866 resultados para Multimedia communications


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The report reviews the technology of Free-space Optical Communication (FSO) and simulation methods for testing the performance of diverged beam in the technology. In addition to the introduction, the theory of turbulence and its effect over laser is also reviewed. In the simulation revision chapter, on-off keying (OOK) and diverged beam is assumed in the transmitter, and in the receiver, avalanche photodiode (APD) is utilized to convert the photon stream into electron stream. Phase screens are adopted to simulate the effect of turbulence over the phase of the optical beam. Apart from this, the method of data processing is introduced and retrospected. In the summary chapter, there is a general explanation of different beam divergence and their performance.

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Turbulence affects traditional free space optical communication by causing speckle to appear in the received beam profile. This occurs due to changes in the refractive index of the atmosphere that are caused by fluctuations in temperature and pressure, resulting in an inhomogeneous medium. The Gaussian-Schell model of partial coherence has been suggested as a means of mitigating these atmospheric inhomogeneities on the transmission side. This dissertation analyzed the Gaussian-Schell model of partial coherence by verifying the Gaussian-Schell model in the far-field, investigated the number of independent phase control screens necessary to approach the ideal Gaussian-Schell model, and showed experimentally that the Gaussian-Schell model of partial coherence is achievable in the far-field using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator. A method for optimizing the statistical properties of the Gaussian-Schell model was developed to maximize the coherence of the field while ensuring that it does not exhibit the same statistics as a fully coherent source. Finally a technique to estimate the minimum spatial resolution necessary in a spatial light modulator was developed to effectively propagate the Gaussian-Schell model through a range of atmospheric turbulence strengths. This work showed that regardless of turbulence strength or receiver aperture, transmitting the Gaussian-Schell model of partial coherence instead of a fully coherent source will yield a reduction in the intensity fluctuations of the received field. By measuring the variance of the intensity fluctuations and the received mean, it is shown through the scintillation index that using the Gaussian-Schell model of partial coherence is a simple and straight forward method to mitigate atmospheric turbulence instead of traditional adaptive optics in free space optical communications.

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Telecommunications have developed at an incredible speed over the last couple of decades. The decreasing size of our phones and the increasing number of ways in which we can communicate are barely the only result of this (r)evolutionary development. The latter has indeed multiple implications. The change of paradigm for telecommunications regulation, epitomised by the processes of liberalisation and reregulation, was not sufficient to answer all regulatory questions pertinent to communications. Today, after the transition from monopoly to competition, we are faced perhaps with an even harder regulatory puzzle, since we must figure out how to regulate a sector that is as dynamic and as unpredictable as electronic communications have proven to be, and as vital and fundamental to the economy and to society at large. The present book addresses the regulatory puzzle of contemporary electronic communications and suggests the outlines of a coherent model for their regulation. The search for such a model involves essentially deliberations on the question "Can competition law do it all?", since generic competition rules are largely seen as the appropriate regulatory tool for the communications domain. The latter perception has been the gist of the 2002 reform of the European Community (EC) telecommunications regime, which envisages a withdrawal of sectoral regulation, as communications markets become effectively competitive and ultimately bestows the regulation of the sector upon competition law only. The book argues that the question of whether competition law is the appropriate tool needs to be examined not in the conventional contexts of sector specific rules versus competition rules or deregulation versus regulation but in a broader governance context. Consequently, the reader is provided with an insight into the workings and specific characteristics of the communications sector as network-bound, converging, dynamic and endowed with a special societal role and function. A thorough evaluation of the regulatory objectives in the communications environment contributes further to the comprehensive picture of the communications industry. Upon this carefully prepared basis, the book analyses the communications regulatory toolkit. It explores the interplay between sectoral communications regulation, competition rules (in particular Article 82 of the EC Treaty) and the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO) relevant to telecommunications services. The in-depth analysis of multilevel construct of EC communications law is up-to-date and takes into account important recent developments in the EC competition law in practice, in particular in the field of refusal to supply and tying, of the reform of the EC electronic communications framework and new decisions of the WTO dispute settlement body, such as notably the Mexico-Telecommunications Services Panel Report. Upon these building elements, an assessment of the regulatory potential of the EC competition rules is made. The conclusions drawn are beyond the scope of the current situation of EC electronic communications and the applicable law and explore the possible contours of an optimal regulatory framework for modern communications. The book is of particular interest to communications and antitrust law experts, as well as policy makers, government agencies, consultancies and think-tanks active in the field. Experts on other network industries (such as electricity or postal communications) can also profit from the substantial experience gathered in the communications sector as the most advanced one in terms of liberalisation and reregulation.

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Der CampusSource Workshop fand vom 10. bis 12. Oktober 2006 an der Westfälischen Wilhelms Universität (WWU) in Münster statt. Kernpunkte der Veranstaltung waren die Entwicklung einer Engine zur Verknüpfung von e-Learning Anwendungen mit Systemen der HIS GmbH und die Erstellung von Lehr- und Lerninhalten mit dem Ziel der Wiederverwendung. Im zweiten Kapitel sind Vorträge der Veranstaltung im Adobe Flash Format zusammengetragen. Zur Betrachtung der Vorträge ist der Adobe Flash Player, mindestens in der Version 6 erforderlich

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Audio-visual documents obtained from German TV news are classified according to the IPTC topic categorization scheme. To this end usual text classification techniques are adapted to speech, video, and non-speech audio. For each of the three modalities word analogues are generated: sequences of syllables for speech, “video words” based on low level color features (color moments, color correlogram and color wavelet), and “audio words” based on low-level spectral features (spectral envelope and spectral flatness) for non-speech audio. Such audio and video words provide a means to represent the different modalities in a uniform way. The frequencies of the word analogues represent audio-visual documents: the standard bag-of-words approach. Support vector machines are used for supervised classification in a 1 vs. n setting. Classification based on speech outperforms all other single modalities. Combining speech with non-speech audio improves classification. Classification is further improved by supplementing speech and non-speech audio with video words. Optimal F-scores range between 62% and 94% corresponding to 50% - 84% above chance. The optimal combination of modalities depends on the category to be recognized. The construction of audio and video words from low-level features provide a good basis for the integration of speech, non-speech audio and video.

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In dem Beitrag geht es um einen Rückblick auf die Anfänge des manipulierbaren, digitalen Bildes im Kontext der Kunst. An einem Fallbeispiel, dem Johannesaltar des Rogier van der Weyden, erfolgt eine praktische Auseinandersetzung mit den technologisch bedingten Grenzen der Bildanalyse. Dies mündet in eine kritische Bilanz vorfabrizierter Wissensvermittlung und Sichtbarkeitserfahrung nicht nur im Bereich der Kunstgeschichte. Die These lautet von daher ganz allgemein gefasst: Tradierte Bildlichkeit fristet ihr Dasein nicht mehr allein im musealen Raum, sondern ist bereits in einen technologisch bedingten transferiert.

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This article proposes a new focus of research for multimedia conferencing systems which allows a participant to flexibly select another participant or a group for media transmission. For example, in a traditional conference system, participants voices might by default be shared with all others, but one might want to select a subset of the conference members to send his/her media to or receive media from. We review the concept of narrowcasting, a model for limiting such information streams in a multimedia conference, and describe a design to use existing standard protocols (SIP and SDP) for controlling fine-grained narrowcasting sessions.

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Das Web 2.0 eröffnet Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern neue Möglichkeiten mit Wissen und Informationen umzugehen: Das Recherchieren von Informationen und Quellen, der Austausch von Wissen mit anderen, das Verwalten von Ressourcen und das Erstellen von eigenen Inhalten im Web ist einfach und kostengünstig möglich. Dieser Artikel thematisiert die Bedeutung des Web 2.0 für den Umgang mit Wissen und Informationen und zeigt auf, wie durch die Kooperation vieler Einzelner das Schaffen von neuem Wissen und von Innovationen möglich wird. Diskutiert werden der Einfluss des Web 2.0 auf die Wissenschaft und mögliche Vor- und Nachteile der Nutzung. Außerdem wird ein kurzer Überblick über Studien gegeben, die die Nutzung des Web 2.0 in der Gesamtbevölkerung untersuchen. Im empirischen Teil des Artikels werden Methode und Ergebnisse der Befragungsstudie „Wissenschaftliches Arbeiten im Web 2.0“ vorgestellt. Befragt wurden Nachwuchswissenschaftlerinnen und Nachwuchswissenschaftler in Deutschland zur Nutzung des Web 2.0 für die eigene wissenschaftliche Arbeit. Dabei zeigt sich, dass insbesondere die Wikipedia von einem Großteil der Befragten intensiv bis sehr intensiv für den Einstieg in die Recherche verwendet wird. Die aktive Nutzung des Web 2.0, z.B. durch das Schreiben eines eigenen Blogs oder dem Mitarbeiten bei der Online-Enzyklopädie Wikipedia ist bis jetzt noch gering. Viele Dienste sind unbekannt oder werden eher skeptisch beurteilt, der lokale Desktopcomputer wurde noch nicht vom Web als zentraler Speicherort abgelöst.

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Eine neue Forschungs-Plattform bietet erstmals eine Kombination aus privatem Daten- und Literaturmanagement mit sozialen Werkzeugen wie Wikis, Projektmanagement und Netzwerk. „scholarz.net“ überträgt die Erfolgsprinzipien des Web 2.0 auf die Forschung und macht die neuen technischen Möglichkeiten für die Wissenschaft fruchtbar.

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In traditionellen Übungsarrangements (z.B. handkorrigierte Hausaufgaben oder vorlesungsbegleitende Übungsgruppen) erhalten Studierende ihre Ergebnisse mit Zeitverzögerung, während der Kurs inzwischen fortschreitet. Dadurch besteht die Gefahr, dass Defizite nicht wahrgenommen oder nicht korrigiert werden. Traditionelle Übungsarrangements erfordern bei sinnvollem Einsatz (v. a. kleine Übungsgruppe) eine Personalkapazität, wie sie insbesondere an Fachhochschulen nicht existiert. Ein zweites Problem, das zum Teil infolge des mangelnden Übens auftritt, besteht darin, dass viele Studierende Lehrveranstaltungen nicht nachbereiten. Viele Studierende versuchen stattdessen, sich den Vorlesungsstoff in einem kurzen Zeitraum vor der Prüfung anzueignen, was, wenn es überhaupt gelingt, nicht zu einer nachhaltigen Verankerung der Inhalte führt. In der Folge fehlen in den Nachfolgeveranstaltungen die Grundlagen, die in den vorausgegangenen Veranstaltungen hätten gelegt werden sollen.