Selection and Floral Evolution in Platanthera bifolia and P. chlorantha (Orchidaceae)

Natural selection mediated by pollinators has influenced the evolution of floral diversity of the flowering plants (angiosperms). The scope of this thesis was to study: 1) phenotypic selection, 2) mating systems, and 3) floral shifts involved in plant speciation. Model plant species were Platanthera bifolia and P. chlorantha (Orchidaceae). These orchids are moth-pollinated, strictly co-sexual (bisexual flowers), and produce a spike that displays 10-20 white flowers. I explored the influence of characters on plant fitness by using multiple linear regressions. Pollen removal (male fitness) and fruit set (female fitness) increased with more flowers per plant in three P. bifolia populations. There was selection towards longer spurs in a dry year when average spur length was shorter than in normal-wet years. Female function was sensitive to drought, which enabled an application of the male function hypothesis of floral evolution (Bateman's principle). The results show that selection may vary between populations, years, and sex-functions. I examined inbreeding by estimating levels of geitonogamy (self-pollination between flowers of an individual) with an emasculation method in two P. bifolia populations. Geitonogamy did not vary with inflorescence size. Levels of geitonogamy was 20-40% in the smaller, but non-significant in the larger population. This may relate to lower number of possible mates and pollinator activity in the smaller population. Platanthera bifolia exhibits the ancestral character state of tongue-attachment of pollinia on the pollinator. Its close relative P. chlorantha attaches its pollinia onto the pollinator's eyes. To explore the mechanism of a floral shift, pollination efficiency and speed was compared between the two species. The results showed no differences in pollination efficiency, but P. chlorantha had faster pollen export and import. Efficiency of pollination in terms of speed may cause floral shifts, and thus speciation.

Mapping Learning and Game Mechanics for Serious Games Analysis in Engineering Education

In a world where students are increasing digitally tethered to powerful, ‘always on’ mobile devices, new models of engagement and approaches to teaching and learning are required from educators. Serious Games (SG) have proved to have instructional potential but there is still a lack of methodologies and tools not only for their design but also to support game analysis and assessment. This paper explores the use of SG to increase student engagement and retention. The development phase of the Circuit Warz game is presented to demonstrate how electronic engineering education can be radically reimagined to create immersive, highly engaging learning experiences that are problem-centered and pedagogically sound. The Learning Mechanics–Game Mechanics (LM-GM) framework for SG game analysis is introduced and its practical use in an educational game design scenario is shown as a case study.

Games for groundwater governance: field experiments in Andhra Pradesh, India

Groundwater is a common-pool resource that is subject to depletion in many places around the world as a result of increased use of irrigation and water-demanding cash crops. Where state capacity to control groundwater use is limited, collective action is important to increase recharge and restrict highly water-consumptive crops. We present results of field experiments in hard rock areas of Andhra Pradesh, India, to examine factors affecting groundwater use. Two nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) ran the games in communities where they were working to improve watershed and water management. Results indicate that, when the links between crop choice and groundwater depletion is made explicit, farmers can act cooperatively to address this problem. Longer NGO involvement in the villages was associated with more cooperative outcomes in the games. Individuals with more education and higher perceived community social capital played more cooperatively, but neither gender nor method of payment had a significantly effect on individual behavior. When participants could repeat the game with communication, similar crop choice patterns were observed. The games provided an entry point for discussion on the understanding of communities of the interconnectedness of groundwater use and crop choice.

Material culture in massive multiplayer online role-playing games : the social, cultural and educational meanings of virtual goods in world of warcraft

Michaela Rizzolli

Suhde- ja verkostolähtöinen näkökulma urheilutapahtuman sponsorointiin Case Paavo Nurmi Games

Urheilutapahtumat tavoittavat miljoonia ihmisiä päivittäin ympäri maailmaa. Yritykset ovat jo pitkään olleet kiinnostuneita yhteistyöstä urheilutapahtumien kanssa. Sponsoroinnin rahavirta on jatkanut kasvua, vaikka muun mainonnan kasvu on ollut hidasta. Tapahtumasponsorointiin käytetyn rahan määrä on viime vuosina kasvanut noin viisi prosenttia vuositasolla. Tutkielman tarkoituksena oli tarkastella urheilutapahtuman verkostoa ja suhteita tapahtuman pääyhteistyökumppanien näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen tavoite oli jaettu kahteen osa-ongelmaan: 1. Miten urheilutapahtuman pääyhteistyökumppanit kokevat oman suhteensa sponsoroitavaan kohteeseen 2. Miten urheilutapahtuman pääyhteistyökumppanit kokevat oman asemansa verkostossa Ensimmäisenä teemana tutkielmassa tarkasteltiin tapahtumasponsoroinnin tavoitteita ja kahden välisen sponsorointisuhteen toimintaa. Toisena tarkasteltiin urheilutapahtuman verkoston muodostumista, toimintaa ja suhteita. Näiden kahden teeman pohjalta rakennettiin teoreettinen viitekehys tukemaan empiirisen tutkimuksen toteuttamista. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen tapaustutkimus, jossa aineisto kerättiin kymmeneltä Paavo Nurmi Games –urheilutapahtuman pääyhteistyökumppanitason yritykseltä. Tutkimuksessa haastateltujen yritysten edustajien haastattelun lisäksi he myös piirsivät oman hahmotelmansa PNG-verkostosta. Näiden verkostokuvien keskinäinen vertailu tuki haastatteluissa kerättyä ja litteroitua aineistoa. Empiirisen tutkimuksen tuloksissa aineistoa käsiteltiin teoreettiseen viitekehykseen perustuviin teemoihin tukeutuen. Teemojen avulla esiteltiin pääyhteistyökumppanien kokemuksia PNG-verkoston eri toimijoista, suhteista sekä tavoitteista sponsorointisuhteelle. Aineistosta havaittiin selkeitä yhtäläisyyksiä pääyhteistyökumppanien yhteistyön tavoitteissa sekä koetusta suhteesta sponsoroitavaan kohteeseen. Haastateltujen yritysten kokemukset omasta asemastaan verkostossa poikkesivat suuremmin toisistaan. Yhteistyön tavoitteet ja tausta vaikuttivat yrityksen kokemukseen verkostosta. Verkostosta tunnistettiin kuitenkin kaksi keskeisintä toimijaa erilaisista verkostokokemuksista huolimatta.

Audio games: investigation of the potential through prototype development

This article discusses the potential of audio games based on the evaluation of three projects: a story-driven audio role-playing game (RPG), an interactive audiobook with RPG elements, and a set of casual sound-based games. The potential is understood, both in popularity and playability terms. The first factor is connected to the degree of players’ interest, while the second one to the degree of their engagement in sound-based game worlds. Although presented projects are embedded within the landscape of past and contemporary audio games and gaming platforms, the authors reach into the near future, concluding with possible development directions for this non-visual interactive entertainment.

Playing with sound and gesture in digital audio games

This article introduces the genre of a digital audio game and discusses selected play interaction solutions implemented in the Audio Game Hub, a prototype designed and evaluated in the years 2014 and 2015 at the Gamification Lab at Leuphana University Lüneburg.1 The Audio Game Hub constitutes a set of familiar playful activities (aiming at a target, reflex-based reacting to sound signals, labyrinth exploration) and casual games (e.g. Tetris, Memory) adapted to the digital medium and converted into the audio sphere, where the player is guided predominantly or solely by sound. The authors will discuss the design questions raised at early stages of the project, and confront them with the results of user experience testing performed on two groups of sighted and one group of visually impaired gamers.