Laser induced damage of multi-layer dielectric used in pulse compressor gratings

Laser induced damage threshold (LIDT) of multi-layer dielectric used in pulse compressor gratings (PCG) was investigated. The sample was prepared by e-beam evaporation (EBE). LIDT was detected following ISO standard 11254-1.2. It was found that LIDTs of normal and 51.2 deg. incidence (transverse electric (TE) mode) were 14.14 and 9.31 J/cm2, respectively. A Nomarski microscope was employed to map the damage morphology, and it was found that the damage behavior was pit-concave-plat structure for normal incidence, while it was pit structure for 51.2 deg. incidence with TE mode. The electric field distribution was calculated to illuminate the difference of LIDT between the two incident cases.

Optimization of near-field optical field of multi-layer dielectric gratings for pulse compressor

Multi-layer dielectric (MLD) gratings for pulse compressors in high-energy laser systems should provide high diffraction efficiency as well as high laser induced damage thresholds (LIDT). Nonuniform optical near-field distribution is one of the important factors to limit their damage resistant capabilities. Electric field distributions in the gratings and multi-layer film region are analyzed by using Fourier modal method. Optimization of peak electric field in the gratings ridge is performed with a merit function, including both diffraction efficiency and electric field enhancement when the top layer material is HfO2 and SiO2, respectively. A set of optimized gratings parameters is obtained for each structure, which reduce the peak electric field within the gratings ridge to being respective 1.39 and 1.84 times the value of incident light respectively. Finally, we also discuss the effects of gratings refractive index, gratings sidewall angle and incident angle on peak electric field in the gratings ridge. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Differential Neuroprotective Effects of 5 '-Deoxy-5 '-Methylthioadenosine

Background: 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) is an endogenous compound produced through the metabolism of polyamines. The therapeutic potential of MTA has been assayed mainly in liver diseases and, more recently, in animal models of multiple sclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the neuroprotective effect of this molecule in vitro and to assess whether MTA can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) in order to also analyze its potential neuroprotective efficacy in vivo. Methods: Neuroprotection was assessed in vitro using models of excitotoxicity in primary neurons, mixed astrocyte-neuron and primary oligodendrocyte cultures. The capacity of MTA to cross the BBB was measured in an artificial membrane assay and using an in vitro cell model. Finally, in vivo tests were performed in models of hypoxic brain damage, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy. Results: MTA displays a wide array of neuroprotective activities against different insults in vitro. While the data from the two complementary approaches adopted indicate that MTA is likely to cross the BBB, the in vivo data showed that MTA may provide therapeutic benefits in specific circumstances. Whereas MTA reduced the neuronal cell death in pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus and the size of the lesion in global but not focal ischemic brain damage, it was ineffective in preserving dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-pyridine (MPTP)-mice model. However, in this model of Parkinson's disease the combined administration of MTA and an A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonist did produce significant neuroprotection in this brain region. Conclusion: MTA may potentially offer therapeutic neuroprotection.

Damage on HfO2/SiO2 high-reflecting coatings under single and multiple Nd:YAG laser pulse irradiation

The single- and multi-shot damage behaviors of HfO2/SiO2 high-reflecting (HR) coatings under Nd:YAG laser exposure were investigated. Fundamental aspects of multi-shot laser damage, such as the instability due to pulse-to-pulse accumulation of absorption defect and structural defect effect, and the mechanism of laser induced defect generation, are considered. It was found in multi-shot damage, the main factors influencing laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) are accumulation of irreversible changes of structural defects and thermal stress that induced by thermal density fluctuations.

Design of high-efficiency diffraction gratings based on total internal reflection for pulse compressor

We present designs of high-efficiency compression grating based on total internal reflection (TIR) for picosecond pulse laser at 1053 nm. The setup is devised by directly etching gratings into the bottom side of a prism so that light can successfully enter (or exit) the compression grating. Dependence of the -1 order diffraction efficiencies on the constructive parameters is analyzed for TE- and TM-polarized incident light at Littrow angle by using Fourier modal method in order to obtain optimal grating structure. The electric field enhancement within the high-efficiency TIR gratings is regarded as another criterion to optimize the structure of the TIR gratings. With the criterion of high diffraction efficiency, low electric field enhancement and sufficient manufacturing latitude, TIR compression gratings with optimized constructive parameters are obtained for TE- and TM-polarized incident light, respectively. The grating for TE-polarized light exhibits diffraction efficiencies higher than 0.95 within 23 nm bandwidth and relatively low square of electric field enhancement ratio of 5.7. Regardless of the internal electric field enhancement, the grating for TM-polarized light provides diffraction efficiencies higher than 0.95 within 42 nm bandwidth. With compact structure, such TIR compression gratings made solely of fused silica should be of great interest for application to chirped pulse amplification (CPA) systems. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Differential activity of GSK-3 isoforms regulates NF-kappa B and TRAIL- or TNF alpha induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells

While TRAIL is a promising anticancer agent due to its ability to selectively induce apoptosis in neoplastic cells, many tumors, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), display intrinsic resistance, highlighting the need for TRAIL-sensitizing agents. Here we report that TRAIL-induced apoptosis in PDA cell lines is enhanced by pharmacological inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) or by shRNA-mediated depletion of either GSK-3 alpha or GSK-3 beta. In contrast, depletion of GSK-3 beta, but not GSK-3 alpha, sensitized PDA cell lines to TNF alpha-induced cell death. Further experiments demonstrated that TNF alpha-stimulated I kappa B alpha phosphorylation and degradation as well as p65 nuclear translocation were normal in GSK-3 beta-deficient MEFs. Nonetheless, inhibition of GSK-3 beta function in MEFs or PDA cell lines impaired the expression of the NF-kappa B target genes Bcl-xL and cIAP2, but not I kappa B alpha. Significantly, the expression of Bcl-xL and cIAP2 could be reestablished by expression of GSK-3 beta targeted to the nucleus but not GSK-3 beta targeted to the cytoplasm, suggesting that GSK-3 beta regulates NF-kappa B function within the nucleus. Consistent with this notion, chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that GSK-3 inhibition resulted in either decreased p65 binding to the promoter of BIR3, which encodes cIAP2, or increased p50 binding as well as recruitment of SIRT1 and HDAC3 to the promoter of BCL2L1, which encodes Bcl-xL. Importantly, depletion of Bcl-xL but not cIAP2, mimicked the sensitizing effect of GSK-3 inhibition on TRAIL-induced apoptosis, whereas Bcl-xL overexpression ameliorated the sensitization by GSK-3 inhibition. These results not only suggest that GSK-3 beta overexpression and nuclear localization contribute to TNF alpha and TRAIL resistance via anti-apoptotic NF-kappa B genes such as Bcl-xL, but also provide a rationale for further exploration of GSK-3 inhibitors combined with TRAIL for the treatment of PDA.

Investigation of damage threshold to TiO2 coatings at different laser wavelength and pulse duration

Laser-induced damages to TiO2 single layers and TiO2/SiO2 high reflectors at laser wavelength of 1064 nm, 800 run, 532 urn, and pulse width of 12 ns, 220 ps, 50 fs, 8 ns are investigated. All films are prepared by electron beam evaporation. The relations among microstructure, chemical composition, optical properties and laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT), have been researched. The dependence of damage mechanism on laser wavelength and pulse width is discussed. It is found that from 1064 nm to 532 nm, LIDT is mainly absorption related, which is determined by film's extinction coefficient and stoichiometric defects. The rapid decrease of LIDT at 800 nm is due to the pulse width factor. TiO2 coatings are mainly thermally by damaged at long pulse (tau >= 220 ps). The damage shows ablation feature at 50 fs. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mechanism initiated by nanoabsorber for UV nanosecond-pulse-driven damage of dielectric coatings

A model of plasma formation induced by UV nanosecond pulselaser interaction with SiO2 thin film based on nanoabsorber is proposed. The model considers the temperature dependence of band gap. The numerical results show that during the process of nanosecond pulsed-laser interaction with SiO2 thin film, foreign inclusion which absorbs a fraction of incident radiation heats the surrounding host material through heat conduction causing the decrease of the band gap and consequently, the transformation of the initial transparent matrix into an absorptive medium around the inclusion, thus facilitates optical damage. Qualitative comparison with experiments is also provided. (C) 2008 Optical Society of America.

Approximate Solutions by Truncated Taylor Series Expansions of Nonlinear Differential Equations and Related Shadowing Property with Applications

This paper investigates the errors of the solutions as well as the shadowing property of a class of nonlinear differential equations which possess unique solutions on a certain interval for any admissible initial condition. The class of differential equations is assumed to be approximated by well-posed truncated Taylor series expansions up to a certain order obtained about certain, in general nonperiodic, sampling points t(i) is an element of [t(0), t(J)] for i = 0, 1, . . . , J of the solution. Two examples are provided.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de novas abordagens de modelagem de processos de separação em leito móvel simulado

O Leito Móvel Simulado (LMS) é um processo de separação de compostos por adsorção muito eficiente, por trabalhar em um regime contínuo e também possuir fluxo contracorrente da fase sólida. Dentre as diversas aplicações, este processo tem se destacado na resolução de petroquímicos e principalmente na atualidade na separação de misturas racêmicas que são separações de um grau elevado de dificuldade. Neste trabalho foram propostas duas novas abordagens na modelagem do LMS, a abordagem Stepwise e a abordagem Front Velocity. Na modelagem Stepwise as colunas cromatográficas do LMS foram modeladas com uma abordagem discreta, onde cada uma delas teve seu domínio dividido em N células de mistura interligadas em série, e as concentrações dos compostos nas fases líquida e sólida foram simuladas usando duas cinéticas de transferência de massa distintas. Essa abordagem pressupõe que as interações decorrentes da transferência de massa entre as moléculas do composto nas suas fases líquida e sólida ocorram somente na superfície, de forma que com essa suposição pode-se admitir que o volume ocupado por cada molécula nas fases sólida e líquida é o mesmo, o que implica que o fator de residência pode ser considerado igual a constante de equilíbrio. Para descrever a transferência de massa que ocorre no processo cromatográfico a abordagem Front Velocity estabelece que a convecção é a fase dominante no transporte de soluto ao longo da coluna cromatográfica. O Front Velocity é um modelo discreto (etapas) em que a vazão determina o avanço da fase líquida ao longo da coluna. As etapas são: avanço da fase líquida e posterior transporte de massa entre as fases líquida e sólida, este último no mesmo intervalo de tempo. Desta forma, o fluxo volumétrico experimental é utilizado para a discretização dos volumes de controle que se deslocam ao longo da coluna porosa com a mesma velocidade da fase líquida. A transferência de massa foi representada por dois mecanismos cinéticos distintos, sem (tipo linear) e com capacidade máxima de adsorção (tipo Langmuir). Ambas as abordagens propostas foram estudadas e avaliadas mediante a comparação com dados experimentais de separação em LMS do anestésico cetamina e, posteriormente, com o fármaco Verapamil. Também foram comparados com as simulações do modelo de equilíbrio dispersivo para o caso da Cetamina, usado por Santos (2004), e para o caso do Verapamil (Perna 2013). Na etapa de caracterização da coluna cromatográfica as novas abordagens foram associadas à ferramenta inversa R2W de forma a determinar os parâmetros globais de transferência de massa apenas usando os tempos experimentais de residência de cada enantiômero na coluna de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Na segunda etapa os modelos cinéticos desenvolvidos nas abordagens foram aplicados nas colunas do LMS com os valores determinados na caracterização da coluna cromatográfica, para a simulação do processo de separação contínua. Os resultados das simulações mostram boa concordância entre as duas abordagens propostas e os experimentos de pulso para a caracterização da coluna na separação enantiomérica da cetamina ao longo do tempo. As simulações da separação em LMS, tanto do Verapamil quando da Cetamina apresentam uma discrepância com os dados experimentais nos primeiros ciclos, entretanto após esses ciclos iniciais a correlação entre os dados experimentais e as simulações. Para o caso da separação da cetamina (Santos, 2004), a qual a concentração da alimentação era relativamente baixa, os modelos foram capazes de predizer o processo de separação com as cinéticas Linear e Langmuir. No caso da separação do Verapamil (Perna, 2013), onde a concentração da alimentação é relativamente alta, somente a cinética de Langmuir representou o processo, devido a cinética Linear não representar a saturação das colunas cromatográficas. De acordo como o estudo conduzido ambas as abordagens propostas mostraram-se ferramentas com potencial na predição do comportamento cromatográfico de uma amostra em um experimento de pulso, assim como na simulação da separação de um composto no LMS, apesar das pequenas discrepâncias apresentadas nos primeiros ciclos de trabalho do LMS. Além disso, podem ser facilmente implementadas e aplicadas na análise do processo, pois requer um baixo número de parâmetros e são constituídas de equações diferenciais ordinárias.

Distribution theory and fundamental solutions of differential operators

The objective of this dissertation is to study the theory of distributions and some of its applications. Certain concepts which we would include in the theory of distributions nowadays have been widely used in several fields of mathematics and physics. It was Dirac who first introduced the delta function as we know it, in an attempt to keep a convenient notation in his works in quantum mechanics. Their work contributed to open a new path in mathematics, as new objects, similar to functions but not of their same nature, were being used systematically. Distributions are believed to have been first formally introduced by the Soviet mathematician Sergei Sobolev and by Laurent Schwartz. The aim of this project is to show how distribution theory can be used to obtain what we call fundamental solutions of partial differential equations.