The inhomogeneity of plastic-deformation in ductile single-crystals

A discrete slip model which characterizes the inhomogeneity of material properties in ductile single crystals is proposed in this paper. Based on this model rate-dependent finite element investigations are carried out which consider the finite deformation, finite rotation, latent hardening effect and elastic anisotropy. The calculation clearly exhibits the process from microscopic inhomogeneous and localized deformation to necking and the formation of LSBS and reveals several important features of shear localization. For example, the inhomogeneous deformation is influenced by the imperfections and initial non-uniformities of material properties. The inhomogeneous deformation may either induce necking which results in the lattice rotation and leads to geometrical softening, which in turn promotes the formation of CSBS, or induces heavily localized deformation. The microscopic localized deformation eventually develops into the LSBS and results in a failure. These results are in close agreement with experiment. Our calculations also find that the slip lines on the specimen's surface at necking become curved and also find that if the necking occurs before the formation of LSBS, this band must be misoriented from the operative slip systems. In this case, the formation of LSBS must involve non-crystallographic effects. These can also be indirectly confirmed by experiment. All these suggest that our present discrete slip model offers a correct description of the inhomogeneous deformation characterization in ductile crystals.

Copia de una carta remitida por el Secretario de Estado de la Santa Sede al obispo Mateo Múgica.

Fecha: 30-3-1939 (>1970 copia) / Unidad de instalación: Carpeta 45 - Expediente 2-6 / Nº de pág.: 1 (mecanografiada)

可燃气体中激波聚焦的点火特性

数值模拟了二维平面激波从抛物面上反射在可燃气体中聚焦的过程，研究了形成爆轰波的点火特性,对理想化学当量比氢气／空气混合气体，在初始压强20kPa的条件下，马赫数2．6-2．8的激波聚焦能产生两个点火区：第1个点火区是反射激波会聚引起的，第2个点火区是由入射激波在抛物面上发生马赫反射引起的．这种条件下流场中会出现爆燃转爆轰，起爆点分别分布在管道壁面、抛物反射面和第2点火区附近．起爆机理分别为激波管道壁面反射、点火诱导激波的抛物面反射和点火诱导的激波与第2点火区产生的爆燃波的相互作用,不同的点火和起爆过程导致了不同的流场波系结构，同时影响了爆轰波传播的波动力学过程．

Report of the Study Group on “ Fisheries and Ecosystem Response to Recent Regime Shifts”

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. DECADAL-SCALE CLIMATE EVENTS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Basin-scale Patterns 1.3 Long Time Series in the North Pacific 1.4 Decadal Climate Variability in Ecological Regions of the North Pacific 1.5 Mechanisms 1.6 References 2. COHERENT REGIONAL RESPONSES 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Central North Pacific (CNP) 2.3 California Current System (CCS) 2.4 Gulf of Alaska (GOA) 2.5 Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands 2.6 Western North Pacific (WNP) 2.7 Coherence in Regional Responses to the 1998 Regime Shift 2.8 Climate Indicators for Detecting Regime Shifts 2.9 References 3. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MARINE RESOURCES 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Response Time of Biota to Regime Shifts 3.3 Response Time of Management to Regime Shifts 3.4 Provision of Stock Assessment Advice 3.5 Decision Rules 3.6 References 4. SUGGESTED LITERATURE 4.1 Climate Regimes 4.2 Impacts on Lower Trophic Levels 4.3 Impacts on Fish and Higher Trophic Levels 4.4 Impacts on Ecosystems and Possible Mechanisms 4.5 Regimes and Fisheries Management APPENDIX 1: RECENT ECOSYSTEM CHANGES IN THE CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC A1.1 Introduction A1.2 Physical Oceanography A1.3 Lower Trophic Levels A1.4 Invertebrates A1.5 Fishes A1.6 References APPENDIX 2: RECENT ECOSYSTEM CHANGES IN THE CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM A2.1 Introduction A2.2 Physical Oceanography A2.3 Lower Trophic Levels A2.4 Invertebrates A2.5 Fishes A2.6 References APPENDIX 3: RECENT ECOSYSTEM CHANGES IN THE GULF OF ALASKA A3.1 Introduction A3.2 Physical Oceanography A3.3 Lower Trophic Levels A3.4 Invertebrates A3.5 Fishes A3.6 Higher Trophic Levels A3.7 Coherence in Gulf of Alaska Fish A3.8 Combined Standardized Indices of Recruitment and Survival Rate A3.9 References APPENDIX 4: RECENT ECOSYSTEM CHANGES IN THE BERING SEA AND ALEUTIAN ISLANDS A4.1 Introduction A4.2 Bering Sea Environmental Variables and Physical Oceanography A4.3 Bering Sea Lower Trophic Levels A4.4 Bering Sea Invertebrates A4.5 Bering Sea Fishes A4.6 Bering Sea Higher Trophic Levels A4.7 Coherence in Bering Sea Fish Responses A4.8 Combined Standardized Indices of Bering Fish Recruitment and Survival Rate A4.9 Aleutian Islands A4.10 References APPENDIX 5: RECENT ECOSYSTEM CHANGES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC A5.1 Introduction A5.2 Sea of Okhotsk A5.3 Tsushima Current Region and Kuroshio/Oyashio Current Region A5.4 Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea A5.5 References (168 page document)

Marine ecosystems of the North Pacific

Key Messages [pdf, 2.5 Mb] Climate Information Gaps Ocean Productivity Information gaps Living Marine Resources Information gaps Climate [pdf, 1.8 Mb] Productivity [pdf, 5.2 Mb] Nutrients Phytoplankton Zooplankton Living Resources [pdf, 10 Mb] Subarctic coastal systems Central oceanic gyres Temperate coastal and oceanic systems Marine mammals The Human Population [pdf, 5 Mb] Contaminants and Habitat Modifications Aquaculture Knowledge Gaps Glossary Ocean and Climate Changes [pdf, 4.1Mb] Highlights Introduction Atmospheric Indices Change in 1998/99 Comparison of Atmospheric Indices Authorship Yellow Sea / East China Sea [pdf, 2.3 Mb] Highlights Background Status and Trends Hydrography Chemistry Plankton Benthos Fish and invertebrates Marine birds and mammals Issues Critical factors causing change Authorship Japan/East Sea [pdf, 3.3 Mb] Highlights Background Status and Trends Hydrography Chemistry Plankton Fish and Invertebrates Marine Birds and Mammals Critical factors causing change Issues Authorship Okhotsk Sea [pdf, 1.7 Mb] Background Status and Trends Climate Hydrography Chemistry Plankton Fish and Invertebrates Marine Birds and Mammals Issues Critical factors causing change Authorship Oyashio / Kuroshio [pdf, 4.5 Mb] Highlights Background Status and Trends Hydrography Plankton Fish and Invertebrates Marine Birds and Mammals Issues Authorship Western Subarctic Gyre [pdf, 4.5 Mb] Highlights Background Status and Trends Hydrography Chemistry Plankton Fish and Invertebrates Marine Birds and Mammals Issues Authorship Bering Sea [pdf, 2.2 Mb] Highlights Background Status and Trends Hydrography Chemistry Plankton Fish and Invertebrates Marine Birds and Mammals Critical Factors Causing Change Issues Authorship Gulf of Alaska [pdf, 2.6 Mb] Highlights Background Status and trends Hydrography Chemistry Plankton Fish and Invertebrates Marine birds and mammals Critical factors causing change Issues Authorship California Current [pdf, 2.7 Mb] Highlights Background Status and Trends Hydrography Chemistry Plankton Fish and Invertebrates Marine Birds and Mammals Critical Factors Causing Change Issues Authorship Gulf of California [pdf, 1.7 Mb] Highlights Background Status and Trends Hydrography Chemistry Plankton Fisheries Marine Birds and Mammals Critical Factors Causing Change Issues Authorship Transition Zone [pdf, 2.5 Mb] Background Status and Trends Hydrography Chemistry Plankton Fish and Invertebrates Marine Birds and Mammals Issues Authorship Tuna [pdf, 1.5 Mb] Highlights Background Pacific bluefin tuna Albacore tuna Status and trends Ecosystem model and climate forcing Authorship Pacific halibut [pdf, 1.1 Mb] Background The Fishery Climate Influences Authorship Pacific salmon [Updated, pdf, 0.4 Mb] Background Status and Trends Washington, Oregon, and California British Columbia Southeast Alaska Central Alaska Western Alaska Russia Japan Authorship References [pdf, 0.5 Mb]

氢/空气火焰在半开口有障碍管道中的传播特性

针对氢/空气混合物，通过实验研究了其预混火焰在半开口管道中的火焰传播加速现象。结果表明，火焰传播状态随着氢气当量比的变化而发生改变。当氢/空气混合物被点燃后，由于障碍物的扰动，火焰在管道中不断加速传播，并最终到一准稳态传播。在氢气当量比0.34附近时，火焰速度发生跃变。当氢气当量比足够大时，火焰传播由爆燃态转变为爆轰态。在本实验条件下，爆燃转准爆轰的临界条件是d/λ ≥ 2.6（d是圆环形障碍物内径，λ是爆轰格胞尺度）。障碍物阻塞比的变化对最大火焰速度和压力提升的影响不明显。

Experimental Study on Flow Induced Vibration of a Cylinder with Two Degrees of Freedom Near a Rigid Wall

The flow-induced vibration of a cylinder with two degrees of freedom near a rigid wall under the action of steady flow is investigated experimentally. The vibration amplitude and frequency of the cylinder and the vortex shedding frequency at the wake flow region of the cylinder are measured. The influence of gap-to-diameter ratio upon the amplitude response is analyzed. The experimental results indicate that when the reduced velocity (Vr) is in the range of 1.2 < Vr < 2.6, only streamwise vibration with small amplitude occurs, whose frequency is quite close to its natural frequency in the still water. When the reduced velocity Vr > 3.4, both the streamwise and transverse vibrations of the cylinder occur. In this range, the amplitudes of transverse vibration are much larger than those of streamwise vibrations, and the amplitudes of the streamwise vibration also get larger than those at the range of 1.2 < Vr < 2.6. At the range of Vr > 3.4, the frequency of streamwise vibration undergoes a jump at certain values of Vr, at which the streamwise vibrating frequency is twice as much as the transverse one. However, when the streamwise vibration does not experience a jump, its frequency is the same as that of the transverse vibration. The maximum values of second streamwise and transverse vibration amplitudes increase with increasing gap-to-diameter ratios.

Ecological condition of coastal ocean waters along the U.S. Western Continental Shelf: 2003

Executive Summary: The western National Coastal Assessment (NCA-West) program of EPA, in conjunction with the NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS), conducted an assessment of the status of ecological condition of soft sediment habitats and overlying waters along the western U.S. continental shelf, between the target depths of 30 and 120 m, during June 2003. NCA-West and NOAA/NOS partnered with the West Coast states (Washington (WA), Oregon (OR), and California (CA)), and the Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) Bight ’03 program to conduct the survey. A total of 257 stations were sampled from Cape Flattery, WA to the Mexican border using standard methods and indicators applied in previous coastal NCA projects. A key study feature was the incorporation of a stratified-random sampling design with stations stratified by state and National Marine Sanctuary (NMS) status. Each of the three states was represented by at least 50 random stations. There also were a total of 84 random stations located within NOAA’s five NMSs along the West Coast including the Olympic Coast NMS (OCNMS), Cordell Bank NMS (CBNMS), Gulf of Farallones NMS (GFNMS), Monterey Bay NMS (MBNMS), and Channel Islands NMS (CINMS). Collection of flatfish via hook-and-line for fish-tissue contaminant analysis was successful at 50 EMAP/NCA-West stations. Through a collaboration developed with the FRAM Division of the Northwest Fisheries Science Center, fish from an additional 63 stations in the same region and depth range were also analyzed for fish-tissue contaminants. Bottom depth throughout the region ranged from 28 m to 125 m for most stations. Two slightly deeper stations from the Southern California Bight (SCB) (131, 134 m) were included in the data set. About 44% of the survey area had sediments composed of sands (< 20% silt-clay), about 47% was composed of intermediate muddy sands (20-80% silt-clay), and about 9% was composed of muds (> 80% silt-clay). The majority of the survey area (97%) had relatively low percent total organic carbon (TOC) levels of < 2%, while a small portion (< 1%) had high TOC levels (> 5%), in a range potentially harmful to benthic fauna. Salinity of surface waters for 92% of the survey area were > 31 psu, with most stations < 31 psu associated with the Columbia River plume. Bottom salinities ranged only between 31.6 and 34.4 psu. There was virtually no difference in mean bottom salinities among states or between NMS and non-NMS stations. Temperatures of surface water (range 8.5 -19.9 °C) and bottom water (range 5.8 -14.7 °C) averaged several degrees higher in CA in comparison to WA and OR. The Δσt index of watercolumn stratification indicated that about 31% of the survey area had strong vertical stratification of the water column. The index was greatest for waters off WA and lowest for CA waters. Only about 2.6 % of the survey area had surface dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations ≤ 4.8 mg/L, and there were no values below the lower threshold (2.3 mg/L) considered harmful to the survival and growth of marine animals. Surface DO concentrations were higher in WA and OR waters than in CA, and higher in the OC NMS than in the CA sanctuaries. An estimated 94.3% of the area had bottom-water DO concentrations ≤ 4.8 mg/L and 6.6% had concentrations ≤ 2.3 mg/L. The high prevalence of DO from 2.3 to 4.8 mg/L (85% of survey area) is believed to be associated with the upwelling of naturally low DO water across the West Coast shelf. Mean TSS and transmissivity in surface waters (excluding OR due to sample problems) were slightly higher and lower, respectively, for stations in WA than for those in CA. There was little difference in mean TSS or transmissivity between NMS and non-NMS locations. Mean transmissivity in bottom waters, though higher in comparison to surface waters, showed little difference among geographic regions or between NMS and non-NMS locations. Concentrations of nitrate + nitrite, ammonium, total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and orthophosphate (P) in surface waters tended to be highest in CA compared to WA and OR, and higher in the CA NMS stations compared to CA non-sanctuary stations. Measurements of silicate in surface waters were limited to WA and CA (exclusive of the SCB) and showed that concentrations were similar between the two states and approximately twice as high in CA sanctuaries compared to OCNMS or nonsanctuary locations in either state. The elevated nutrient concentrations observed at CA NMS stations are consistent with the presence of strong upwelling at these sites at the time of sampling. Approximately 93% of the area had DIN/P values ≤ 16, indicative of nitrogen limitation. Mean DIN/P ratios were similar among the three states, although the mean for the OCNMS was less than half that of the CA sanctuaries or nonsanctuary locations. Concentrations of chlorophyll a in surface waters ranged from 0 to 28 μg L-1, with 50% of the area having values < 3.9 μg L-1 and 10% having values > 14.5 μg L-1. The mean concentration of chlorophyll a for CA was less than half that of WA and OR locations, and concentrations were lowest in non-sanctuary sites in CA and highest at the OCNMS. Shelf sediments throughout the survey area were relatively uncontaminated with the exception of a group of stations within the SCB. Overall, about 99% of the total survey area was rated in good condition (<5 chemicals measured above corresponding effect range low (ERL) concentrations). Only the pesticides 4,4′-DDE and total DDT exceeded corresponding effect range-median (ERM) values, all at stations in CA near Los Angeles. Ten other contaminants including seven metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ag, Zn), 2-methylnaphthalene, low molecular weight PAHs, and total PCBs exceeded corresponding ERLs. The most prevalent in terms of area were chromium (31%), arsenic (8%), 2-methylnaphthalene (6%), cadmium (5%), and mercury (4%). The chromium contamination may be related to natural background sources common to the region. The 2-methylnaphthalene exceedances were conspicuously grouped around the CINMS. The mercury exceedances were all at non-sanctuary sites in CA, particularly in the Los Angeles area. Concentrations of cadmium in fish tissues exceeded the lower end of EPA’s non-cancer, human-health-risk range at nine of 50 EMAP/NCA-West and nine of 60 FRAM groundfish-survey stations, including a total of seven NMS stations in CA and two in the OCNMS. The human-health guidelines for all other contaminants were only exceeded for total PCBs at one station located in WA near the mouth of the Columbia River. Benthic species richness was relatively high in these offshore assemblages, ranging from 19 to 190 taxa per 0.1-m2 grab and averaging 79 taxa/grab. The high species richness was reflected over large areas of the shelf and was nearly three times greater than levels observed in estuarine samples along the West Coast (e.g NCA-West estuarine mean of 26 taxa/grab). Mean species richness was highest off CA (94 taxa/grab) and lower in OR and WA (55 and 56 taxa/grab, respectively). Mean species richness was very similar between sanctuary vs. non-sanctuary stations for both the CA and OR/WA regions. Mean diversity index H′ was highest in CA (5.36) and lowest in WA (4.27). There were no major differences in mean H′ between sanctuary vs. nonsanctuary stations for both the CA and OR/WA regions. A total of 1,482 taxa (1,108 to species) and 99,135 individuals were identified region-wide. Polychaetes, crustaceans and molluscs were the dominant taxa, both by percent abundance (59%, 17%, 12% respectively) and percent species (44%, 25%, 17%, respectively). There were no major differences in the percent composition of benthic communities among states or between NMSs and corresponding non-sanctuary sites. Densities averaged 3,788 m-2, about 30% of the average density for West Coast estuaries. Mean density of benthic fauna in the present offshore survey, averaged by state, was highest in CA (4,351 m-2) and lowest in OR (2,310 m-2). Mean densities were slightly higher at NMS stations vs. non-sanctuary stations for both the CA and OR/WA regions. The 10 most abundant taxa were the polychaetes Mediomastus spp., Magelona longicornis, Spiophanes berkeleyorum, Spiophanes bombyx, Spiophanes duplex, and Prionospio jubata; the bivalve Axinopsida serricata, the ophiuroid Amphiodia urtica, the decapod Pinnixa occidentalis, and the ostracod Euphilomedes carcharodonta. Mediomastus spp. and A. serricata were the two most abundant taxa overall. Although many of these taxa have broad geographic distributions throughout the region, the same species were not ranked among the 10 most abundant taxa consistently across states. The closest similarities among states were between OR and WA. At least half of the 10 most abundant taxa in NMSs were also dominant in corresponding nonsanctuary waters. Many of the abundant benthic species have wide latitudinal distributions along the West Coast shelf, with some species ranging from southern CA into the Gulf of Alaska or even the Aleutians. Of the 39 taxa on the list of 50 most abundant taxa that could be identified to species level, 85% have been reported at least once from estuaries of CA, OR, or WA exclusive of Puget Sound. Such broad latitudinal and estuarine distributions are suggestive of wide habitat tolerances. Thirteen (1.2%) of the 1,108 identified species are nonindigenous, with another 121 species classified as cryptogenic (of uncertain origin), and 208 species unclassified with respect to potential invasiveness. Despite uncertainties of classification, the number and densities of nonindigenous species appear to be much lower on the shelf than in the estuarine ecosystems of the Pacific Coast. Spionid polychaetes and the ampharetid polychaete Anobothrus gracilis were a major component of the nonindigenous species collected on the shelf. NOAA’s five NMSs along the West Coast of the U.S. appeared to be in good ecological condition, based on the measured indicators, with no evidence of major anthropogenic impacts or unusual environmental qualities compared to nearby nonsanctuary waters. Benthic communities in sanctuaries resembled those in corresponding non-sanctuary waters, with similarly high levels of species richness and diversity and low incidence of nonindigenous species. Most oceanographic features were also similar between sanctuary and non-sanctuary locations. Exceptions (e.g., higher concentrations of some nutrients in sanctuaries along the CA coast) appeared to be attributable to natural upwelling events in the area at the time of sampling. In addition, sediments within the sanctuaries were relatively uncontaminated, with none of the samples having any measured chemical in excess of ERM values. The ERL value for chromium was exceeded in sediments at the OCNMS, but at a much lower percentage of stations (four of 30) compared to WA and OR non-sanctuary areas (31 of 70 stations). ERL values were exceeded for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, 2- methylnaphthalene, low molecular weight PAHs, total DDT, and 4,4′-DDE at multiple sites within the CINMS. However, cases where total DDT, 4,4′-DDE, and chromium exceeded the ERL values were notably less prevalent at CINMS than in non-sanctuary waters of CA. In contrast, 2-methylnaphthalene above the ERL was much more prevalent in sediments at the CINMS compared to non-sanctuary waters off the coast of CA. While there are natural background sources of PAHs from oil seeps throughout the SCB, this does not explain the higher incidence of 2-methylnaphthalene contamination around CINMS. Two stations in CINMS also had levels of TOC (> 5%) potentially harmful to benthic fauna, though none of these sites exhibited symptoms of impaired benthic condition. This study showed no major evidence of extensive biological impacts linked to measured stressors. There were only two stations, both in CA, where low numbers of benthic species, diversity, or total faunal abundance co-occurred with high sediment contamination or low DO in bottom water. Such general lack of concordance suggests that these offshore waters are currently in good condition, with the lower-end values of the various biological attributes representing parts of a normal reference range controlled by natural factors. Results of multiple linear regression, performed using full model procedures to test for effects of combined abiotic environmental factors, suggested that latitude and depth had significant influences on benthic variables regionwide. Latitude had a significant inverse influence on all three of the above benthic variables, i.e. with values increasing as latitude decreased (p< 0.01), while depth had a significant direct influence on diversity (p < 0.001) and inverse effect on density (p <0.01). None of these variables varied significantly in relation to sediment % fines (at p< 0.1), although in general there was a tendency for muddier sediments (higher % fines) to have lower species richness and diversity and higher densities than coarser sediments. Alternatively, it is possible that for some of these sites the lower values of benthic variables reflect symptoms of disturbance induced by other unmeasured stressors. The indicators in this study included measures of stressors (e.g., chemical contaminants, eutrophication) that are often associated with adverse biological impacts in shallower estuarine and inland ecosystems. However, there may be other sources of humaninduced stress in these offshore systems (e.g., bottom trawling) that pose greater risks to ambient living resources and which have not been captured. Future monitoring efforts in these offshore areas should include indicators of such alternative sources of disturbance. (137pp.) (PDF contains 167 pages)

微/纳米力学测试技术及其应用

    本书系统地介绍了微／纳米力学测试技术中最常用的压入和划入技术及其典型应用。全书共分13章。测试技术方面，内容涉及接触力学、测试原理、方法、校准、仪器、力学参量、影响因素。典型应用方面，内容涉及在表面工程、微机电系统、生物、高聚物和金属玻璃等领域内的微／纳米力学行为的测试。本书可供力学、材料、物理、电子、机械、生物和化学等领域的研究人员、工程技术人员以及大专院校相关专业的师生参考。

目录

前言

第1章 绪论

1.1硬度的定义和分类

1.2纳米压入和划入技术的发展

1.3纳米压入和划入技术的特点

参考文献

第2章 压入接触力学

2.1弹性接触

2.1.1 Soeddon解

2.1.2锥形压针

2.1.3球形压针

2.1.4圆柱压针

2.2弹塑性接触

2.2.1塑性发生

2.2.2完全塑性

2.2.3材料响应

参考文献

第3章 纳米压入测试原理

3.1压入硬度和模量

3.2连续刚度测量

3.3载荷一深度数据确定的材料参数

3.3.1马氏硬度

3.3.2压入蠕变

3.3.3压入松弛

3.3.4压入弹性功和塑性功

参考文献

第4章 纳米压入测试方法

4.1压针类型

4.1.1玻氏压针

4.1.2立方角压针

4.1.3维氏压针

4.1.4努氏压针

4.1.5圆锥压针

4.1.6球形压针

4.1.7圆柱压针

4.1.8楔形压针

4.1.9考虑因素

4.2测试环节

4.2.1样品准备

4.2.2环境控制

4.2.3间距选择

4.2.4表面探测

4.2.5驱动方式

4.2.6测试步骤

4.2.7测试报告

参考文献

第5章 纳米压入的确认和校准

5.1直接确认和校准

5.2间接校准

5.3测试和校准的实例

参考文献

第6章 纳米压入和划入的测量仪器

6.1仪器技术指标的定义

6.2美国Mrs公司

6.3美国Hysitmn公司

6.4瑞士CSM公司

6.5英国MML公司

6.6澳大利亚CSIRO公司

6.7测量仪器的发展趋势

参考文献

第7章 力学参量的测量

7.1压入方式

7.1.1硬度和模量

7.1.2断裂韧度

7.1.3蠕变和粘弹行为

7.1.4压入应力??应变曲线

7.1.5加卸载曲线涉及的

部分现象

7.2划人方式

7.2.1块体材料

7.2.2薄膜材料

7.2.3粗糙度

7.3弯曲方式

7.3.1微悬臂梁静载弯曲

7.3.2微桥静载弯曲

7.3.3微结构疲劳

7.4吸引方式

7.5声发射测试

7.6温度测试

参考文献.

第8章 影响纳米压入测试的因素

8.1测试仪器的影响

8.1.1压针缺陷

8.1.2测试方法

8.1.3接触零点的确定

8.1.4载荷和位移的分辨力

8.2样品的表面状态和性质

8.2.1表面吸湿

8.2.2表面粗糙度

8.2.3残余应力

8.2.4凹陷和凸起变形

8.3纳米压入和划入测试所面临的问题

参考文献

第9章 在表面工程中的应用

9.1金属材料表面激光强化的力学表征

9.2硬质膜的力学和摩擦学性能评估

9.2.1显微硬度测试

9.2.2纳米压人测试

9.2.3纳米划入测试

9.2.4膜材的影响

参考文献

第10章 在微机电系统中的应用

10.1薄膜测试

10.1.1典型薄膜材料的硬度和模量

10.1.2薄膜疲劳

10.1.3淀积工艺对二氧化硅薄膜力学性质的影响

10.2微结构弯曲

10.2.1微结构的静态弯曲

10.2.2微结构的动态弯曲

参考文献

第11章 在生物及其相关材料中的应用

11.1人工林杉木管胞细胞壁

11.2人体腰椎骨

11.3存储液对人体牙齿微力学性能的影响

参考文献

第12章 在高聚物中的应用

12.1PMMA单轴拉伸和弯曲力学行为

12.2划入测试的理论分析

12.3韧性行为的描述

12.4脆性行为的描述

12.4.1温度效应

12.4.2应变率效应

参考文献

第13章 在金属玻璃中的应用

13.1硬度和屈服应力的关系

13.2不连续的塑性变形

13.3压痕形貌和微结构变化

13.4应变率效应

13.5钕基金属玻璃的变形行为

参考文献

附录 常见问题的回答

1测试数量

2压入间距

3压入深度

4泊松比的选择

5典型材料的参数

6断裂韧度测试压针的选择

7纳米薄膜的测试

8典型材料的压入变形行为

9显微硬度和纳米压入硬度的关系

10压入影响区及其边界效应

10.1压入影响区的有限元模拟

10.2边界距离影响的有限元模拟

10.3压人间距影响的测试

参考文献

生物力学导论

在我国生物力学是门新兴学科，它既是医学和生物医学工程发展的需要，也是力学学科发展的必然生物力学以医学、生理学、生物学的学要为出发点和归宿，把力学的和生物学的方法有机地结合起来，去解决这些学科工程中所需解决的问题
本书详细介绍了这方面的有关知识和研究成果
附录与关键词: 生物力学 概论 生物力学

土的本构模型及其工程应用

第一章 绪论
1、1土的本构特性
1、2土本构模型的发展简史
1、3土本构模型的研究动向
2、1应力分析
第二章 连续介质力学的基本概念
2、1、1一点的应力状态、应力张量
2、1、2Cauchy公式、求和协定
2、1、3主应力
2、1、4偏应力
2、1、5八面体应力、纯剪应力、主剪应力
2、1、6应力空间、应力路径
2、1、7应力Mohr圆和应力Lode参数
2、2应变分析
2、2、1一点的应变状态、应变张量
2、2、2应变Cauchy公式
2、2、3主应变
2、2、4偏应变
2、2、5八面体应变、纯应变、主剪应变
2、2、6应变空间、应变路径
2、2、7应变率张量、应变增量张量
2、2、8应变Mohr圆
2、2、9有限应变
2、3基本方程
2、3、1连续方程
2、3、2运动微分方程
2、3、3协调方程
2、3、4能量方程
2、3、5本构方程
2、3、6边界条件和初始条件
第三章 经典塑性理论简述
3、1屈服准则
3、1、1初始屈服
3、1、2后继屈服
3、1、3几种屈服条件
3、2加载和卸载准则
3、2、1理想塑性材料的加载和卸载
3、2、2硬化材料的加载和卸载准则
3、3硬化规律
3、3、1各向同性硬化模型
3、3、2随动硬化模型
3、3、3混合硬化模型
3、4塑性公设
3、4、1Drucker塑性公设
3、4、2Ильюшин塑性公设
3、5流动规则
3、5、1塑性位势理论的基本概念
3、5、2流动规则
3、6塑性形变理论与塑性增量理论
3、6、1塑性形变理论
3、6、2塑性增量理论
第四章 土的弹性本构模型
4、1线弹性模型
4、1、1广义Hook定律
4、1、2正交各向异性线弹性体
4、1、3横观各向同性线弹性体
4、1、4各向同性线弹性体
4、2应变能和应变余能
4、3能量正定性与弹性材料稳定性
4、4具有割线模量的非线性弹性模型
4、4、1全量型应力—应变关系
4、4、2增量型应力—应变关系
4、5Cauchy弹性模型
4、5、1全量型Cauchy弹性模型应力—应变关系
4、5、2增量型Cauchy弹性模型应力—应变关系
4、6超弹性模型
4、6、1全量型超弹性模型应力—应变关系
4、6、2增量型超弹性模型的应力—应变关系
4、7次弹性模型
4、8结语
5、1本构关系的普遍表达式
第五章 土的弹性—理想塑性模型
5、2本构模型中材料常数的确定
5、3本构模型的数值计算
5、4Prandtl—Reuss模型
5、5Drucker—Prager模型
5、6Coulomb模型
6、1本构关系的普遍表达式
第六章 土的弹性—硬化塑性模型
6、2剑桥模型
6、3修正剑桥模型
6、4Lade—Duncan模型
6、5帽盖模型
6、5、1一般增量应力—应变关系与刚度矩阵的推导
6、5、2模型的拟合过程
6、5、3帽盖模型的数值计算
第七章 土的粘弹塑性模型
7、1土的流变学基本模型
7、2Maxwell体模型
7、3Kelvin体模型
7、4粘塑性体模型
7、5三元模型
7、6多元件组合模型
8、1弹塑性横观各向同性模型
第八章 土本构模型的近期发展
8、2非线性弹性—硬化塑性帽盖模型
8、3弹/粘塑性动态帽盖模型
8、4多重屈服面模型
8、5边界面模型
8、6内时本构方程
9、1基础的沉降与塌陷
第九章 土本构模型在工程中的应用
9、1、1具有不同材料常数的Drucker—Prager模型
9、1、2具有非相关联流动的Drucker—Prager模型
9、1、3具有相关流动的帽盖模型
9、2堤坝的非线性分析
9、3基坑开挖的非线性分析
9、3、1基坑竣工后状况
9、3、2边坡对地震过程的响应
9、3、3地震后的滑移
参考文献

板壳断裂力学

本书阐明了板壳断裂理论的基础。论证了Reissner型板壳断裂理论的科学性、经典板壳断裂理论的缺陷及在一定范围内仍具有的实用价值；介绍了作者所创意的研究Reissner型板壳断裂纹尖端场的方法等。

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