Notes on cyclical tendency to the overvaluation of the real

This note addresses the question “To what extent financial regulation in Brazil was effective in neutralizing the tendency to the overvaluation of the exchange rate in Brazil since the 1994 Real Plan?” Aiming at answering this question, this note is organized as follows: after this short introduction, we briefly describe the Brazilian exchange rate behavior after the Real Plan, emphasizing its key role in keeping prices stable. In section 3, the recent measures adopted by the Brazilian Central Bank (BCB) aiming at avoiding the overvaluation of real will be summarized. In section 4, we argue in favor of a new policy mix that could avoid overvaluation of the currency. Finally, some issues will be raised in order to effectively neutralize the overvaluation of real.

Tendency towards homogenization in fish assemblages in the cascade reservoir system of the Tiete river basin, Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparison of tendency-oriented perimetry and dynamic strategy in octopus perimetry as a screening tool in a clinical setting: a prospective study

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the results of tendency-oriented perimetry (TOP) and a dynamic strategy in octopus perimetry as screening methods in clinical practice. DESIGN: A prospective single centre observational case series was performed. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: In a newly opened general ophthalmologic practice 89 consecutive patients (171 eyes) with a clinical indication for octopus static perimetry testing (ocular hypertension or suspicious optic nerve cupping) were examined prospectively with TOP and a dynamic strategy. The visual fields were graded by 3 masked observers as normal, borderline or abnormal without any further clinical information. RESULTS: 83% eyes showed the same result for both strategies. In 14% there was a small difference (with one visual field being abnormal or normal, the other being borderline). In only 2.9% of the eyes (5 cases) was there a contradictory result. In 4 out of 5 cases the dynamic visual field was abnormal and TOP was normal. 4 of these cases came back for a second examination. In all 4 the follow-up examination showed a normal second dynamic visual field. CONCLUSIONS: Octopus static perimetry using a TOP strategy is a fast, patient-friendly and very reliable screening tool for the general ophthalmological practice. We found no false-negative results in our series.

Structural Changes and Formation of Rusta-shahr in Post-Revolutionary Rural Society in Iran

The following paper is based on the author's two-year research and fieldwork in Iran and examines the process of political and social changes since the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and the subsequent impact of the Iran-Iraq War of 1980-88. This paper focuses on the transition of traditional, small villages into rusta-shahr or small rural cities and the first and second nation-wide elections of shoura or councils which were the first steps toward self-government. The author is guardedly optimistic regarding this democratic process but warns of possible future social unrest if changes are not more "balanced" between cities and rural areas and if the employment needs of the burgeoning younger generation are not met, political and social consequences may be catastrophic.

Analysing the Impact of Consumer Tendency in HORECA Distribution Models

With increasing complexity of today's consumer requirements, food industry decision makers should be able to respond to consumer needs much faster than ever before. The preliminary studies showed that for improving the performance and selecting suitable distribution models, decision makers in food industries should classify different types of consumers and based on the classification prepare different distributions flows. By studying the HORECA distribution channel, this paper suggest that, logistics decision makers should investigate the relationship between consumers' characteristics and urban freight distribution strategy in order to respond to the exact needs and in the follow to reduce the logistics cost.

A calm inquiry into all the objections made to the educational provisions of the factory bill, exhibiting the nature, tendency and object of the new principles by which the dissenting bodies stand opposed thereto.

Mode of access: Internet.

Charlotte Corday and certain men of the revolutionary torment,

Mode of access: Internet.

The narrative of James Roberts, soldier in the revolutionary war and at the battle of New Orleans.

"One hundred and thirty-six copies reprinted from the apparently unique copy in the Charles E. Heartman collection of material relating to Negro culture."

The new Newfoundland: an account of the revolutionary developments which are transforming Britain's oldest colony from "the Cinderella of the empire" into one of the great small nations of the world,

Mode of access: Internet.

Sir Robert Peel's currency plan, a lecture delivered at the British Coffee-house, in Cockspurstreet, on Thursday the 13th of Junem 1844, on the currency plan of Sir Robert Peel; showing its tendency and probable effects,

Mode of access: Internet.