Multi-standard reconfigurable wireless transmitter architectures

The continuous demand for highly efficient wireless transmitter systems has triggered an increased interest in switching mode techniques to handle the required power amplification. The RF carrier amplitude-burst transmitter, i.e. a wireless transmitter chain where a phase-modulated carrier is modulated in amplitude in an on-off mode, according to some prescribed envelope-to-time conversion, such as pulse-width or sigma-delta modulation, constitutes a promising architecture capable of efficiently transmitting signals of highly demanding complex modulation schemes. However, the tested practical implementations present results that are way behind the theoretically advanced promises (perfect linearity and efficiency). My original contribution to knowledge presented in this thesis is the first thorough study and model of the power efficiency and linearity characteristics that can be actually achieved with this architecture. The analysis starts with a brief revision of the theoretical idealized behavior of these switched-mode amplifier systems, followed by the study of the many sources of impairments that appear when the real system is implemented. In particular, a special attention is paid to the dynamic load modulation caused by the often ignored interaction between the narrowband signal reconstruction filter and the usual single-ended switched-mode power amplifier, which, among many other performance impairments, forces a two transistor implementation. The performance of this architecture is clearly explained based on the presented theory, which is supported by simulations and corresponding measured results of a fully working implementation. The drawn conclusions allow the development of a set of design rules for future improvements, one of which is proposed and verified in this thesis. It suggests a significant modification to this traditional architecture, where now the phase modulated carrier is always on – and thus allowing a single transistor implementation – and the amplitude is impressed into the carrier phase according to a bi-phase code.

Phthalocyanines : interaction with carbon structures and as PDT agents

This dissertation describes the synthesis and characterization of different phthalocyanine (Pc) derivatives, as well as some porphyrins (Pors), for supramolecular interaction with different carbon nanostructures, to evaluate their potential application in electronic nanodevices. Likewise, it is also reported the preparation and biological evaluation of interesting phthalocyanine conjugates for cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) and microorganisms photodynamic inactivation (PDI). The phthalonitrile precursors were prepared from commercial phthalonitriles by nucleophilic substitution of -NO2, -Cl, or -F groups, present in the phthalonitrile core, by thiol or pyridyl units. After the synthesis of these phthalonitriles, the corresponding Pcs were prepared by ciclotetramerization using a metallic salt as template at high temperatures. A second strategy involved the postfunctionalization of hexadecafluorophthalocyaninato zinc(II) through the adequate substituents of mercaptopyridine or cyclodextrin units on the macrocycle periphery. The different compounds were structurally characterized by diverse spectroscopic techniques, namely 1H, 13C and 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies (attending the elemental composition of each structure); absorption and emission spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. For the specific photophysical studies were also used electrochemical characterization, femtosecond and raman spectroscopy, transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. It was highlighted the noncovalent derivatisation of carbon nanostructures, mainly single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and graphene nanosheets with the prepared Pc conjugates to study the photophysical properties of these supramolecular nanoassemblies. Also, from pyridyl-Pors and ruthenium phthalocyanines (RuPcs) were performed Por-RuPcs arrays via coordination chemistry. The results obtained of the novel supramolecular assemblies showed interesting electron donor-acceptor interactions and might be considered attractive candidates for nanotechnological devices. On the other hand, the amphiphilic phthalocyanine-cyclodextrin (Pc-CD) conjugates were tested in biological trials to assess their ability to inhibit UMUC- 3 human bladder cancer cells. The results obtained demonstrated that these photoactive conjugates are highly phototoxic against human bladder cancer cells and could be applied as promising PDT drugs.

Colaboração na formação inicial e abordagem didática da ortografia

Considerando que, na sociedade atual, o conhecimento flui incessantemente, renovando-se a cada momento, o cidadão do séc. XXI confronta-se com novos desafios que exigem o desenvolvimento de novas competências. Os recursos da web social – como os fóruns de discussão online –, gratuitos e fáceis de utilizar, permitem que os indivíduos acedam à informação, construam conhecimento, partilhem interesses e desenvolvam múltiplas competências em colaboração. Face a esta realidade, as instituições de Ensino Superior têm vindo a reconhecer que os estudantes já não se sentem confortáveis com abordagens de ensino tradicionais, em que impera a transmissão de informação, preferindo envolver-se em experiências de aprendizagem em que possam interagir com a tecnologia, pelas potencialidades que já lhe reconhecem. Procurando ir ao encontro das exigências da sociedade e do mundo do trabalho atuais, o Processo de Bolonha veio renovar os cursos de Ensino Superior, centrando-os no estudante e no desenvolvimento da autonomia e da colaboração, entre outras competências. Esta tendência vai ao encontro da reconhecida valorização da colaboração com vista à melhoria do desempenho de um grupo profissional. Também no contexto educacional se reconhece o seu contributo para o desenvolvimento profissional do professor e a operacionalização de um ensino por competências. Compete à formação de professores lançar as bases deste movimento.A formação inicial de professores do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico tem, entre outras preocupações, a de levar o futuro professor a refletir sobre princípios didáticos que informem a conceção, implementação e avaliação de estratégias e atividades que contribuam para o desenvolvimento de competências nos alunos. Entre as competências a desenvolver nas crianças a frequentar este nível de escolaridade, no que concerne à aprendizagem da língua materna, figura a competência ortográfica, indispensável a uma boa comunicação escrita. Quanto mais cedo for automatizada, mais possibilidades o aluno terá de se ocupar prioritariamente de outros aspetos mais complexos e exigentes do processo de escrita. Tendo em vista estas preocupações, desenvolvemos um estudo, com futuros professores do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico a frequentar um mestrado profissionalizante da Universidade de Aveiro, cujos objetivos de investigação eram os seguintes: i) descrever as suas representações sobre colaboração; ii) compreender a influência dessas representações na adoção de práticas colaborativas num fórum de discussão online; iii) compreender o contributo da colaboração adotada num fórum de discussão online para a construção de conhecimento didático sobre a abordagem da ortografia; iv) compreender o contributo desse conhecimento para a conceção de instrumentos didáticos sobre a abordagem da ortografia. Numa primeira fase, o estudo desenvolveu-se com dois grupos de alunos, que nele participaram em dois anos letivos distintos (2009/2010 e 2010/2011), no contexto da unidade curricular de Didática da Língua Portuguesa (inserida no plano de estudos do 1º semestre do 1º ano do Mestrado em Educação Pré- Escolar e Ensino no 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico da Universidade de Aveiro). Numa segunda fase (entre o 2º semestre do ano letivo de 2011/2012 e 1º semestre do ano letivo de 2012/2013), recolheu-se o resultado de uma intervenção didática desenvolvida por uma professora estagiária (participante na primeira fase do estudo), no âmbito da Prática Pedagógica Supervisionada, apoiada pelo Seminário de Investigação Educacional. Tratando-se de um estudo de caso, a investigação envolveu a recolha de dados através de inquérito por questionário disponibilizado online, uma reflexão individual apresentada por escrito, posts e documentos publicados num fórum de discussão online e instrumentos didáticos (planificação de aulas e relatório de estágio) elaborados pelos estudantes. Procedeu-se a uma análise de conteúdo fundamentada nos quadros teóricos e no estudo empírico.Os resultados vêm aprofundar a discussão em torno da utilização de ferramentas da web social no Ensino Superior, nomeadamente na formação inicial de professores, para desenvolver a colaboração, visando a construção de conhecimento didático, particularmente sobre a abordagem da ortografia. Por um lado, apontam para a influência de representações sobre colaboração na adoção dessa modalidade de trabalho num fórum de discussão online. Por outro, revelam a influência dessa modalidade no conhecimento didático coconstruído e apontam para uma valorização do mesmo por parte dos participantes no estudo, no momento de conceber, implementar e avaliar instrumentos didáticos. Daqui emergiram algumas sugestões pedagógico-didáticas com vista à promoção de práticas inovadoras no Ensino Superior, com recurso a ferramentas da web social, centradas na aprendizagem dos estudantes e no desenvolvimento da colaboração, particularmente na formação inicial de professores.

Dependable wireless real-time communications for open environments

Wireless communication technologies have become widely adopted, appearing in heterogeneous applications ranging from tracking victims, responders and equipments in disaster scenarios to machine health monitoring in networked manufacturing systems. Very often, applications demand a strictly bounded timing response, which, in distributed systems, is generally highly dependent on the performance of the underlying communication technology. These systems are said to have real-time timeliness requirements since data communication must be conducted within predefined temporal bounds, whose unfulfillment may compromise the correct behavior of the system and cause economic losses or endanger human lives. The potential adoption of wireless technologies for an increasingly broad range of application scenarios has made the operational requirements more complex and heterogeneous than before for wired technologies. On par with this trend, there is an increasing demand for the provision of cost-effective distributed systems with improved deployment, maintenance and adaptation features. These systems tend to require operational flexibility, which can only be ensured if the underlying communication technology provides both time and event triggered data transmission services while supporting on-line, on-the-fly parameter modification. Generally, wireless enabled applications have deployment requirements that can only be addressed through the use of batteries and/or energy harvesting mechanisms for power supply. These applications usually have stringent autonomy requirements and demand a small form factor, which hinders the use of large batteries. As the communication support may represent a significant part of the energy requirements of a station, the use of power-hungry technologies is not adequate. Hence, in such applications, low-range technologies have been widely adopted. In fact, although low range technologies provide smaller data rates, they spend just a fraction of the energy of their higher-power counterparts. The timeliness requirements of data communications, in general, can be met by ensuring the availability of the medium for any station initiating a transmission. In controlled (close) environments this can be guaranteed, as there is a strict regulation of which stations are installed in the area and for which purpose. Nevertheless, in open environments, this is hard to control because no a priori abstract knowledge is available of which stations and technologies may contend for the medium at any given instant. Hence, the support of wireless real-time communications in unmanaged scenarios is a highly challenging task. Wireless low-power technologies have been the focus of a large research effort, for example, in the Wireless Sensor Network domain. Although bringing extended autonomy to battery powered stations, such technologies are known to be negatively influenced by similar technologies contending for the medium and, especially, by technologies using higher power transmissions over the same frequency bands. A frequency band that is becoming increasingly crowded with competing technologies is the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical band, encompassing, for example, Bluetooth and ZigBee, two lowpower communication standards which are the base of several real-time protocols. Although these technologies employ mechanisms to improve their coexistence, they are still vulnerable to transmissions from uncoordinated stations with similar technologies or to higher power technologies such as Wi- Fi, which hinders the support of wireless dependable real-time communications in open environments. The Wireless Flexible Time-Triggered Protocol (WFTT) is a master/multi-slave protocol that builds on the flexibility and timeliness provided by the FTT paradigm and on the deterministic medium capture and maintenance provided by the bandjacking technique. This dissertation presents the WFTT protocol and argues that it allows supporting wireless real-time communication services with high dependability requirements in open environments where multiple contention-based technologies may dispute the medium access. Besides, it claims that it is feasible to provide flexible and timely wireless communications at the same time in open environments. The WFTT protocol was inspired on the FTT paradigm, from which higher layer services such as, for example, admission control has been ported. After realizing that bandjacking was an effective technique to ensure the medium access and maintenance in open environments crowded with contention-based communication technologies, it was recognized that the mechanism could be used to devise a wireless medium access protocol that could bring the features offered by the FTT paradigm to the wireless domain. The performance of the WFTT protocol is reported in this dissertation with a description of the implemented devices, the test-bed and a discussion of the obtained results.

Characterization of RSOA modulators in radio over fiber links

In this work physical and behavioral models for a bulk Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (RSOA) modulator in Radio over Fiber (RoF) links are proposed. The transmission performance of the RSOA modulator is predicted under broadband signal drive. At first, the simplified physical model for the RSOA modulator in RoF links is proposed, which is based on the rate equation and traveling-wave equations with several assumptions. The model is implemented with the Symbolically Defined Devices (SDD) in Advanced Design System (ADS) and validated with experimental results. Detailed analysis regarding optical gain, harmonic and intermodulation distortions, and transmission performance is performed. The distribution of the carrier and Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) is also demonstrated. Behavioral modeling of the RSOA modulator is to enable us to investigate the nonlinear distortion of the RSOA modulator from another perspective in system level. The Amplitude-to-Amplitude Conversion (AM-AM) and Amplitude-to-Phase Conversion (AM-PM) distortions of the RSOA modulator are demonstrated based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and a generalized polynomial model. Another behavioral model based on Xparameters was obtained from the physical model. Compensation of the nonlinearity of the RSOA modulator is carried out based on a memory polynomial model. The nonlinear distortion of the RSOA modulator is reduced successfully. The improvement of the 3rd order intermodulation distortion is up to 17 dB. The Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) is improved from 6.1% to 2.0%. In the last part of this work, the performance of Fibre Optic Networks for Distributed and Extendible Heterogeneous Radio Architectures and Service Provisioning (FUTON) systems, which is the four-channel virtual Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), is predicted by using the developed physical model. Based on Subcarrier Multiplexing (SCM) techniques, four-channel signals with 100 MHz bandwidth per channel are generated and used to drive the RSOA modulator. The transmission performance of the RSOA modulator under the broadband multi channels is depicted with the figure of merit, EVM under di erent adrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) level of 64 and 254 for various number of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers of 64, 512, 1024 and 2048.

Asymmetric rolling of 5182 aluminium alloy and interstitial free steel sheets

This Ph.D. research focuses on asymmetric rolling (ASR), as an alternative method for improving mechanical responses of aluminium-magnesium alloy and interstitial free (IF) steel regarding industrial requirements. Aluminium alloys are attractive materials in various industries due to their appropriate properties such as low density and corrosion resistance; however, their low formability has limited their applications. As formability of aluminium alloys can be improved through texture development, part of this dissertation is dedicated to producing the desired crystallographic texture with the ASR process. Two types of ASR (i.e. reverse and continuous asymmetric rolling) were investigated. The impact of shear deformation imposed by ASR processes on developing the desirable texture and consequently on mechanical behaviours was observed. The developed shear texture increased the normal and also planar anisotropy. Texture evolution during plastic deformation as well as induced mechanical behaviour were simulated using the “self-consistent” and Taylor models. Interstitial free (IF) steel was the second material selected in this dissertation. Since IF steel is one of the most often used materials in automotive industries it was chosen to investigate the effect of shear deformation through ASR on its properties. Two types of reverse and continuous asymmetric rolling were carried out to deform IF steel sheets. The results of optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy observations showed no significant difference between the grains’ morphology of asymmetric and conventionally rolled samples, whereas the obtained results of transmission electron microscopy indicated that fine and equiaxed dislocation cells were formed through the asymmetric rolling process. This structure is due to imposed shear deformation during the ASR process. Furthermore, the mechanical behaviour of deformed and annealed sheets was evaluated through uniaxial tensile tests. Results showed that at low thickness reductions (18%) the asymmetric rolled sample presented higher stress than that of the conventionally rolled sheet; while for higher thickness reductions (60%) the trend was reversed. The texture analyses indicated that intense rolling texture components which developed through 60% thickness reduction of conventional rolling cause a relatively higher stress; on the contrary the fine structure resulting from ASR appears to be the source of higher stress observed after pre-deformation of 18%.

Ferroelectric : CNTs structures fabrication for advanced functional nano devices

This work is about the combination of functional ferroelectric oxides with Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for microelectronic applications, as for example potential 3 Dimensional (3D) Non Volatile Ferroelectric Random Access Memories (NVFeRAM). Miniaturized electronics are ubiquitous now. The drive to downsize electronics has been spurred by needs of more performance into smaller packages at lower costs. But the trend of electronics miniaturization challenges board assembly materials, processes, and reliability. Semiconductor device and integrated circuit technology, coupled with its associated electronic packaging, forms the backbone of high-performance miniaturized electronic systems. However, as size decreases and functionalization increases in the modern electronics further size reduction is getting difficult; below a size limit the signal reliability and device performance deteriorate. Hence miniaturization of siliconbased electronics has limitations. On this background the Road Map for Semiconductor Industry (ITRS) suggests since 2011 alternative technologies, designated as More than Moore; being one of them based on carbon (carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene) [1]. CNTs with their unique performance and three dimensionality at the nano-scale have been regarded as promising elements for miniaturized electronics [2]. CNTs are tubular in geometry and possess a unique set of properties, including ballistic electron transportation and a huge current caring capacity, which make them of great interest for future microelectronics [2]. Indeed CNTs might have a key role in the miniaturization of Non Volatile Ferroelectric Random Access Memories (NVFeRAM). Moving from a traditional two dimensional (2D) design (as is the case of thin films) to a 3D structure (based on a tridimensional arrangement of unidimensional structures) will result in the high reliability and sensing of the signals due to the large contribution from the bottom electrode. One way to achieve this 3D design is by using CNTs. Ferroelectrics (FE) are spontaneously polarized and can have high dielectric constants and interesting pyroelectric, piezoelectric, and electrooptic properties, being a key application of FE electronic memories. However, combining CNTs with FE functional oxides is challenging. It starts with materials compatibility, since crystallization temperature of FE and oxidation temperature of CNTs may overlap. In this case low temperature processing of FE is fundamental. Within this context in this work a systematic study on the fabrication of CNTs - FE structures using low cost low temperature methods was carried out. The FE under study are comprised of lead zirconate titanate (Pb1-xZrxTiO3, PZT), barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) and bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3, BFO). The various aspects related to the fabrication, such as effect on thermal stability of MWCNTs, FE phase formation in presence of MWCNTs and interfaces between the CNTs/FE are addressed in this work. The ferroelectric response locally measured by Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) clearly evidenced that even at low processing temperatures FE on CNTs retain its ferroelectric nature. The work started by verifying the thermal decomposition behavior under different conditions of the multiwall CNTs (MWCNTs) used in this work. It was verified that purified MWCNTs are stable up to 420 ºC in air, as no weight loss occurs under non isothermal conditions, but morphology changes were observed for isothermal conditions at 400 ºC by Raman spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). In oxygen-rich atmosphere MWCNTs started to oxidized at 200 ºC. However in argon-rich one and under a high heating rate MWCNTs remain stable up to 1300 ºC with a minimum sublimation. The activation energy for the decomposition of MWCNTs in air was calculated to lie between 80 and 108 kJ/mol. These results are relevant for the fabrication of MWCNTs – FE structures. Indeed we demonstrate that PZT can be deposited by sol gel at low temperatures on MWCNTs. And particularly interesting we prove that MWCNTs decrease the temperature and time for formation of PZT by ~100 ºC commensurate with a decrease in activation energy from 68±15 kJ/mol to 27±2 kJ/mol. As a consequence, monophasic PZT was obtained at 575 ºC for MWCNTs - PZT whereas for pure PZT traces of pyrochlore were still present at 650 ºC, where PZT phase formed due to homogeneous nucleation. The piezoelectric nature of MWCNTs - PZT synthesised at 500 ºC for 1 h was proved by PFM. In the continuation of this work we developed a low cost methodology of coating MWCNTs using a hybrid sol-gel / hydrothermal method. In this case the FE used as a proof of concept was BT. BT is a well-known lead free perovskite used in many microelectronic applications. However, synthesis by solid state reaction is typically performed around 1100 to 1300 ºC what jeopardizes the combination with MWCNTs. We also illustrate the ineffectiveness of conventional hydrothermal synthesis in this process due the formation of carbonates, namely BaCO3. The grown MWCNTs - BT structures are ferroelectric and exhibit an electromechanical response (15 pm/V). These results have broad implications since this strategy can also be extended to other compounds of materials with high crystallization temperatures. In addition the coverage of MWCNTs with FE can be optimized, in this case with non covalent functionalization of the tubes, namely with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). MWCNTs were used as templates to grow, in this case single phase multiferroic BFO nanorods. This work shows that the use of nitric solvent results in severe damages of the MWCNTs layers that results in the early oxidation of the tubes during the annealing treatment. It was also observed that the use of nitric solvent results in the partial filling of MWCNTs with BFO due to the low surface tension (<119 mN/m) of the nitric solution. The opening of the caps and filling of the tubes occurs simultaneously during the refluxing step. Furthermore we verified that MWCNTs have a critical role in the fabrication of monophasic BFO; i.e. the oxidation of CNTs during the annealing process causes an oxygen deficient atmosphere that restrains the formation of Bi2O3 and monophasic BFO can be obtained. The morphology of the obtained BFO nano structures indicates that MWCNTs act as template to grow 1D structure of BFO. Magnetic measurements on these BFO nanostructures revealed a week ferromagnetic hysteresis loop with a coercive field of 956 Oe at 5 K. We also exploited the possible use of vertically-aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes (VA-MWCNTs) as bottom electrodes for microelectronics, for example for memory applications. As a proof of concept BiFeO3 (BFO) films were in-situ deposited on the surface of VA-MWCNTs by RF (Radio Frequency) magnetron sputtering. For in situ deposition temperature of 400 ºC and deposition time up to 2 h, BFO films cover the VA-MWCNTs and no damage occurs either in the film or MWCNTs. In spite of the macroscopic lossy polarization behaviour, the ferroelectric nature, domain structure and switching of these conformal BFO films was verified by PFM. A week ferromagnetic ordering loop was proved for BFO films on VA-MWCNTs having a coercive field of 700 Oe. Our systematic work is a significant step forward in the development of 3D memory cells; it clearly demonstrates that CNTs can be combined with FE oxides and can be used, for example, as the next 3D generation of FERAMs, not excluding however other different applications in microelectronics.

Monitoring and all-optical signal processing techniques for transparent networks

Optical networks are under constant evolution. The growing demand for dynamism require devices that can accommodate different types of traffic. Thus the study of transparent optical networks arises. This approach makes optical networks more "elegant" , due to a more efficient use of network resources. In this thesis, the author proposes devices that intend to form alternative approaches both in the state of art of these same technologies both in the fitting of this technologies in transparent optical networks. Given that full transparency is difficult to achieve with current technology (perhaps with more developed optical computing this is possible), the author proposes techniques with different levels of transparency. On the topic of performance of optical networks, the author proposes two techniques for monitoring chromatic dispersion with different levels of transparency. In Chapter 3 the proposed technique seems to make more sense for long-haul optical transmission links and high transmission rates, not only due to its moderate complexity but also to its potential moderate/high cost. However it is proposed to several modulation formats, particularly those that have a protruding clock component. In Chapter 4 the transparency level was not tested for various modulation formats, however some transparency is achieved by not adding any electrical device after the receiver (other than an analog-digital converter). This allows that this technique can operate at high transmission rates in excess of 100 Gbit / s, if electro-optical asynchronous sampling is used before the optical receiver. Thus a low cost and low bandwidth photo-detector can be used. In chapter 5 is demonstrated a technique for simultaneously monitoring multiple impairments of the optical network by generating novel performance analysis diagrams and by use of artificial neural networks. In chapter 6 the author demonstrates an all-optical technique for controlling the optical state of polarization and an example of how all-optical signal processing can fully cooperate with optical performance monitoring.

Estudo da degradação do tempo de vida das fibras óticas e o seu impacte no desempenho das redes de comunicações

Este trabalho focou-se no estudo do impacte das condições ambientais, de instalação e de utilização na degradação da fibra ótica, que frequentemente resultam na redução do desempenho das fibras óticas. Entre este fatores, foram estudados os efeitos de ambientes agressivos para o revestimento da fibra, nomeadamente no tempo de vida e resistência. Foi também estudado o efeito da propagação de sinais óticos de elevadas potências em curvaturas apertadas e a sua influência na degradação do desempenho da fibra ótica. Ainda neste âmbito, foi também estudado o desempenho de fibras óticas insensíveis a curvtura e fibras dopadas com Érbio, sendo analisada a dinâmica do efeito rastilho nestas fibras. Como parte integrante das redes óticas, os conetores óticos são de extrema importância na sua estrutura. O seu desempenho será refletido na qualidade do serviço da rede, e por isso é determinante estudar os fatores que contribuem para a sua degradação e mau funcionamento. Assim, este trabalho apresenta um estudo do comportamento de conetores óticos perante situações de mau manuseamento (como são limpeza insuficiente e degradação física da face final). Em adição foi também dado ênfase à reutilização de fibra danificada pelo efeito rastilho no desenvolvimento de sensores, passíveis de serem utilizados na monitorização de índice de refração, pressão hidrostática, tensão ou alta temperatura. Este procedimento surge como uma solução de baixo custo para o desenvolvimento de sensores em fibra ótica a partir de fibra danificada e inutilizável para as suas habituais aplicações em transmissão e/ou reflexão de sinais óticos.

Post-synthetic modification of metal–organic frameworks

Post-synthetic modification (PSM) of metal-organic frameworks encompassing the chemical transformation of the linker present is a promising new route for engineering optical centres and tuning the light emission properties of materials, both in the visible and in the near infrared (NIR) spectral regions. Here, PSM of isoreticular metal-organic framework-3 (IRMOF-3) with ethyl oxalyl monochloride, ethyl acetoacetate, pentane-2,4-dione, 3-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxopropanal, 2-chloroacetic acid, glyoxylic acid, methyl vinyl ketone and diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate followed by chelation of trivalent lanthanide ions afforded intriguing near infrared (Nd3+) and visible (Eu3+, Tb3+) light emitters. IRMOF-3 was used as a case in point due to both its highly porous crystalline structure and the presence of non-coordinating amino groups on the benzenedicarboxylate (bdc) linker amenable to modification. The materials were characterised by elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and liquid and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. The solid-state luminescence properties of Ln-modified-IRMOF-3 were investigated at room temperature. The presence of the bdc aromatic ring, β– diketonate and oxalate enhanced the Ln3+ sensitization via ligand-to-metal energy transfer (anthena effect). As far as photocalysis is concerned, we have synthesized metal−organic frameworks (Cr-MIL-125-AC, Ag-MIL-125-AC) by a green method (solid–vapors reactions). The resulting functionalized materials show a photocatalytic activity for methylene blue degradation up to 6.52 times larger than that of the commercial photocatalyst hombikat UV-100. These findings open the door for further research for improving the photocatalytic performance of metal-organic frameworks.

Diagnóstico de avarias em transformadores trifásicos em serviço através da análise do Vector de Park das correntes de excitação em carga

Devido ao seu custo e importância estratégica, os transformadores de potência constituem um componente vital dos sistemas de produção, transmissão e distribuição de energia eléctrica. A sua fiabilidade constitui assim um factor crucial no funcionamento dos sistemas eléctricos de energia. Não admira, pois, que sobre estes equipamentos recaiam grandes preocupações relativamente à sua manutenção e, consequentemente, ao desenvolvimento de métodos capazes de fornecerem um diagnóstico completo e fiável do seu estado de funcionamento. Para o efeito, torna-se porém indispensável possuir um conhecimento detalhado acerca das avarias susceptíveis de ocorrerem nos transformadores, bem como dos mecanismos específicos que lhe estão subjacentes.

A reunião de passagem de turno e a promoção de competências no enfermeiro

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências da Educação, especialidade de Observação e Análise da Relação Educativa, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2005

Quadra tradicional: questões de estrutura e de forma

O elevado grau de fluidez da quadra tradicional – que participa da mutabilidade e flexibilidade características de toda a literatura de transmissão oral – faz dela um espaço complexo, movediço e resistente a quadros taxinómicos rígidos ou definitivos. Partindo desse pressuposto, quisemos determinar neste artigo as principais linhas de instabilidade desta forma poética e os seus principais processos de edificação, nos planos estrutural e formal. Procurámos demonstrar que a quadra encerra uma força de conflito decorrente de uma dialéctica de abertura e de fechamento, relacionada com impulsos quer de condensação e fixação quer de intensificação ou derivação de sentidos.

Rimas infantis: a poesia do recreio

Nos últimos anos tem - se assistido à publicação de um sem número de obras dedicadas à Literatura Infantil. No entanto, poucas são aquelas que se referem à herança legada pela literatura de tradição oral ao mundo das crianças. De entre elas, tivémos o grato prazer de conhecer o estudo que Clara Sarmento elaborou sobre as rimas infantis. Este tipo de folclore infantil rimado de transmissão oral é aquele que mais próximo se encontra do universo das crianças – desde o nascimento até às brincadeiras e outras acti vidades infantis durante os Primeiro e Segundo Ciclos do Ensino Básico – sendo, por isso, um instrumento importante para quem pretende estudar não só o património cultural de determinada comunidade, como também as relações entre as crianças e até entre est as e o Mundo.

A poesia popularizante de Vitorino Nemésio

Publicado em 1950, Festa Redonda é um livro de poeta proteiforme, extasiado com a substância telúrica e literária da sua terra natal. A força apelativa dos poemas coligidos nesta obra provém em grande parte da literatura de transmissão oral, à qual a criatividade nemesiana dá o cunho de poesia individual e original. A euforia do telurismo e da oralidade artística de Festa Redonda interage com as características da poesia moderna que percorrem grande parte da poesia de Vitorino Nemésio: a austeridade e a ideia obsidiante de vazio. A poesia de Festa Redonda, radicada nas fontes remotas da iniciação humana e literária de Vitorino Nemésio (quadras e outros géneros literários orais, com os quais ele conviveu desde a infância), é, numa palavra, um macrodiscurso festivo que nunca deixará de o acompanhar enquanto poeta de expressão e de conteúdos múltiplos e versáteis. Ler estes textos é por isso entrar de algum modo na individualidade de um espírito criador que demanda e constrói a sua própria (uni)diversidade idiossincrásica em comunhão com a oralidade literária da sua comunidade.