Principios básicos de nutrición y alimentación animal

La Nutrición Animal es una ciencia joven, ya que es hasta en el siglo XVIll (1770) cuando se establecen los primeros experimentos por el químico francés Lavoisier, considerado el descubridor de la ciencia de la nutrición. En el siglo XIX se comienza a reconocer la necesidad de las proteínas, carbohidratos y grasas; pero es en el siglo XX cuando los conocimientos de esta ciencia han avanzado grandemente. La Nutrición implica reacciones quimicas y procesos fisiológicos que transforman los alimentos en tejidos corporales y actividad, los descubrimientos modernos rn nutrición se derivan de investigaciones realizadas con una amplia variedad de especies animales: el desarrollo de esta ciencia se debe a la aplicación de conocimientos y técnicas de diferentes ciencias, fisiólogos y bioquímicos han trabajado desde hace mucho tiempo estudiando las necesidades del cuerpo en cuanto a alimento y como éste último es metabolizado. Los físicos nos han dado radiografias, el espectrógrafo, isótopos, cromatogralia y otras herramientas y nos han enseñado como se deben usar. Los microbiólogos también han contribuido al descubrimiento del papel nutricional que juegan las bacterias, los métodos microbiológicos y químicos han acelerado el desarrollo del conocimiento relacionado con el contenido de vitaminas y aminoácidos de los alimentos. Estudios realizados sobre mineral es'Traza" han mostrado que las características de los suelos en los que cultivamos nuestros alimentos, representan un papel importante en el valor nutritivo de los alimentos.

O exame da admissibilidade financeira e orçamentária de proposições na Assembleia Nacional da França

Analisa o controle da admissibilidade financeira de proposições legislativas, com impacto nas contas públicas na Assembleia Nacional da França. Compara, subsidiariamente, com o caso brasileiro referente à Câmara dos Deputados. Expõe a atuação das diferentes instituições do Estado francês envolvidas no exame de admissibilidade financeira. Investiga as competências e o processo legislativo relacionados, especificamente no que tange à Assembleia Nacional. Detalha os critérios e os conceitos relativos ao exame, adotados por aquela casa legislativa e consigna a evolução histórica recente dos principais aspectos do controle de admissibilidade na França.

La gestión de marketing de ciudades y áreas metropolitanas: de la orientación al producto a la orientación al marketing

Ponencia aceptada y defendida en el XVI Congreso Nacional y XII Hispano-Francés de AEDEM, celebrado en Alicante, en junio de 2002.

Lengua y derecho a la educación en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco : reflexiones jurídicas sobre el tránsito hacia un nuevo modelo

The article analyzes the legal regime of Euskara in the education system of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country (capv). In the capv, the legislation recognizes the right to choose the language of study during the educational cycle. The students are separated into different classrooms based on their language preference. This system of separation (of language models) has made it possible to make great strides, although its implementation also suggests aspects which, from the perspective of a pluralistic Basque society on its way towards greater social, political and language integration, call for further reflection The general model for language planning in the capv was fashioned in the eighties as a model characterized by the guarantee of spaces of language freedom, and the educational system was charged with making the learning of the region’s autochthonous language more widespread. At this point, we already have a fair degree of evidence on which to base an analysis of the system of language models and we are in a position to conclude that perhaps the educational system was given too heavy a burden. Official studies on language performance of Basque schoolchildren show (in a way that is now fully verified) that not all the students who finish their mandatory period of schooling achieve the level of knowledge of Euskara required by the regulations. When faced with this reality, it becomes necessary for us to articulate some alternative to the current configuration of the system of language models, one that will make it possible in the future to have a Basque society that is linguistically more integrated, thereby avoiding having the knowledge or lack of knowledge of one of the official languages become a language barrier between two communities. Many sides have urged a reconsideration of the system of language models. The Basque Parliament itself has requested the Department of Education to design a new system. This article analyzes the legal foundations on which the current system is built and explores the potential avenues for legal cooperation that would make it possible to move towards a new system aimed at guaranteeing higher rates of bilingualism. The system would be sufficiently flexible so as to be able to respond to and accommodate the different sociolinguistic realities of the region.

Régimen jurídico de las lenguas y reconocimiento de la diversidad lingüística en el Tratado por el que se establece una Constitución para Europa

The territory of the European Union is made up of a rich and wide-ranging universe of languages, which is not circumscribed to the «State languages». The existence of multilingualism is one of Europe’s defining characteristics and it should remain so in the constantly evolving model of Europe’s political structure. Nonetheless, until now, the official use of languages has been limited to the «State languages» and has been based on a concept of state monolingualism that has led to a first level of hierarchization among the languages of Europe. This has affected the very concept of European language diversity. The draft of the treaty establishing a European Constitution contains various language-related references that can be grouped in two major categories: on the one hand, those references having to do the constitutional status of languages, and on the other, those regarding the recognition of European language diversity. Both issues are dealt with in this article. In analyzing the legal regime governing languages set forth in the draft of the constitutional treaty, we note that the draft is not based on the concept of the official status of languages. The language regulation contained in the draft of the constitutional treaty is limited in character. The constitutional language regime is based on the concept of Constitutional languages but the official status of languages is not governed by this rule. The European Constitution merely enunciates rights governing language use for European citizens vis-à-vis the languages of the Constitution and refers the regulation of the official status of languages to the Council, which is empowered to set and modify that status by unanimous decision. Because of its broad scope, this constitutes a regulatory reservation. In the final phase of the negotiation process a second level of constitutional recognition of languages would be introduced, linked to those that are official languages in the member states (Catalan, Basque, Galician, etc.). These languages, however, would be excluded from the right to petition; they would constitute a tertium genus, an intermediate category between the lan guages benefiting from the language rights recognized under the Constitution and those other languages for which no status is recognized in the European institutional context. The legal functionality of this second, intermediate category will depend on the development of standards, i.e., it will depend on the entrée provided such languages in future reforms of the institutional language regime. In a later section, the article reflects on European Union language policy with regard to regional or minority languages, concluding that the Union has not acted in accordance with defined language policy guidelines when it has been confronted, in the exercise of its powers, with regional or minority languages (or domestic legislation having to do with language demands). The Court of Justice has endeavoured to resolve on a case by case basis the conflicts raised between community freedoms and the normative measures that protect languages. Thus, using case law, the Court has set certain language boundaries for community freedoms. The article concludes by reflecting on the legal scope of the recognition of European language diversity referred to in Article II-82 of the European Constitution and the possible measures to implement the precept that might constitute the definition of a true European language policy on regional or minority languages. Such a policy has yet to be defined.

Euskarazko murgilketa haur hezkuntzan : euskara-gaztelania elebitasunaren azterketa. Ahozko ipuinen analisi diskurtsiboa eta didaktikoa

422 p. : il., gráf. col.

Presencia e influencia del castellano en el manuscrito Lazarraga

Ponencia invitada presentada en las Terceras Jornadas de Lingüística Vasco-Románica / Euskara-Erromantze Linguistikaren III. Jardunaldiak (Bilbao, 2010)

Astarloaren ekarpena euskal gramatikaren ikerketetan

Pablo Pedro Astarloaren jaiotzako 250. urteurrena dela eta, Durangon, 2002-VI-29an Euskaltzaindiaren bilera irekian irakurritako txostena