取物中蛋白条带数目多、种类丰富；细胞多糖提取物具有明显的多糖特征，以及单糖的存在。结合种群的显微特征和游离体系中的有机质的检测结果，我们认为，无机自养生长体系中，种群细胞生长过程中发生的破裂现象可能是导致大量的蛋白、多糖释放到游离胞外，并成为其他异养菌生长的碳源和氮源。这可能是自养体系中，大量异养菌共生的可能机制，至于是什么原因引起种群生长过程中产生的破裂现象，还有待下一步深入研究。 A group of mixed autotrophic ammonia oxidizing populations, having much biological characteristic tested by concerned personnel for pilot test: Performed rapid population growth and obtained high biomass in inorganic environment; Not only maintained a high rate of ammoxidation, promoted a wealth of heterotrophic microbial populations growth in a totally inorganic and autotrophic growth environment; Placed in heterotrophic and anaerobic environment,had the performance characteristics that could rapidly produce hydrogen.For such a special ecological system, Study its symbiotic mechanism and the connection between these populations of carbon and energy issues, will have a very important significance. We intended from the characteristics of the population, the secretion product of cell surface, free substance in the liquid medium like polysaccharide, protein and fatty acids carrying out research. Part I: The basic features of mixed autotrophic ammonia oxidizing populations . Use inorganic liquid medium, processed study for ammonia oxidation characteristics of the population; we used scanning electron microscopy to get micro-features of autotrophic ammonia oxidizing populations .The medium was carried out settlement and centrifugal then removed the microbial populations, after all of that we analysis the water phase for total organic carbon(TOC), carbohydrate and other substances; Solid ammonia oxidizing medium was adopted to separation and purification of population, DGGE means was for structure analysis of microbial population. The results showed that after the inoculum of bacteria (2 / 5000 (V / V)), ammonia in the culture medium (200 mg / L) was rapid degradation in 3-5 days; ammonia and nitrite have the negative correlation between changes in the trend, then only a small amount of nitrate content (<30mg / L). The biomass growth of ammoxidation population in line with the trend of ammonia oxidation, the initial volume of it was 7.75 mg / L (protein content), in 3-5 days upto 63.06 mg / L (protein content). Electron microscope image showed, the populations were wrapped in a layer of mucus, including the a large number ruptted micorbe , Centrifuge to remove bacteria, then detected the medium for total organic carbon and sugar content, result took on the same characteristics with biomass growth, that were from the initial 3.73、2.35 mg / L respectively, in 3-6 days achieved rapid increase in the maximum to 35.19、27.45 mg / L respectively. After initial separation、 purification ,then processed sequencing to strains purified and got the result that there were 10 heterotrophic microorganisms : Brucella Branch pale bacillus, Cellu lomonas, Bacillus species category, a Flavobacterium, colorless Bacteria, Aeromonas sheath fat, little support maltophilia Aeromonas, macrophages species hydrogen, sulphur-MI, Pseudomonas bacteria spores; DGGE display, there were 20 separation bands approximately. Part II: Mixed populations that autotrophic - heterotrophic bacteria symbiotic mechanism. On the basis of preliminary analysis of microbial population characteristics, aiming at extracellular carbohydrate components might be decomposition by microbial, we focused on microbial cell protein and carbohydrate analysis. Using ultrasound combined with RIPA lysis cracking the cells, SDS-PAGE electrophoresis analysis the total protein species of the population, and through the amino acid analyzer studied the compositions of amino acid and infrared spectroscopy analysis of a protein infrared characteristics. Using ultrasound combined with repeatedly freezing and thawing to treated the cell sample, then took the means that alcohol precipitation, deproteinization by Sevage, gel filtration aimed at desalination and grade separation to deal with the lysates . The extraction of sugar analysis included: UV scanning, IR, NMR, single-sugar composition analysis. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that: 42 kD protein expression was very high at different growth stages of mixed autotrophic ammonia oxidizing populations , on the fourth day, 42 kD protein expression had been very strong, 4-7d, it had continued this excessive expression, then started to weaken after 7 days. 42 kD protein that might be closely associated with ammonia oxidation. Infrared spectral analysis showed that: cell extracts with the characteristic that the peak distribution in 3427.42 cm-1、1718.18 cm-1 and 1681.72 cm-1、1160.07 cm-1 and 1086.74 cm-1 corresponding to OH、C = O、C-O-C Groups which had the typical characteristics of protein; and analysis showed that amino acids including Gly, Asp, Ala, Glu ,the content in the protein is relatively high. Exopolysaccharide in the extracts had the separation map that it was uneven, received a total of six collection peaks by the detection mode of phenol-sulphruic acid method ; ultraviolet scan in the 201-213 nm department had polysaccharide absorbing peak, the same ingredients that polysaccharide heterogeneity; infrared polysaccharide spectral characteristics of the main peak at 3400.49 cm-1, 2920.28 cm-1, 1154.54 and 1087.52 cm-1, corresponding OH,-CH2-or CH, C-O-H or C-O-C;and other characteristics of polysaccharide group; 1H NMR of polysaccharide extract appeared absorption peak between d4.3 ~5.9, which is the apparent evidence of polysaccharide, In 1H NMR, the hydrogen signal of one of O-acetyl was between 1.1 to 1.3. The determination of Sugar oxime whole benzoate derivatives by HPLC, there was a single-sugar peak, as a matter of time, yet more in-depth test. Summary: Mixed autotrophic ammonia oxidizing populations show us that it had the ability in ammonia oxidizing and it was great, organic matter and biomass increased significantly in the process of ammonia oxidation. Microbial populations was wrapped up slime layer, the phenomenon of cell breakdown obviously, and there were a lot of separation and purification of the heterotrophic bacteria; a lot of organic matter (including polysaccharides)remined in the medium that removal of cell indicated the inorganic system existed secondary carbon sources that could be used by the heterotrophic bacteria ; there were a large number proteins bands of cell extract, rich variety; cell extracts of polysaccharide had obvious characteristics of polysaccharide, and the existence evidence of single-sugar. Combined population of microscopic characteristics and free of organic matter in the test results, we believe that the health of inorganic system, population growth occurred in the course of the breakdown of the phenomenon is likely to lead to a lot of protein and polysaccharide released into the extracellular free, And other heterotrophic bacteria use them to the growth as carbon and nitrogen. This may be autotrophic system, the large number of heterotrophic bacteria symbiotic mechanism.

亚硝化—厌氧氨氧化处理猪场废水研究

猪场废水COD浓度高、氨氮浓度高、悬浮物浓度高，已成为农村面源污染的主要来源，并严重威胁到农村饮用水安全。猪场废水氨氮浓度高、处理难度大，如何采用经济高效的方法，去除氨氮使其达到排放标准，一直是猪场废水处理中面临的重要难题。 厌氧氨氧化是近年受到国内外水处理研究者广泛关注的新型生物脱氮技术，具有不需要外加有机碳源、节省供氧量、降低能耗等优点。虽然国内外研究者对厌氧氨氧化过程的脱氮机理、厌氧氨氧化菌的生理生化特性等进行了多方面的研究，但已有的报道大多以模拟废水为研究对象，以猪场废水为研究对象的报道，在国内外文献中极少有报导。 本论文以猪场废水为主要研究对象，考察了猪场废水的亚硝化过程、厌氧氨氧化的启动过程，并对亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化联合用于猪场废水脱氮进行了探索。 1．论文首先研究了猪场废水的亚硝化过程，考察了废水水质和主要运行条件对亚硝化过程的影响。实验表明：（1）亚硝化阶段反应时间为8到10h时，出水中氨氮和亚硝酸盐浓度比可达到1：1～1：1.23，满足厌氧氨氧化反应对二者比例的要求；达到前述要求时，氨氮去除率达到58.3～65.6 %，亚硝化率在整个过程均保持在97 %以上，COD去除率在59.2～68.6 %；（2）曝气量（溶解氧）对亚硝化过程影响显著，随着曝气量增大，达到厌氧氨氧化要求的氨氮与亚硝酸盐氮浓度比例所需水力停留时间τ越短，pH出现明显下降的时间越短；（3）τ对应的pH在7.8～8.1之间，无需进行pH调节即可满足厌氧氨氧化反应对pH的要求；（4）氨氮和COD降解过程遵循一级反应动力学，氨氮和COD降解的速率常数分别为0.0656～0.0724 1/h和0.0491～0.0664 1/h。 2．在进行亚硝化过程研究的同时，以模拟废水为试验对象，进行厌氧氨氧化启动研究。以反硝化污泥和养殖厂储水池厌氧底泥的混合污泥作为接种污泥，历时大约100天，培育出具有厌氧氨氧化活性的污泥，氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮最高进水浓度分别为223.8 mg/L和171.4 mg/L，去除率最高分别达48%和41.5%，此时二者消耗比例为1.33：1。 3．在猪场废水的亚硝化研究完成和厌氧氨氧化过程初步启动成功后，在模拟废水中逐步加入猪场废水的亚硝化处理出水，逐步实现亚硝化和厌氧氨氧化的组合。亚硝化出水添加到厌氧反应器后，厌氧氨氧化反应仍可继续进行，且去除效率逐步提高。研究发现添加的亚硝化出水中携带的亚硝化细菌在厌氧氨氧化菌膜外层生长并累积，增加了厌氧氨氧化反应基质的传质阻力，妨碍了厌氧氨氧化效率的提高。 4．亚硝化－厌氧氨氧化实际工程应用探索中，生物接触氧化池可在有效去除废水中的有机物的同时实现亚硝化，出水中氨氮和亚硝酸盐比例平均为1.10，可满足后续厌氧氨氧化的要求；在适宜的进水浓度和温度下，ABR池出现了厌氧氨氧化启动的迹象；研究同时发现，水质的波动和气温的变化是工程中影响厌氧氨氧化菌活性的重要因素。 论文的主要创新点在于：（1）以猪场废水为研究对象，以实现厌氧氨氧化为目标，对亚硝化过程进行了比较详细的考察，获得了亚硝化出水满足厌氧氨氧化要求的工艺条件，通过对其COD和氨氮降解过程的考察，得出亚硝化阶段COD降解和氨氮去除的动力学模型；（2）对亚硝化－厌氧氨氧化处理猪场废水进行了探索，确立了影响其污染物去除率稳定的重要因素。 论文的上述研究成果，为厌氧氨氧化技术的实用性研究提供理论依据。 Piggery wastewater, which is characterized by high concentration of COD、ammonium and suspend substance, has become a most important source of non-point source pollution and also severely threats drinking water security in rural area. How to discharge piggery wastewater with the ammonium concentration meeting standard by economical and effective method? This is the most urgent problem in piggery wastewater treatment. As a new biological nitrogen removal technology, Anammox process has been paid more and more attention by researchers all over the world. Anammox has advantages of no need of organic carbon addition, low oxygen consumption and energy consumption. Plenty of investigations have been carried out to the mechanism, physiological and biochemical characteristic of bacteria about Anammox. Most of researches focused on synthetic wastewater, there is rare report about its application in piggery wastewater. In this paper，experimental studies were performed to investigate Sharon process in treatment of piggery wastewater，the start up process of Annammox using synthetic wastewater were studied, the feasibility of applying Sharon-Anammox process in the nitrogen removal of piggery wastewater was evaluated. 1. Sharon process of piggery wastewater was firstly investigated to analyze the effects of water quality and main running parameters, which meet the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio requirement of successive Anammox. Results showed: (1)During Sharon Process，after 8～10 hours’ reaction the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio in effluent reached 1:1.0～1:1.23, when the removal percentage of NH4+-N was 58.3～65.6 %, a semi-nitration rate of above 97 % was achieved during the process; meanwhile 59.2～68.6 % of the COD was also removed. (2)The aeration rate（oxygen） had obvious effect on the hydraulic retention time(τ) which met the NH4+-N to NO2--N ratio requirement of Anammox. As aeration rate increased, the hydraulic retention time(τ) was shortened. (3) The pH corresponding to τ was between 7.8 and 8.1, thus it needed no artificial adjustment. (4) The reduction of ammonia and COD followed the first-order reaction kinetics. The velocity constants of ammonia and COD were 0.0656～0.0724 1/h and 0.0491～0.0664 1/h, respectively. 2. The startup of Anammox process using the artificial wastewater was performed simultaneously with Sharon. The aim was to investigate the running parameters of Anammox and make foundation for the combination stage. By using the mixture of denitrifying sludge and anaerobic sludge in tank of the breeding factory, sludge of Anammox activity was cultivated in UASB after 100 days. The removal percentage of NH4+-N and NO2-N were up to 48% and 41.5%, respectively, when the NH4+-N and NO2-N influent concentration were 223.8 mg/L and 171.4 mg/L, respectively, the NH4+-N and NO2-N removal rate was 1.33:1. 3. After investigation of Sharon and startup of Anammox, effluent of Sharon process was added into the synthetic wastewater to combine Sharon and Anammox step by step. It took some time after the addition of Sharon effluent that Anammox reaction continued and the removal rate kept increasing. It indicated that nitrifying bacteria were carried by the Sharon effluent cumulated in the outer layer of Anammox. This enhanced transfer resistance of Anammox reaction and the increasing removal rate was restrained. 4. In the bio-contact oxidation pond of practical project, Sharon process were carried out successfully and organic compounds were removed effectively. An average NO2-N/ NH4+-N rate of 1:1.0 was achieved in the effluent, which met the requirement of successive Anammox. Under condition of suitable influent concentration and temperature, there was evidence that Anammox could start up in ABR. The variety of wastewater and temperature had great affects on Anammox activity in practical engineering. Innovation of this paper: (1) The Sharon process for treating piggery wastewater was discussed in details. Technological parameters that met requirement of Anammox were obtained. The dynamic models of COD and ammonium removal in the process were educed. (2) Sharon-Ananmmox for treatment of piggery wastewater was investigated, and the primary influencing factors was studied. This paper could be a theoretical consult for research of Anammox utility.

厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器处理发酵废水的中试研究

一体化反应器由于投资少、占地小、管理运行方便等优点而备受青睐。但现有的一体化反应器大都适用于处理中低浓度废水，耐受负荷普遍偏低。本课题研制出新型高效的厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器，旨在通过反应器结构优化、高效微生物载体研制、配合高效微生物菌剂技术处理中高浓度有机废水，实现高效和低耗，降低设备造价，提高反应器运行稳定性。 首先开展了菌剂对废水的适配试验。采用15种不同的微生物菌剂，以葡萄糖配水、中药提取废水、啤酒废水、氨氮配水为基质，分别测定了微生物菌剂的耗氧速率和厌氧比产甲烷速率，以其为指标比较了各菌剂对废水的适配性。根据结果选择活性高的14＃、8＃、10＃菌剂，在试验室进行了菌剂对废水的连续处理试验，取得良好的处理效果，为菌剂在厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器的小试、中试中的应用奠定了基础。 经小试研究后，又对厌氧好氧一体化生物反应器进行了处理发酵废水的中试研究。试验结果表明，反应器启动快，系统有机负荷2.72 kgCODm-3d-1时整个反应器去除率保持在84.5％～93.19％，在30多天内一次启动成功。冲击负荷试验中，系统总有机负荷最高可达到8.88 kgCODm-3d-1，系统去除率稳定在88.10％～96.88%，说明反应器处理效率高，抗冲击能力强。稳定运行期间，COD去除率可达90％以上，各项指标都能达到国家排放标准。 此外，对反应器配套系统高效菌剂、高分子复合颗粒载体进行了研究。结果显示，菌剂与反应器适配良好，各功能区形成了丰富、高活性的微生物，厌氧区颗粒污泥TS高达83.9 gL-1，VS/TS为56.9％～57.4％，比产甲烷活性为280～350 mLCH4 gvss-1d-1；好氧区固定化微生物TS高达1.921 gL-1，VS/TS为94.02～94.30％。对载体性能的研究表明，此高分子复合颗粒载体密度适中，易于流化，不易流失；粗糙多空，易于挂膜；且无生物毒害作用，稳定安全，是一种优良的生物载体。反应器各功能区对废水的降解过程分析，说明了反应器、菌剂、载体适配良好，在其协同作用下，实现了污染物的高效降解。 The integrated reactors were popular because of their characteristics such as little investment, small occupation of land, convenient of manage and running etc. But the present integrated reactors were mostly applied for treating wastewater of low concentration, the load tolerance was generally on the low side. A new type integrated anaerobic-aerobic bio-reactor was developed, which was conducted to treating organic wastewater of middle or high concentration by optimization of reactor structure, development of efficient microbe carrier and adaptation of high active microbial blends, to achieve high efficiency and low consume, reduce equipment cost, enhance running stabilization of reactor. The adaptability test of microbial blends on different wastewater was carried on firstly. Oxygen consumption rate and anaerobic specific activity of methane producing of 15 different microbial blends were measured separately taking glucose artificial wastewater, Chinese herb extracting wastewater, brewery wastewater and ammonia nitrogen artificial wastewater as substrate, by which the adaptabilities of different microbial blends to wastewater were compared. According to the results high active microbial blends 14#, 8# and 10# were selected and used in the continuous treatment of wastewater in the laboratory and had obtained good effect, which had laid a foundation for application microbial blends to small scale test and pilot test of integrated anaerobic-aerobic bio-reactor. After the small scale test, the pilot test of the integrated anaerobic-aerobic bio-reactor treating fermentation wastewater was carried on. The test results showed fast initiation of the reactor. When system organic load reached 2.72 kgCODm-3d-1the COD removal rate of the reactor was stable between 84.5%～93.19% and it initiated successfully in more than 30 days at a time. In the load shock test the maximum organic load of system could reach to 8.88 kgCODm-3d-1 and the COD removal rate could be stable between 88.10%~96.88% which indicated that the reactor was efficient for treating wastewater and had strong resistance to shock load. At stable running period the COD removal rate of the reactor was over 90% and each index of wastewater could reach to the national discharge standards. In addition, the high active microbial blends and the macromolecule compound granule carrier, the matching system of the reactor was studied. It showed that the microbial blends adapted well to the reactor and abundant and high active microbes were formed in each functional field. The TS of granule sludge in anaerobic field was as high as 83.9 gL-1, the VS/TS was 56.9%~57.4%, the specific activity of methane producing was 280~350 mLCH4 gvss-1d-1. And the TS of immobilized biological granule was as high as 1.921 gL-1, the VS/TS was 94.02%~94.30%. Study on the carrier showed that the self-made macromolecular compound granule carrier was moderate of density, easy of fluidization, unease of running off, rough and porous, easy of films fixation, no bio-toxic, stable and safe, was a kind of superior carrier. Analysis of degradation process in each functional field confirmed the reactor, microbial blends and carriers were in good adaptation and wastewater was decontaminated by their cooperation.