Langmuir films containing ibuprofen and phospholipids

This study shows the incorporation of ibuprofen, an anti-inflammatory drug, in Langmuir monolayers as cell membrane models. Significant effects were observed for dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) monolayers with relevant changes in the elasticity of the monolayer. Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG) monolayers were affected by small concentrations of ibuprofen, from 1 to 5 mol%. For both types of monolayer, ibuprofen could penetrate into the hydrophobic part of the monolayer, which was confirmed with polarization-modulated infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) images showed that ibuprofen prevents the formation of large domains of DPPC. The pharmacological action should occur primarily with penetration of ibuprofen via electrically neutral phospholipid headgroups of the membrane.

Probing the statistical properties of unknown texts: application to the Voynich manuscript

While the use of statistical physics methods to analyze large corpora has been useful to unveil many patterns in texts, no comprehensive investigation has been performed on the interdependence between syntactic and semantic factors. In this study we propose a framework for determining whether a text (e.g., written in an unknown alphabet) is compatible with a natural language and to which language it could belong. The approach is based on three types of statistical measurements, i.e. obtained from first-order statistics of word properties in a text, from the topology of complex networks representing texts, and from intermittency concepts where text is treated as a time series. Comparative experiments were performed with the New Testament in 15 different languages and with distinct books in English and Portuguese in order to quantify the dependency of the different measurements on the language and on the story being told in the book. The metrics found to be informative in distinguishing real texts from their shuffled versions include assortativity, degree and selectivity of words. As an illustration, we analyze an undeciphered medieval manuscript known as the Voynich Manuscript. We show that it is mostly compatible with natural languages and incompatible with random texts. We also obtain candidates for keywords of the Voynich Manuscript which could be helpful in the effort of deciphering it. Because we were able to identify statistical measurements that are more dependent on the syntax than on the semantics, the framework may also serve for text analysis in language-dependent applications.

El pensamiento literario de Edward W. Said y su fundamento intercultural

Programa de doctorado: Literatura y teoría de la literatura

Prove di ozonolisi sui fanghi biologici prodotti da impianti di depurazione delle acque reflue urbane

La tecnica di ozonolisi viene applicata ai fanghi biologici derivanti da impianti di depurazione acque reflue urbane, e consiste nell'ottenere, grazie all'ozono, una minor massa fangosa da smaltire e una miglior trattabilità del fango residue. In questo elaborato si prendono in esame le sperimentazioni effettuate a Marina di Ravenna e si estraggono le prime conclusioni gestionali, economiche e ambientali sull'applicabilità del metodo a questo tipo di fango.

La "Nueva novela", un texto polimórfico

Doctorado en Literatura y Teoría de la Literatura

Enantioselektive Synthese von Tetrahydroprotoberberinen und anderen Benzylisochinolinalkaloiden aus alpha-Aminonitrilen

Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, ausgehend von alpha-Aminonitrilen verschiedene Tetrahydroisochinolin-Alkaloide darzustellen. Es wurde gezeigt, dass sich das alpha-Aminonitril unter kontrollierten Bedingungen quantitativ in alpha-Position deprotonieren lässt und durch anschließende C-1-Alkylierung mit substituierten Benzylbromiden zu 1 Benzyl-3,4-dihydroisochinolinen umsetzen lässt. Diese konnten im nächsten Schritt mittels asymmetrischer Transferhydrierung nach Noyori in Alkaloid-Vorläufer mit hoher optischer Reinheit umgewandelt werden. Zur Überführung der (S)-1-Benzylisochinoline in die natürlich vorkommenden Alkaloide wurden diese N-methyliert und entschützt. Auf diese Weise konnten (+)-Laudanosin, (+)-Laudanidin und (+)-Armepavin dargestellt werden. Pictet-Spengler-Cyclisierung der Benzylisochinoline erzeugte Alkaloide vom Protoberberin-Typ. Die Ullmann-Kupplung zum Aufbau der Diaryletherbrücke bildete den Schlüsselschritt bei der Darstellung von Bisbenzylisochinolinalkaloiden. Unter Verwendung von N,N-Dimethylglycin, CuI und dem Einsatz von Mikrowellen-Strahlen wurden im folgenden Schritt (+)-O-Methylthalibrin und (+)-O-Tetramethylmagnolamin in enantiomerenreiner Form und mit guten Ausbeuten dargestellt. Die Synthese von (−)-Tetrahydropalmatin unter Reaktionsbedingungen nach Pictet und Spengler über ein in C-2’ blockiertes (S)-1-Benzylisochinolin gelang nicht. Stattdessen erfolgte eine exocyclische [1,3]-Umlagerung der Benzyl-Gruppe des Iminium-Ions. Diese Umlagerung ist mit der von Knabe gefundenen endocyclischen Umlagerung von 1,2-disubstituierten 1,2-Dihydroisochinolinen verwandt. Der Nachweis über das Auftreten freier Radikale während der hier gefundenen [1,3]-Benzyl-Umlagerung erfolgte über ein Crossover-Experiment, Isotopen-Markierung sowie Studien zur Inhibierung bzw. Initiierung freier Radikale. Die experimentellen Befunde und DFT Berechnungen von Straub unterstützen die Theorie zum Verlauf über eine diffusionskontrollierte Radikal-Ketten-Reaktion.

Multiplex suspension array for human anti-carbohydrate antibody profiling

Glycan-binding antibodies form a significant subpopulation of both natural and acquired antibodies and play an important role in various immune processes. They are for example involved in innate immune responses, cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. In the present study, a microsphere-based flow-cytometric immunoassay (suspension array) was applied for multiplexed detection of glycan-binding antibodies in human serum. Several approaches for immobilization of glycoconjugates onto commercially available fluorescent microspheres were compared, and as the result, the design based on coupling of end-biotinylated glycopolymers has been selected. This method requires only minute amounts of glycans, similar to a printed glycan microarray. The resulting glyco-microspheres were used for detection of IgM and IgG antibodies directed against ABO blood group antigens. The possibility of multiplexing this assay was demonstrated with mixtures of microspheres modified with six different ABO related glycans. Multiplexed detection of anti-glycan IgM and IgG correlated well with singleplex assays (Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.95-0.99 for sera of different blood groups). The suspension array in singleplex format for A/B trisaccharide, H(di) and Le(x) microspheres corresponded well to the standard ELISA (r > 0.94). Therefore, the described method is promising for rapid, sensitive, and reproducible detection of anti-glycan antibodies in a multiplexed format.