Transformações organocatalíticas e mediadas por metais de transição na síntese de novos heterociclos nitrogenados e ciclo-hexanos

Nas últimas décadas a quiralidade tornou-se essencial na conceção, descoberta, desenvolvimento e comercialização de novos medicamentos. A importância da quiralidade na eficácia e segurança dos fármacos tem sido globalmente reconhecida tanto pelas indústrias farmacêuticas como pelas agências reguladoras de todo o mundo. De forma a produzir eficazmente medicamentos seguros e dar resposta à demanda da indústria de compostos enantiomericamente puros, a pesquisa de novos métodos de síntese assimétrica, assim como o desenvolvimento estratégico dos métodos já disponíveis tem sido um dos principais objetos de estudo de diversos grupos de investigação tanto na academia como na indústria farmacêutica No primeiro capítulo desta dissertação são introduzidos alguns dos conceitos fundamentais associados à síntese de moléculas quirais e descritas algumas das estratégias que podem ser utilizadas na sua síntese. Apresenta-se ainda uma breve revisão bibliográfica acerca dos antecedentes do grupo de investigação e sobre a ocorrência natural, atividade biológica e métodos de síntese e transformações de compostos do tipo (E,E)-cinamilidenoacetofenona. O segundo capítulo centra-se na adição de Michael enantiosseletiva de diversos nucleófilos a derivados de (E,E)-cinamilidenoacetofenona. Inicialmente descreve-se a síntese de derivados de (E,E)-cinamilidenoacetofenona através de uma condensação aldólica de acetofenonas e cinamaldeídos apropriadamente substituídos. Estes derivados são posteriormente utilizados como substratos na adição de Michael enantiosseletiva de três diferentes nucleófilos: nitrometano, malononitrilo e 2-[(difenilmetileno)amino]acetato de metilo. Nestas reações são utilizados diferentes organocatalisadores de forma a induzir enantiosseletividade nos aductos de Michael para serem utilizados na síntese de compostos com potencial interesse terapêutico. É descrita ainda uma nova metodologia de síntese de Δ1-pirrolinas através de um procedimento one-pot de redução/ciclização/desidratação mediada por ferro na presença de ácido acético de (R,E)-1,5-diaril-3-(nitrometil)pent-4-en-1-onas com bons rendimentos e excelentes excessos enantioméricos. O terceiro capítulo centra-se no estabelecimento de novas rotas de síntese e transformação de derivados do ciclo-hexano. Após uma breve revisão bibliográfica, são descritas três metodologias enantiosseletivas distintas, sendo que a primeira envolve a utilização de organocatalisadores e catalisadores de transferência de fase derivados de alcaloides cinchona. Os derivados do ciclo-hexano foram obtidos a partir da reação entre as (E,E)-cinamilidenoacetofenonas e o malononitrilo com bons rendimentos, mas baixas enantiosseletividades independentemente do catalisador utilizado. De forma a contornar este problema e uma vez que a formação do derivado do ciclo-hexano envolve inicialmente a formação in-situ do aducto de Michael, a segunda e terceira metodologias de síntese envolvem a utilização dos aductos de Michael enantiomericamente puros preparados no segundo capítulo. Assim, a reação do (S,E)-2-(1,5-diaril-1-oxopent-4-en-3-il)malononitrilo com os derivados de (E,E)-cinamilidenoacetofenona organocatalisada pela hidroquinina permitiu obter os compostos pretendidos com excelentes excessos enantioméricos. A utilização de um catalisador de transferência de fase não foi tão eficiente em termos de enantiosseletividades obtidas na reação entre as (R,E)-1,5-diaril-3-(nitrometil)pent-4-en-1-onas e os derivados de (E,E)-cinamilidenoacetofenona, apesar de estes terem sido obtidos em bons rendimentos. A preparação destes derivados levou ainda à idealização de uma nova metodologia de síntese de análogos do ácido γ-aminobutírico (GABA) devido à presença de um grupo nitro em posição gama relativamente a um grupo carboxílico. No entanto, apesar de terem sido testadas várias metodologias, não foi possível obter os compostos pretendidos. No quarto capítulo apresenta-se uma breve revisão bibliográfica acerca da ocorrência natural, atividade biológica e métodos de síntese de derivados de di-hidro- e tetra-hidropiridinas, assim como um enquadramento teórico acerca das reações pericíclicas utilizadas na síntese dos compostos pretendidos. Inicialmente é descrita a preparação de N-sulfonilazatrienos substituídos através da condensação direta de derivados de (E,E)-cinamilidenoacetofenona e sulfonamidas. Estes compostos são posteriormente utilizados na síntese de derivados de 1,2-di-hidropiridinas através de uma aza-eletrociclização-6π por duas metodologias distintas: utilização de organocatalisadores quirais e utilização de complexos metálicos de bisoxazolinas. Na síntese das tetra-hidropiridinas os N-sulfonilazatrienos são utilizados como dienos e o étoxi-eteno como dienófilo numa reação hetero-Diels-Alder inversa utilizando também os complexos metálicos de bisoxazolinas como catalisadores. Todos os novos compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados estruturalmente recorrendo a estudos de espetroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN), incluindo espetros de 1H e 13C e estudos bidimensionais de correlação espetroscópica homonuclear e heteronuclear e de efeito nuclear de Overhauser (NOESY). Foram também efetuados, sempre que possível, espetros de massa (EM) e análises elementares ou espetros de massa de alta resolução (EMAR) para todos os novos compostos sintetizados.

Micro/nanoreservoirs for controlled release of active species in smart functional coatings

This work reports one possible way to develop new functional coatings used to increase the life time of metallic structures. The functionalities selected and attributed to model coatings in the frame of this work were corrosion protection, self-sensing and prevention of fouling (antifouling). The way used to confer those functionalities to coatings was based on the encapsulation of active compounds (corrosion inhibitors, pH indicators and biocides) in micro and nanocontainers followed by their incorporation into the coating matrices. To confer active corrosion protection, one corrosion inhibitor (2-mercaptobenzothiazole, MBT) was encapsulated in two different containers, firstly in silica nanocapsules (SiNC) and in polyurea microcapsules (PU-MC). The incorporation of both containers in different models coatings shows a significant improvement in the corrosion protection of aluminum alloy 2024 (AA2024). Following the same approach, SiNC and PU-MC were also used for the encapsulation of phenolphthalein (one well known pH indicator) to introduce sensing properties in polymeric coatings. SiNC and PU-MC containing phenolphthalein acted as corrosion sensor, showing a pink coloration due to the beginning of cathodic reaction, resulting in a pH increase identified by those capsules. Their sensing performance was proved in suspension and when integrated in coatings for aluminium alloy 2024 and magnesium alloy AZ31. In a similar way, the biocide activity (antifouling) was assigned to two polymeric matrices using SiNC for encapsulation of one biocide (Dichloro-2-octyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one, DCOIT) and also SiNC-MBT was tested as biocide. The antifouling activity of those two encapsulated compounds was assessed through inhibition and consequent decrease in the bioluminescence of modified E. coli. That effect was verified in suspension and when incorporated in coatings for AISI 1008 carbon steel. The developed micro and nanocontainers presented the desired performance, allowing the introduction of new functionalities to model coatings, showing potential to be used as functional additives in the next generation of multifunctional coatings.

Piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity in amino acid glycine

Bioorganic ferroelectrics and piezoelectrics are becoming increasingly important in view of their intrinsic compatibility with biological environment and biofunctionality combined with strong piezoelectric effect and switchable polarization at room temperature. Here we study piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity in the smallest amino acid glycine, representing a broad class of non-centrosymmetric amino acids. Glycine is one of the basic and important elements in biology, as it serves as a building block for proteins. Three polymorphic forms with different physical properties are possible in glycine (α, β and γ), Of special interest for various applications are non-centrosymmetric polymorphs: β-glycine and γ-glycine. The most useful β-polymorph being ferroelectric took much less attention than the other due to its instability under ambient conditions. In this work, we could grow stable microcrystals of β-glycine by the evaporation of aqueous solution on a (111)Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate as a template. The effects of the solution concentration and Pt-assisted nucleation on the crystal growth and phase evolution were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, spin-coating technique was used for the fabrication of highly aligned nano-islands of β-glycine with regular orientation of the crystallographic axes relative the underlying substrate (Pt). Further we study both as-grown and tip-induced domain structures and polarization switching in the β-glycine molecular systems by Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) and compare the results with molecular modeling and computer simulations. We show that β-glycine is indeed a room-temperature ferroelectric and polarization can be switched by applying a bias to non-polar cuts via a conducting tip of atomic force microscope (AFM). Dynamics of these in-plane domains is studied as a function of applied voltage and pulse duration. The domain shape is dictated by both internal and external polarization screening mediated by defects and topographic features. Thermodynamic theory is applied to explain the domain propagation induced by the AFM tip. Our findings suggest that β-glycine is a uniaxial ferroelectric with the properties controlled by the charged domain walls which in turn can be manipulated by external bias. Besides, nonlinear optical properties of β-glycine were investigated by a second harmonic generation (SHG) method. SHG method confirmed that the 2-fold symmetry is preserved in as-grown crystals, thus reflecting the expected P21 symmetry of the β-phase. Spontaneous polarization direction is found to be parallel to the monoclinic [010] axis and directed along the crystal length. These data are confirmed by computational molecular modeling. Optical measurements revealed also relatively high values of the nonlinear optical susceptibility (50% greater than in the z-cut quartz). The potential of using stable β-glycine crystals in various applications are discussed in this work.

Detection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in aqueous effluents using ionic liquids

Significant improvements in human health have been achieved through the increased consumption of pharmaceutical drugs. However, most of these active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are excreted by mammals (in a metabolized or unchanged form) into the environment. The presence of residual amounts of these contaminants was already confirmed in aqueous streams since treatment processes either wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) or sewage treatment plants (STPs) are not specifically designed for this type of pollutants. Although they are present in aqueous effluents, they are usually at very low concentrations, most of the times below the detection limits of analytical equipment used for their quantification, hindering their accurate monitoring. Therefore, the development of a pre-concentration technique in order to accurately quantify and monitor these components in aqueous streams is of major relevance. This work addresses the use of liquid-liquid equilibria, applying ionic liquids (ILs), for the extraction and concentration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from aqueous effluents. Particularly, aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) composed of ILs and potassium citrate were investigated in the extraction and concentration of naproxen, diclofenac and ketoprofen from aqueous media. Both the extraction efficiency and concentration factor achievable by these systems was determined and evaluated. Within the best conditions, extraction efficiencies of 99.4% and concentration factors up to 13 times were obtained.

Photodegradation of sertraline by solar radiation and influencing factors

Photodegradation is considered to be one of the most important processes of elimination of pharmaceutical drugs from natural water matrices. The high consumption and discharge of these substances, in particular antidepressants, to the aquatic environment supports the need to study degradation processes. This dissertation aimed at studying the direct and indirect photodegradation of sertraline, an antidepressant known for its persistence in the environment, and the evaluation of the influence of environmentally relevant factors in its photodegradation. The photodegradation experiments were developed under simulated solar light and the irradiation times converted to summer sunny days (SSD), an equivalent time in natural environmental conditions. The direct photodegradation was evaluated in solutions of sertraline prepared in ultrapure water and the indirect photodegradation was studied through the addition of photosensitizers (humic substances, Fe(III), nitrates and oxygen). Further irradiation studies were perfomed in aqueous samples collected from two wastewater treatment plants, Vouga river and Ria de Aveiro. The samples were chemically characterized (dissolved organic carbon, nitrates and nitrites and iron determination and UV/Vis spectroscopy). The quantification of sertraline was done by HPLC-UV and photoproducts from direct photodegradation were identified by electrospray mass spectrometry. An observed direct photodegradation rate of sertraline of 0.0062 h-1 was determined, corresponding to a half-life time of 111 h (equivalent to 29 SSD). A significant influence of photosensitizers was observed, the best results being achieved in irradiations of sertraline with humic acids, obtaining a half-life time of 12 h. This was attributed to the hydrophobicity of this substance and higher absortivity in the UV/Vis wavelength, which promote processes of indirect photodegradation. The degradation of sertraline in natural samples was also enhanced comparatively to the direct photodegradation, achieving half-life times between 10 and 25h; the best results were achieved in samples from the primary treatment of a wastewater treatment plant and Ria de Aveiro, with half-life times of 10 and 16 h, respectively. A total of six photoproducts formed during the direct photodegradation of sertraline were identified, three of which were not yet identified in the literature. The main factors contributing to the degradation of sertraline were analysed but this was not fully accomplished, requiring further studies of the composition of the natural matrices and the combined influence of distinct photosensitizers during the irradiation. Nevertheless, it was concluded that the photodegradation of sertraline is greatly influenced by indirect photodegradation processes, promoted by the presence of photosensitizers.

The life cycle of Engraulis encrasicolus sensu lato in the Guadiana estuary: Ecology, Ecohydrology and Biology

Tese dout., Ecologia das populações, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Aplicação de métodos de customer relationship management ao tratamento de dados para o desenvolvimento de negócios

Tese de Doutoramento, Gestão, na especialidade de Marketing, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Estudo do efeito de contaminantes na espécie sentinela, a amêijoa Ruditapes decussatus, por intermédio da análise da expressão proteica: aplicação à monitorização do meio marinho

Tese dout., Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente, 2009, Universidade do Algarve

Modelação e simulação nas lagoas de Quiaios

Tese de dout., Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente (Modelação Ambiental), Univ. do Algarve, 1999

Estratégias de controlo da poluição das águas subterrâneas pelos nitratos de origem agrícola

Tese de dout., Ciências Agrárias, Faculdade de Engenharia de Recursos Naturais, Univ. do Algarve, 2003

Dissection of the early steps in the assembly of the 20S proteasome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Tese de dout., Bioquímica (Biologia Celular e Molecular), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2010

Autophagy in hypothalamic cells: role of Neuropeptide Y

Dissertação de mest.Ciências Biomédicas. Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

Diabetes Mellitus do tipo 2: influência da farmacogenómica na terapêutica oral

Dissertação de mest., Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

Farmacoterapia das perturbações do sono: insónia

Dissertação de mest., Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

Abordagem tecnológica da administração colónica: aplicação à doença de Crohn

Dissertação de mest., Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011