932 resultados para Heat pump, Solar Energy, Ambient Energy, Evaporator Collector, Collector Efficiency
Resumo:
Photovoltaic (PV) stations have been widely built in the world to utilize solar energy directly. In order to reduce the capital and operational costs, early fault diagnosis is playing an increasingly important role by enabling the long effective operation of PV arrays. This paper analyzes the terminal characteristics of faulty PV strings and arrays, and it develops a PV array fault diagnosis technique. The terminal current-voltage curve of a faulty PV array is divided into two sections, i.e., high-voltage and low-voltage fault diagnosis sections. The corresponding working points of healthy string modules and of healthy and faulty modules in an unhealthy string are then analyzed for each section. By probing into different working points, a faulty PV module can be located. The fault information is of critical importance for the maximum power point tracking and the array dynamical reconfiguration. Furthermore, the string current sensors can be eliminated, and the number of voltage sensors can be reduced by optimizing voltage sensor locations. Typical fault scenarios including monostring, multistring, and a partial shadow for a 1.6-kW 3 $times$ 3 PV array are presented and experimentally tested to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed fault diagnosis method.
Resumo:
Thin layers of indium tin oxide are widely used as transparent coatings and electrodes in solar energy cells, flat-panel displays, antireflection coatings, radiation protection and lithium-ion battery materials, because they have the characteristics of low resistivity, strong absorption at ultraviolet wavelengths, high transmission in the visible, high reflectivity in the far-infrared and strong attenuation in the microwave region. However, there is often a trade-off between electrical conductivity and transparency at visible wavelengths for indium tin oxide and other transparent conducting oxides. Here, we report the growth of layers of indium tin oxide nanowires that show optimum electronic and photonic properties and demonstrate their use as fully transparent top contacts in the visible to near-infrared region for light-emitting devices.
Resumo:
Ce projet de recherche mene en collaboration industrielle avec St-Jean Photochimie Inc. / PCAS Canada vise le developpement et la caracterisation de derives dipyrromethene pour des applications dans le domaine du photovoltaique. La quete du recoltage des photons se situant dans le proche-infrarouge a ete au centre des modifications structurales explorees afin daugmenter lefficacite de conversion des cellules solaires de type organique et a pigments photosensibles. Trois familles de composes integrant le motif dipyrromethene ont ete synthetisees et caracterisees du point de vue spectroscopique, electrochimique, structural ainsi que par modelisation moleculaire afin detablir des relations structures-proprietes. La premiere famille comporte six azadipyrromethenes au potentiel de coordination tetradentate sur des centres metalliques. Le developpement dune nouvelle voie synthetique asymetrique combinee a lutilisation dune voie symetrique classique ont permis dobtenir lensemble des combinaisons de substituants possibles sur les aryles proximaux incluant les noyaux 2-hydroxyphenyle, 2-methoxyphenyle et 2- pyridyle. La modulation du maximum dabsorption dans le rouge a pu etre faite entre 598 et 619 nm. De meme, la presence de groupements methoxyle ou hydroxyle augmente labsorption dans le violet (~410 nm) tel que demontre par modelisation. La caracterisation electrochimique a montre que les derives tetradentates etaient en general moins stables aux processus redox que leur contre-parti bidentate. La deuxieme famille comporte dix derives BODIPY fusionnes de facon asymetrique en position [b]. Laryle proximal a ete modifie de facon systematique afin de mieux comprendre limpact des substituents riches en electron et de la fusion de cycles aromatiques. De plus, ces derives ont ete mis en relation avec une vaste serie de composes analogues. Les resultats empiriques ont montre que les proprietes optoelectroniques de la plateforme sont regies par le degre de communication electronique entre laryle proximal, le pyrrole sur lequel il est attache et le noyau indolique adjacent a ce dernier. Les maximums dabsorption dans le rouge sont modulables entre 547 et 628 nm et la fluorescence des composes se situe dans le proche- infrarouge. Lun des compose sest revele souhaitable pour une utilisation en photovoltaique ainsi qua titre de sonde a pH. La troisieme famille comporte cinq complexes neutres de RuII bases sur des polypyridines et portant un ligand azadipyrromethene cyclometale. Les composes ont montre une forte absorption de photons dans la region de 600 a 800 nm (rouge a proche- infrarouge) et qui a pu etre etendue au-dela de 1100 nm dans le cas des derives portant un ligand terpyridine. Lanalyse des proprietes optoelectroniques de facon empirique et theorique a montre un impact significatif de la cyclometalation et ouvert la voie pour leur etude en tant que photosensibilisateurs en OPV et en DSSC. La capacite dun des complexes a photo-injecter un electron dans la bande de conduction du semi-conducteur TiO2 a ete demontre en collaboration avec le groupe du Pr Gerald J. Meyer a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, premier pas vers une utilisation dans les cellules solaires a pigments photosensibles. La stabilite des complexes en solution sest toutefois averee problematique et des pistes de solutions sont suggerees basees sur les connaissances acquises dans le cadre de cette these.
Resumo:
Green energy and Green technology are the most of the quoted terms in the context of modern science and technology. Technology which is close to nature is the necessity of the modern world which is haunted by global warming and climatic alterations. Proper utilization of solar energy is one of the goals of Green Energy Movement. The present thesis deals with the work carried out in the eld of nanotechnology and its possible use in various applications (employing natural dyes) like solar cells. Unlike arti cial dyes, the natural dyes are available, easy to prepare, low in cost, non-toxic, environmentally friendly and fully biodegradable. Looking to the 21st century, the nano/micro sciences will be a chief contributor to scienti c and technological developments. As nanotechnology progresses and complex nanosystems are fabricated, a growing impetus is being given to the development of multi-functional and size-dependent materials. The control of the morphology, from the nano to the micrometer scales, associated with the incorporation of several functionalities can yield entirely new smart hybrid materials. They are special class of materials which provide a new method for the improvement of the environmental stability of the material with interesting optical properties and opening a land of opportunities for applications in the eld of photonics. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one such multipurpose material that has been explored for applications in sensing, environmental monitoring, and bio-medical systems and communications technology. Understanding the growth mechanism and tailoring their morphology is essential for the use of ZnO crystals as nano/micro electromechanical systems and also as building blocks of other nanosystems.
Resumo:
As microalgas podem ser consideradas como um dos mais eficientes sistemas biolgicos de transformao de energia solar em compostos orgnicos. Quando cultivadas em meios adequados, certas espcies podem duplicar sua biomassa diariamente. Alm disso, possuem inmeras vantagens, como: elevada velocidade de crescimento; potencial para absorver CO2, reduzindo assim a quantidade de emisses deste gs na atmosfera e diminuindo o efeito estufa. O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o efeito do uso de pentoses no cultivo de Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella homosphaera, Dunaliella salina, Spirulina paracas e Synechococcus nidulans, avaliando o perfil cintico do crescimento e a capacidade de produo de carboidratos e protenas. Para o cultivo das microalgas foram utilizados os meios: Zarrouk, Bristol`S Modificado e DUN. Em todos os meios o componente nitrogenado foi reduzido pela metade e utilizado 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% e 30% de pentoses, com concentraes de xilose e arabinose que representassem as mesmas presentes em caldo hidrolisado do bagao de cana de acar pr-tratado. Os cultivos foram realizados em fotobiorreatores de 2 L, mantidos em estufa a 30 C, fotoperodo de 12h claro/escuro e 2500 Lx, com agitao a uma vazo de 0,75 v.v.m. . O crescimento de biomassa foi monitorado diariamente pela densidade tica das culturas em espectrofotmetro a 670nm. Foram avaliados parmetros cinticos como a concentrao mxima de biomassa, produtividade mxima e velocidade especfica mxima de crescimento. A determinao do consumo das pentoses foi realizada atravs da metodologia de Somogy e Nelson, para a determinao de carboidratos foi utilizada uma adaptao do mtodo do cido 3,5 dinitro saliclico, as protenas foram quantificadas pelo mtodo de micro-Kjeldahl. Todas as microalgas foram capazes de consumir em no mximo quatro dias as concentraes de pentoses, e logo aps esta etapa mixotrfica manter-se em crescimento autotrfico, destacando-se as cepas de Dunaliella salina e Synechococcus nidulans que esgotaram as maiores concentraes utililizadas em dois dias de cultivo. Para as cianobactrias estudadas, Spirulina paracas cultivada com 10% de C5, foi a que obteve os melhores resultados de concentrao celular, produtividade e velocidade especfica de crescimento mxima, 1,364 g.L-1 , 0,128 g.L-1 .dia-1 e 0,240 dia-1 . Em relao ao efeito na composio da biomassa, Synechococcus nidulans produziu o maior teor de protenas, 62,9%, nos ensaios com 10% de C5. J as cepas de Chlorophytas os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o uso de 5% de C5, para os parmetros cinticos destacam-se os valores encontrados para Dunaliella salina, onde a maior concentrao de biomassa, produtividade e velocidade especfica de crescimento foram 1,246 g.L-1 , 0,091 g.L- 1 .dia-1 e 0,379 dia-1 , respectivamente. Chlorella minutissima e Dunaliella salina foram as melhores produtoras de carboidratos, alcanando 58,6%/0,3 g.L-1 e 23,07%/0,29 g.L-1 ,respecivamente. Logo, o uso de pentoses nas microalgas em substituio as fontes tradicionais de carbono, resultou no crescimento das mesmas, o que mostra que estas podem agir como intermedirios para a absoro de acares de cinco carbonos.
Resumo:
In order to power our planet for the next century, clean energy technologies need to be developed and deployed. Photovoltaic solar cells, which convert sunlight into electricity, are a clear option; however, they currently supply 0.1% of the US electricity due to the relatively high cost per Watt of generation. Thus, our goal is to create more power from a photovoltaic device, while simultaneously reducing its price. To accomplish this goal, we are creating new high efficiency anti-reflection coatings that allow more of the incident sunlight to be converted to electricity, using simple and inexpensive coating techniques that enable reduced manufacturing costs. Traditional anti-reflection coatings (consisting of thin layers of non-absorbing materials) rely on the destructive interference of the reflected light, causing more light to enter the device and subsequently get absorbed. While these coatings are used on nearly all commercial cells, they are wavelength dependent and are deposited using expensive processes that require elevated temperatures, which increase production cost and can be detrimental to some temperature sensitive solar cell materials. We are developing two new classes of anti-reflection coatings (ARCs) based on textured dielectric materials: (i) a transparent, flexible paper technology that relies on optical scattering and reduced refractive index contrast between the air and semiconductor and (ii) silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanosphere arrays that rely on collective optical resonances. Both techniques improve solar cell absorption and ultimately yield high efficiency, low cost devices. For the transparent paper-based ARCs, we have recently shown that they improve solar cell efficiencies for all angles of incident illumination reducing the need for costly tracking of the suns position. For a GaAs solar cell, we achieved a 24% improvement in the power conversion efficiency using this simple coating. Because the transparent paper is made from an earth abundant material (wood pulp) using an easy, inexpensive and scalable process, this type of ARC is an excellent candidate for future solar technologies. The coatings based on arrays of dielectric nanospheres also show excellent potential for inexpensive, high efficiency solar cells. The fabrication process is based on a Meyer rod rolling technique, which can be performed at room-temperature and applied to mass production, yielding a scalable and inexpensive manufacturing process. The deposited monolayer of SiO2 nanospheres, having a diameter of 500 nm on a bare Si wafer, leads to a significant increase in light absorption and a higher expected current density based on initial simulations, on the order of 15-20%. With application on a Si solar cell containing a traditional anti-reflection coating (Si3N4 thin-film), an additional increase in the spectral current density is observed, 5% beyond what a typical commercial device would achieve. Due to the coupling between the spheres originated from Whispering Gallery Modes (WGMs) inside each nanosphere, the incident light is strongly coupled into the high-index absorbing material, leading to increased light absorption. Furthermore, the SiO2 nanospheres scatter and diffract light in such a way that both the optical and electrical properties of the device have little dependence on incident angle, eliminating the need for solar tracking. Because the layer can be made with an easy, inexpensive, and scalable process, this anti-reflection coating is also an excellent candidate for replacing conventional technologies relying on complicated and expensive processes.
Resumo:
O presente trabalho tem como principal objectivo a avaliao do sujamento da superfcie de transferncia de calor do evaporador de uma bomba de calor, quando se utiliza o efluente da fbrica de pasta e papel da Portucel Soporcel em Cacia como fluido de aquecimento. Para a realizao deste estudo montou-se uma instalao, composta por uma bomba de calor, um circuito de gua de arrefecimento do condensador da bomba de calor e um circuito de gua residual quente para o aquecimento do evaporador da bomba de calor. O ensaio decorreu durante um perodo de 84 dias, durante o qual foram registadas as temperaturas em vrios pontos dos circuitos e os caudais de circulao. A evoluo temporal da quantidade de calor transferida no evaporador, assim como, a comparao do coeficiente global de transferncia de calor em condies ideias e experimentais, permitiu verificar que a razo U/U0 para o evaporador da bomba de calor no teve um comportamento decrescente ao longo do perodo de ensaio, permitindo concluir que, nas condies operatrias da experincia, no ocorreu sujamento na superfcie do evaporador. No estudo de corroso do cobre quando exposto gua residual em questo, obteve-se, para a velocidade de corroso, o valor de 1,56 mg/(dm2 .dia), indicando assim que a corroso do cobre naquele meio praticamente inexistente.
Resumo:
The Parabolic Trough (PT) is the most used concentrator in CSP (Concentrated Solar Power). However, this concentrator technology is facing a significant challenge to increase its overall efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Meanwhile, other low-cost solutions such as Fresnel concentrators are also being perceived as potentially attractive. In order to achieve the lower cost goal, new optical solutions can be considered, in parallel with improvements coming, for instance, through the use of new materials or manufacturing solutions. But conventional PTs can still be improved to yield, for instance, higher concentration values, a possible starting point for higher conversion efficiency. These new solutions, in turn, can also be useful for other technologies and applications (Fresnel Concentrators, Central Tower Receivers, etc.). However it is easier to develop and test these solutions in conjunction with parabolic primaries (continuum primary). And that is the topic of this paper: to present a new Compound Elliptical-type Concentrator for a parabolic primary with a tubular receiver. A comparison is made between this new concentrator and two other concentrators (a conventional PT concentrator and a XX SMS (Simultaneous Multiple Surface) concentrator), as well as a calculation of the total amount of collected energy (kW h) for a particular location, Faro (Portugal). The paper ends with a discussion of the results obtained, their impact and possible applications in the future.
Resumo:
Ce projet de recherche mene en collaboration industrielle avec St-Jean Photochimie Inc. / PCAS Canada vise le developpement et la caracterisation de derives dipyrromethene pour des applications dans le domaine du photovoltaique. La quete du recoltage des photons se situant dans le proche-infrarouge a ete au centre des modifications structurales explorees afin daugmenter lefficacite de conversion des cellules solaires de type organique et a pigments photosensibles. Trois familles de composes integrant le motif dipyrromethene ont ete synthetisees et caracterisees du point de vue spectroscopique, electrochimique, structural ainsi que par modelisation moleculaire afin detablir des relations structures-proprietes. La premiere famille comporte six azadipyrromethenes au potentiel de coordination tetradentate sur des centres metalliques. Le developpement dune nouvelle voie synthetique asymetrique combinee a lutilisation dune voie symetrique classique ont permis dobtenir lensemble des combinaisons de substituants possibles sur les aryles proximaux incluant les noyaux 2-hydroxyphenyle, 2-methoxyphenyle et 2- pyridyle. La modulation du maximum dabsorption dans le rouge a pu etre faite entre 598 et 619 nm. De meme, la presence de groupements methoxyle ou hydroxyle augmente labsorption dans le violet (~410 nm) tel que demontre par modelisation. La caracterisation electrochimique a montre que les derives tetradentates etaient en general moins stables aux processus redox que leur contre-parti bidentate. La deuxieme famille comporte dix derives BODIPY fusionnes de facon asymetrique en position [b]. Laryle proximal a ete modifie de facon systematique afin de mieux comprendre limpact des substituents riches en electron et de la fusion de cycles aromatiques. De plus, ces derives ont ete mis en relation avec une vaste serie de composes analogues. Les resultats empiriques ont montre que les proprietes optoelectroniques de la plateforme sont regies par le degre de communication electronique entre laryle proximal, le pyrrole sur lequel il est attache et le noyau indolique adjacent a ce dernier. Les maximums dabsorption dans le rouge sont modulables entre 547 et 628 nm et la fluorescence des composes se situe dans le proche- infrarouge. Lun des compose sest revele souhaitable pour une utilisation en photovoltaique ainsi qua titre de sonde a pH. La troisieme famille comporte cinq complexes neutres de RuII bases sur des polypyridines et portant un ligand azadipyrromethene cyclometale. Les composes ont montre une forte absorption de photons dans la region de 600 a 800 nm (rouge a proche- infrarouge) et qui a pu etre etendue au-dela de 1100 nm dans le cas des derives portant un ligand terpyridine. Lanalyse des proprietes optoelectroniques de facon empirique et theorique a montre un impact significatif de la cyclometalation et ouvert la voie pour leur etude en tant que photosensibilisateurs en OPV et en DSSC. La capacite dun des complexes a photo-injecter un electron dans la bande de conduction du semi-conducteur TiO2 a ete demontre en collaboration avec le groupe du Pr Gerald J. Meyer a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, premier pas vers une utilisation dans les cellules solaires a pigments photosensibles. La stabilite des complexes en solution sest toutefois averee problematique et des pistes de solutions sont suggerees basees sur les connaissances acquises dans le cadre de cette these.
Resumo:
Many different photovoltaic technologies are being developed for large-scale solar energy conversion such as crystalline silicon solar cells, thin film solar cells based on a-Si:H, CIGS and CdTe. As the demand for photovoltaics rapidly increases, there is a pressing need for the identification of new visible light absorbing materials for thin-film solar cells. Nowadays there are a wide range of earth-abundant absorber materials that have been studied around the world by different research groups. The current thin film photovoltaic market is dominated by technologies based on the use of CdTe and CIGS, these solar cells have been made with laboratory efficiencies up to 19.6% and 20.8% respectively. However, the scarcity and high cost of In, Ga and Te can limit in the long-term the production in large scale of photovoltaic devices. On the other hand, quaternary CZTSSe which contain abundant and inexpensive elements like Cu, Zn, Sn, S and Se has been a potential candidate for PV technology having solar cell efficiency up to 12.6%, however, there are still some challenges that must be accomplished for this material. Therefore, it is evident the need to find the alternative inexpensive and earth abundant materials for thin film solar cells. One of these alternatives is copper antimony sulfide(CuSbS2) which contains abundant and non-toxic elements which has a direct optical band gap of 1.5 eV, the optimum value for an absorber material in solar cells, suggesting this material as one among the new photovoltaic materials. This thesis work focuses on the preparation and characterization of In6Se7, CuSbS2 and CuSb(S1-xSex)2 thin films for their application as absorber material in photovoltaic structures using two stage process by the combination of chemical bath deposition and thermal evaporation.
Resumo:
The rural electrification is characterized by geographical dispersion of the population, low consumption, high investment by consumers and high cost. Moreover, solar radiation constitutes an inexhaustible source of energy and in its conversion into electricity photovoltaic panels are used. In this study, equations were adjusted to field conditions presented by the manufacturer for current and power of small photovoltaic systems. The mathematical analysis was performed on the photovoltaic rural system I- 100 from ISOFOTON, with power 300 Wp, located at the Experimental Farm Lageado of FCA/UNESP. For the development of such equations, the circuitry of photovoltaic cells has been studied to apply iterative numerical methods for the determination of electrical parameters and possible errors in the appropriate equations in the literature to reality. Therefore, a simulation of a photovoltaic panel was proposed through mathematical equations that were adjusted according to the data of local radiation. The results have presented equations that provide real answers to the user and may assist in the design of these systems, once calculated that the maximum power limit ensures a supply of energy generated. This real sizing helps establishing the possible applications of solar energy to the rural producer and informing the real possibilities of generating electricity from the sun.
Resumo:
This investigation is motivated by the need for new visible frequency direct bandgap semiconductor materials that are abundant and low-cost to meet the increasing demand for optoelectronic devices in applications such as solid state lighting and solar energy conversion. Proposed here is the utilization of zinc-IV-nitride materials, where group IV elements include silicon, germanium, and tin, as earth-abundant alternatives to the more common III-nitrides in optoelectronic devices. These compound semiconductors were synthesized under optimized conditions using reactive radio frequency magnetron sputter deposition. Single phase ZnSnN<sub>2</sub>, having limited experimental accounts in literature, is validated by identification of the wurtzite-derived crystalline structure predicted by theory through X-ray and electron diffraction studies. With the addition of germanium, bandgap tunability of ZnSn<sub>x</sub>Ge<sub>1-x</sub>N<sub>2</sub> alloys is demonstrated without observation of phase separation, giving these materials a distinct advantage over In<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>N alloys. The accessible bandgaps range from 1.8 to 3.1 eV, which spans the majority of the visible spectrum. Electron densities, measured using the Hall effect, were found to be as high as 10<sup>22</sup> cm<sup>3</sup> and indicate that the compounds are unintentionally degenerately doped. Given these high carrier concentrations, a Burstein-Moss shift is likely affecting the optical bandgap measurements. The discoveries made in this thesis suggest that with some improvements in material quality, zinc-IV-nitrides have the potential to enable cost-effective and scalable optoelectronic devices.
Resumo:
Se presentan los modelos de hopping de rango variable (variable range hopping; VRH), vecinos cercanos (nearest neighbor hopping; NNH) y barreras de potencial presentes en las fronteras de grano; como mecanismos de transporte elctrico predominantes en los materiales semiconductores para aplicaciones fotovoltaicas. Las medidas de conductividad a oscuras en funcin de temperatura fueron realizadas para regin de bajas temperaturas entre 120 y 400 K con Si y compuestos Cu3BiS2 y Cu2ZnSnSe4. Siguiendo la teora de percolacin, se obtuvieron parmetros hopping y la densidad de estados cerca del nivel de Fermi, N(EF), para todas las muestras. A partir de los planteamientos dados por Mott para VRH, se present el modelo difusional, que permiti establecer la relacin entre la conductividad y la densidad de estados de defecto o estados localizados en el gap del material. El anlisis comparativo entre modelos, evidenci, que es posible obtener mejora hasta de un orden de magnitud en valores para cada uno de los parmetros hopping que caracterizan el material.
Resumo:
In this paper, we carried out first-principles calculations in order to investigate the structural and electronic properties of the binary compound gallium antimonide (GaSb). This theoretical study was carried out using the Density Functional Theory within the plane-wave pseudopotential method. The effects ofexchange and correlation (XC) were treated using the functional Local Density Approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA): PerdewBurkeErnzerhof (PBE), Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof revised for solids (PBEsol), Perdew-Wang91 (PW91), revised PerdewBurkeErnzerhof (rPBE), ArmientoMattson 2005 (AM05) and meta-generalized gradient approximation (meta-GGA): TaoPerdew StaroverovScuseria (TPSS) and revised TaoPerdewStaroverovScuseria (RTPSS) and modified Becke-Johnson (MBJ). We calculated the densities of state (DOS) and band structure with different XC potentials identified and compared them with the theoretical and experimental results reported in the literature. It was discovered that functional: LDA, PBEsol, AM05 and RTPSS provide the best results to calculate the lattice parameters (a) and bulk modulus (B0); while for the cohesive energy (Ecoh), functional: AM05, RTPSS and PW91 are closer to the values obtained experimentally. The MBJ, Rtpss and AM05 values found for the band gap energy is slightly underestimated with those values reported experimentally.
Resumo:
The present work describes the measurement effort for direct normal irradiance (DNI) evaluation in the sunny south of Portugal, with a network of eight radiation measurement stations in several locations (including vora) providing a good coverage of the region. This new initiative for DNI measurement will still need many years (typically 10 or more) to produce a time series which can claim having long term statistical value. This problem can, however, be temporarily mitigated by measuring DNI at the same time as GHI and DHI, in a place where long term series dating back, already exist for those two. It so happens that a long term series (20 years) of global and diffuse solar irradiation exists for the location vora. So the expectation is to establish correlations with the goal of attributing at least some long term statistical significance to the short and recent DNI series. The paper describes the setup of the measuring stations and presents the preliminary measurements obtained. It further presents the first correlations of monthly averages between normal beam (DNI), global and diffuse radiation. It then uses these correlations, admittedly without acceptable statistical significance (short series of less than one year of measured data), to exemplify how to get a prediction of long term DNI for vora. This preliminary obtained value is compared to that predicted by the commercial data from Meteonorm.
