A representação social do papel de gestores em organizações não governamentais

The discussions concerning the absence of a management model appropriate to the peculiarities of third sector organizations have not been impeditive to their emphasized expansion in the last decades. In the attempt of understanding this phenomenon from the perspective of those who manage social organizations, this work based on the theory of social representations to understand the notion that organization managers of the third sector - based in Fortaleza CE - have of the part that they play and how this notion influences the direction of their activities. Social representations of managers of four different categories of non-governmental organizations have been investigated, each category composed of two unities. The categories researched were: social integration through art and education, prevention and treatment of alcohol and drug abuse, children s health assistance and community action. By using Doise s Societal Approach, the role of social managers translated in intraindividual, interindividual and situational processes of their actions, has been analysed within the social representations, focusing on beliefs, values, symbols and stories that give meaning to the existence of non-governmental organizations. Analysis and discussion of data displayed the existence of diversity in the understanding of managers within their practice, in other words, the management profile is also its own manager s. The branch where an organization acts is also preponderant in the shaping of a management style. It could be deduced, from to the organizations researched, that professional formation and the manager s social insertion mainly, are determinative factors in the outlining of a management model of its own. It was concluded that, due to heterogeneity of interests and action segments, there is no systematic process for social management among organizations. Management styles are supported by their director s own perception of achievement, who model organizations according to their contingencies

Dynamic Programming Approaches for Estimating and Applying Large-scale Discrete Choice Models

People go through their life making all kinds of decisions, and some of these decisions affect their demand for transportation, for example, their choices of where to live and where to work, how and when to travel and which route to take. Transport related choices are typically time dependent and characterized by large number of alternatives that can be spatially correlated. This thesis deals with models that can be used to analyze and predict discrete choices in large-scale networks. The proposed models and methods are highly relevant for, but not limited to, transport applications. We model decisions as sequences of choices within the dynamic discrete choice framework, also known as parametric Markov decision processes. Such models are known to be difficult to estimate and to apply to make predictions because dynamic programming problems need to be solved in order to compute choice probabilities. In this thesis we show that it is possible to explore the network structure and the flexibility of dynamic programming so that the dynamic discrete choice modeling approach is not only useful to model time dependent choices, but also makes it easier to model large-scale static choices. The thesis consists of seven articles containing a number of models and methods for estimating, applying and testing large-scale discrete choice models. In the following we group the contributions under three themes: route choice modeling, large-scale multivariate extreme value (MEV) model estimation and nonlinear optimization algorithms. Five articles are related to route choice modeling. We propose different dynamic discrete choice models that allow paths to be correlated based on the MEV and mixed logit models. The resulting route choice models become expensive to estimate and we deal with this challenge by proposing innovative methods that allow to reduce the estimation cost. For example, we propose a decomposition method that not only opens up for possibility of mixing, but also speeds up the estimation for simple logit models, which has implications also for traffic simulation. Moreover, we compare the utility maximization and regret minimization decision rules, and we propose a misspecification test for logit-based route choice models. The second theme is related to the estimation of static discrete choice models with large choice sets. We establish that a class of MEV models can be reformulated as dynamic discrete choice models on the networks of correlation structures. These dynamic models can then be estimated quickly using dynamic programming techniques and an efficient nonlinear optimization algorithm. Finally, the third theme focuses on structured quasi-Newton techniques for estimating discrete choice models by maximum likelihood. We examine and adapt switching methods that can be easily integrated into usual optimization algorithms (line search and trust region) to accelerate the estimation process. The proposed dynamic discrete choice models and estimation methods can be used in various discrete choice applications. In the area of big data analytics, models that can deal with large choice sets and sequential choices are important. Our research can therefore be of interest in various demand analysis applications (predictive analytics) or can be integrated with optimization models (prescriptive analytics). Furthermore, our studies indicate the potential of dynamic programming techniques in this context, even for static models, which opens up a variety of future research directions.

As relações da tríplice hélice no setor da carcinicultura do Rio Grande do Norte: uma análise a partir das abordagens da imersão social e da dependência de recursos

This work consists in a study of the Shrimp Industry in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, whose central issue relates to the understanding of how the Triple Helix (University, Government and the productive sector) interrelationship limits or expands the industry s innovation process. The study aims to understand how the Triple Helix relationship interferes in the innovation process of shrimp in Rio Grande do Norte. As the knowledge becomes the resource key for production methods, the generation of new technologies, new products and processes which demands joint and integrated action of the institutions comprising the Triple Helix: University, Government and productive sector, which possess the essential resources to innovate the process and can be maximized from cooperative relationships between the referred Institutions. Thus, in this work, it was sharply used the pioneering studies of Sabato and Botana (1968) regarding the cooperation relationship between the scientific-technological sphere, the governmental and the productive base, and studies on the Triple Helix approach, proposed by Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000), in which the university has a key role in the process of technological and innovative development of countries and regions, and under which it is assigned to the very University - the character of the entrepreneurial institution, through the concept of entrepreneurial University. Aiming to overcome the criticism of Cooke (2005), regarding the limitations of the Triple Helix approach, in this study it was used - as analytical perspectives - the perspective of social immersion (Granovetter, 1985, 2005) and the theory of resources dependence (PFEFFER; SALANCIK, 1978). The analytical perspectives presented in here, despite of the different assumptions, are essential to eliminate the bias that one only approach can lead (ASTLEY; VAN DE VEM; 2007). The authors arguments focus on the fact that the integration is possible if the researcher acknowledged that different perspectives may have different descriptions of the same phenomenon. As a research strategy, this study is characterized as a study case, along with the proposed objectives - the qualitative method was used as an approach and, depending on the gathering of the sector s historical, a sectional longitudinal view approach was applied (VIEIRA, 2004). The primary and secondary data were used in order to understand the sector s evolutionary process and its inter-institutional relations - regarding the shrimp culture in Rio Grande do Norte - to promote the development, as the content was used for the technical analysis (BARDIN, 1977). The approach of social immersion and resources addiction dependence made it possible to understand that relationships are established within and between each sphere (university, government and productive sector) characterizing a network of low density relationships and strongly internal and external dependence. Based on the speech of Etzkowitz and Mello (2006), a successful Triple Helix strategy of innovation requires not only the involvement and commitment of the parts, within the institutional sphere and among them, but also the development of mechanisms to coordinate the multiple and complex interactions and interfaces, focusing on promoting both environment and context for innovation and learning; it can be acknowledge from study results that the shrimp in the State of the RN, although there are several institutional mechanisms to promote greater integration and technological development, has been presented disjointed - both internally and between the spheres - and under no legitimate practice when facing the innovational promotion and integration institutions. Due to those factors, the central institutions of the network are crucial to the promotion of innovations, spreading through their direct contacts the importance factor of the sustainable competitive activity in the world market and on the national level. However, it may be concluded, from the data, that the Triple Helix relations are interfering in a negative way on what concerns the promotion of innovations in the shrimp industry in RN

Social dominance modulates eavesdropping in zebrafish

Group living animals may eavesdrop on signalling interactions between conspecifics and integrate it with their own past social experience in order to optimize the use of relevant information from others. However, little is known about this interplay between public (eavesdropped) and private social information. To investigate it, we first manipulated the dominance status of bystander zebrafish. Next, we either allowed or prevented bystanders from observing a fight. Finally, we assessed their behaviour towards the winners and losers of the interaction, using a custom-made video-tracking system and directional analysis. We found that only dominant bystanders who had seen the fight revealed a significant increase in directional focus (a measure of attention) towards the losers of the fights. Furthermore, our results indicate that information about the fighters' acquired status was collected from the signalling interaction itself and not from post-interaction status cues, which implies the existence of individual recognition in zebrafish. Thus, we show for the first time that zebrafish, a highly social model organism, eavesdrop on conspecific agonistic interactions and that this process is modulated by the eavesdroppers' dominance status. We suggest that this type of integration of public and private information may be ubiquitous in social learning processes.

Social buffering of fear in zebrafish

Tese de Doutoramento em Biologia Comportamental apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário

Prwncwyj: drama social e resolução de conflito entre os Apãniekra Jê-Timbira.

This work considers a ethnography boarding on the Apãniekra Jê-Timbira group of Central Brazil - leaving of a proposal of agreement of the group in perspectives of historical situations, analyzing its social organization from situational approaches. Taking the ethnography as main tool of production of data, the focus of the research takes dimension, when in the course of the ethnography situation, they come out, from certain events, social dramas that if ramify in crises, conflicts, faccionalismo. I analyze the mechanisms elaborated for the group to neutralize these dramas , such as the constitution of a tribal court , composites for native mediators and external mediators, dynamics ritual processes and politicians.

Kàjré: a vida social de uma machadinha krahô

This paper proposes to analyse a situation of social drama involving the Krahô Indians (classified in ethnology as belonging to Jê-Timbira group) and the Museu Paulista of the Universidade de São Paulo, which we can classify as two distinct social fields. The understanding of the drama is conveyed through an examination of each of these fields and the coming together of both on the basis of the positions taken up, within the network of relationships established during the social process, by actors representing both the Krahô field and what we may call here the academic-administrative field. A multi-sited ethnographic approach is adopted, seeking the complexity of the drama and the positions in the aforementioned network, taking into consideration institutional political projects, personal projects and personal trajectories within a historical perspective. The aim is to encourage discussion of the relationship between the formation of the historical-scientific and ethnographic museums and the practices of the anthropological discipline, as well as the social role of these institutions and the processes of signification of objects belonging to the indigenous material culture

Reforço do capital social de um território através de uma abordagem de estruturação da reflexão colectiva em torno dos processos de reconstrução produtiva: O caso do projecto ReADAPT no concelho da Covilhã

As teorias e políticas de desenvolvimento regional sofreram grandes alterações nas duas últimas décadas. Os factores que impulsionam o crescimento económico sustentado já não se relacionam apenas com o capital físico, nem sequer com o capital humano regional. As novas condições de competitividade enfatizam a importância do “capital social”, normas e regras sociais, formais ou informais que promovem a compreensão recíproca e a confiança mútuas entre os agentes da economia da região. Este artigo demonstra a forma como as instituições de uma região se podem organizar em torno dos processos de reestruturação produtiva e encorajar as empresas na região a adoptar normas, expectativas, valores, atitudes e práticas comuns, em suma, uma cultura comum de inovação reforçada pelo processo de aprendizagem social. A acção política dinamizada pela autarquia da Covilhã no projecto ReADAPT, a acção da Associação Nacional dos Industriais de Lanifícios ao promover as condições que sustentam e levam ao aparecimento de redes ou agrupamentos de empresas com actividades relacionadas nas áreas de maior potencial de desenvolvimento da região, e o estabelecimento de relações entre essas redes e as restantes instituições (centros de formação, universidade, sindicatos, etc.) constituem o chamado Sistema Regional de Inovação deste território. Num contexto de depressão económica sectorial e regional, o papel da ANIL e das restantes entidades parceiras assumiu-se como de “animadores e facilitadores” do desenvolvimento. A aprendizagem e a reflexão institucional conseguidas contribuíram também para o que ANIL e as restantes entidades parceiras e o sector público com o qual interagem, tenham adquirido uma nova capacidade de inovação estratégica. Neste contexto, instituições de carácter regional/local assumem-se como um elemento essencial na construção de racionalidades e no condicionamento de comportamentos reflexivos e de cooperação, indicando os caminhos possíveis a seguir aos restantes actores da região. Em suma, as dinâmicas de associação entre actores regionais são um ingrediente fundamental na receita para o desenvolvimento das regiões, no sentido em que podem ajudar outros a ajudar-se na criação de significados, na construção de capacidade para agir e no suporte à construção de redes através das quais os agentes económicos e sociais podem colaborar em benefício comum.

The Impact of Motor Learning on Motor Behavior and Cortical Dynamics in a Complex Stressful Social Environment

An economy of effort is a core characteristic of highly skilled motor performance often described as being effortless or automatic. Electroencephalographic (EEG) evaluation of cortical activity in elite performers has consistently revealed a reduction in extraneous associative cortical activity and an enhancement of task-relevant cortical processes. However, this has only been demonstrated under what are essentially practice-like conditions. Recently it has been shown that cerebral cortical activity becomes less efficient when performance occurs in a stressful, complex social environment. This dissertation examines the impact of motor skill training or practice on the EEG cortical dynamics that underlie performance in a stressful, complex social environment. Sixteen ROTC cadets participated in head-to-head pistol shooting competitions before and after completing nine sessions of skill training over three weeks. Spectral power increased in the theta frequency band and decreased in the low alpha frequency band after skill training. EEG Coherence increased in the left frontal region and decreased in the left temporal region after the practice intervention. These suggest a refinement of cerebral cortical dynamics with a reduction of task extraneous processing in the left frontal region and an enhancement of task related processing in the left temporal region consistent with the skill level reached by participants. Partitioning performance into ‘best’ and ‘worst’ based on shot score revealed that deliberate practice appears to optimize cerebral cortical activity of ‘best’ performances which are accompanied by a reduction in task-specific processes reflected by increased high-alpha power, while ‘worst’ performances are characterized by an inappropriate reduction in task-specific processing resulting in a loss of focus reflected by higher high-alpha power after training when compared to ‘best’ performances. Together, these studies demonstrate the power of experience afforded by practice, as a controllable factor, to promote resilience of cerebral cortical efficiency in complex environments.

Desafios de cuidar em serviço social : uma perspectiva crítica

Este artigo trata das relações entre cuidado, emancipação e Serviço Social, com o objetivo de uma reflexão crítica sobre uma temática que tem ficado obscurecida na discussão profissional. Faz uma análise do conceito de cuidado, enquanto ajuda, trabalho familiar da mulher e ação individual, para situá-lo no contexto das relações de poder, de descaso e abandono, próprio da sociedade capitalista. Considera o cuidar em uma perspectiva teórica e histórica democrática, exigindo a construção de valores éticos e de humanização da atenção profissional articulada à existência de suportes institucionais. Volta-se ao reconhecimento do outro como sujeito individual e coletivo de direitos, na efetivação de sua autonomia, da democracia e da cidadania no contexto da história social, e nas condições do sujeito combinando atenção às suas necessidades, às suas expressões e à inclusão social com valores éticos e processos de atuação profissional explicitados. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT

Conciliar tensões entre as dimensões social e financeira em projetos de impact investment : um estudo de caso

Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais

Exclusão social e projetos habitacionais. Um estudo sobre conjuntos habitacionais, segregação e exclusão social em Natal/RN

In Natal s urban growth process it is given that the performance period of the National Housing Bank (BNH, 1964-1986) was marked by the intense expansion of the urban grid and configuration of outskirts, through the construction of social housing developments. Implanted in segregated areas of the existing formal city, the population installed in these complexes was also excluded from their rights, considering that the housing defines itself not only by the physical dwelling, but also by its access to urban infrastructure, facilities, services, and others. From this reality and the verification of the city s exclusion and sociospatial segregation processes, we aimed to quantitatively demonstrate levels of social exclusion in Natal, based on the methodology developed by Sposati (2000) and adapted by Genovez (2002), which relates IBGE s (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) database underlying variables such as income, schooling and dwelling s quality. The research unveiled some spatial patterns promoted by the social housings: in these areas islands were developed with higher indicators than surrounding areas, revealing internal hierarchies in the city s outskirts

A representação social do microempreendedor individual na publicidade do Sebrae

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Comunicação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação, 2015.

Rede social de excelência: qualidade na participação institucional: O caso de Moura

O problema da falta de participação cívica é uma das condicionantes para o desenvolvimento local de qualquer território, pelo que devem ser estruturadas medidas e processos que facilitem e incentivem uma participação mais ativa, pautada por critérios de qualidade. É nesse sentido que o presente trabalho de investigação, tendo por base a aplicação de um inquérito por questionário a todos os dirigentes e técnicos envolvidos na Rede Social de Moura e a realização de uma sessão focus group com os membros do Núcleo Executivo, apresenta os processos de participação existentes e a desenvolver no programa e, desta forma, elabora um modelo de participação institucional de qualidade, com base nas orientações da ISO 9001 e respetivos oito princípios (enfoque no cliente, liderança, envolvimento dos colaboradores, abordagem por processos, abordagem sistemática da gestão, melhoria contínua, abordagem factual para a tomada de decisão e relações de mútuo beneficio com fornecedores). ABSTRACT: The problem of the lack of civic participation is one of the setbacks of local development in every territory, thus making it necessary to structure measures and processes to ease and encourage a more active participation, ruled by quality criteria. Taking that into consideration, this work of investigation, based on an inquiry of questions taken to all the directors and technicians involved in the Social Network of Moura, and a Focus Group session held with the members of the Executive Group, shows the existing levels of participation, as well as of those yet to develop, in the programme and therefore creates a model of institutional participation of quality, under the ISO 9001 directives and its eight principles (emphasis on the client, leadership, associate involvement, process approach, systematic approach of management, continuous improvement, factual approach on decision making and mutual benefit relationships with suppliers).

Trabajo social en la inclusión laboral de las personas con discapacidad

La exclusión del mercado de trabajo de las personas con discapacidad es un problema social que debe ser abordado por el profesional en Trabajo Social, para que intervenga en el proceso de incorporación al mundo laboral, ya sea demandando, sensibilizando o diseñando mecanismos como la capacitacióntanto a las empresas como a las PCDpara evitar su exclusión social y laboral. Se empezarádefiniendo el concepto sobre discapacidad, su clasificación en el Ecuador, estadísticas en los diferentes contextos, y aspectos sobre la inclusión laboral de las personas con discapacidad. También se recopilará las leyes vigentes que amparan la inclusión laboral de personas con discapacidad, a nivel internacional, nacional y local. Se pretende además socializar la intervención de los profesionales en Trabajo Social, de las distintas empresas públicas y privadas como: Graiman, Indurama, Pasamanería Tosi, Municipio, Etapa y el Ministerio de Obras Públicas, debido a sus experiencias dentro del proceso de inclusión laboral de las personas con discapacidad, a través del análisis e interpretación de los resultados de las entrevistas aplicadas. Finalmente se expone la realización de una propuesta de capacitación, la cual oriente en los diferentes procesos de intervención del Trabajador Social con las personas con discapacidad dentro del ámbito laboral, como un referente a ser considerado y adoptado para la mejora de su calidad en la inclusión laboral, valorándolos como seres humanos trabajadores que aportan de manera productiva al crecimiento de la empresa y del país.