Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling

Background: With nearly 1,100 species, the fish family Characidae represents more than half of the species of Characiformes, and is a key component of Neotropical freshwater ecosystems. The composition, phylogeny, and classification of Characidae is currently uncertain, despite significant efforts based on analysis of morphological and molecular data. No consensus about the monophyly of this group or its position within the order Characiformes has been reached, challenged by the fact that many key studies to date have non-overlapping taxonomic representation and focus only on subsets of this diversity. Results: In the present study we propose a new definition of the family Characidae and a hypothesis of relationships for the Characiformes based on phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes (4,680 base pairs). The sequences were obtained from 211 samples representing 166 genera distributed among all 18 recognized families in the order Characiformes, all 14 recognized subfamilies in the Characidae, plus 56 of the genera so far considered incertae sedis in the Characidae. The phylogeny obtained is robust, with most lineages significantly supported by posterior probabilities in Bayesian analysis, and high bootstrap values from maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses. Conclusion: A monophyletic assemblage strongly supported in all our phylogenetic analysis is herein defined as the Characidae and includes the characiform species lacking a supraorbital bone and with a derived position of the emergence of the hyoid artery from the anterior ceratohyal. To recognize this and several other monophyletic groups within characiforms we propose changes in the limits of several families to facilitate future studies in the Characiformes and particularly the Characidae. This work presents a new phylogenetic framework for a speciose and morphologically diverse group of freshwater fishes of significant ecological and evolutionary importance across the Neotropics and portions of Africa.

Oral Health Promotion Through an Online Training Program for Medical Students

The objective of this study was to compare the impact on knowledge and counseling skills of face-to-face and Internet-based oral health training programs on medical students. Participants consisted of 148 (82 percent) of the 180 invited students attending their fifth academic year at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brasil, in 2007. The interventions took place during a three-month training period in the clinical Center for Health Promotion, which comprised part of a clerkship in Internal Medicine. The students were divided into four groups: 1) Control Group (Control), with basic intervention; 2) Brochure Group (Br), with basic intervention plus complete brochure with oral health themes; 3) Cybertutor Group (Cy), with basic intervention plus access to an Internet-based training program about oral health themes; and 4) Cybertutor + Contact Group (Cy+C), the same as Cy plus brief proactive contact with a tutor. The impact of these interventions on student knowledge was measured with pre- and post assessments, and student skills in asking and counseling about oral health were assessed with an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to identify the odds ratios of scoring above Control's medians on the final assessment and the OSCE. In the results, Cy+C performed significantly better than Control on both the final assessment (OR 9.4; 95% CI 2.7-32.8) and the OSCE (OR 5.6; 95% CI 1.9-16.3) and outperformed all the other groups. The Cy+C group showed the most significant increase in knowledge and the best skills in asking and counseling about oral health.

Lignin phenols used to infer organic matter sources to Sepetiba Bay - RJ, Brasil

Lignin phenols were measured in the sediments of Sepitiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and in bedload sediments and suspended sediments of the four major fluvial inputs to the bay: Sao Francisco and Guandu Channels and the Guarda and Cacao Rivers. Fluvial suspended lignin yields (Sigma 8 3.5-14.6 mgC 10 g dw(-1)) vary little between the wet and dry seasons and are poorly correlated with fluvial chlorophyll concentrations (0.8-50.2 mu gC L(-1)). Despite current land use practices that favor grassland agriculture or industrial uses, fluvial lignin compositions are dominated by a degraded leaf-sourced material. The exception is the Guarda River, which has a slight influence from grasses. The Lignin Phenol Vegetation Index, coupled with acid/aldehyde and 3.5 Db/V ratios, indicate that degraded leaf-derived phenols are also the primary preserved lignin component in the bay. The presence of fringe Typha sp. and Spartina sp. grass beds surrounding portions of the Bay are not reflected in the lignin signature. Instead, lignin entering the bay appears to reflect the erosion of soils containing a degraded signature from the former Atlantic rain forest that once dominated the watershed, instead of containing a significant signature derived from current agricultural uses. A three-component mixing model using the LPVI, atomic N:C ratios, and stable carbon isotopes (which range between -26.8 and -21.8 parts per thousand) supports the hypothesis that fluvial inputs to the bay are dominated by planktonic matter (78% of the input), with lignin dominated by leaf (14% of the input) over grass (6%). Sediments are composed of a roughly 50-50 mixture of autochthonous material and terrigenous material, with lignin being primarily sourced from leaf. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The genus Rhagomys (Thomas 1917) (Rodentia, Cricetidae, Sigmodontinae) in South America: morphological considerations, geographic distribution and zoogeographic comments

American Museum of Natural History

CHARACTERIZATION OF AGROINDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SUCRO-ENERGETIC SECTORS OF BRASIL AND COLOMBIA

Concern about the growing demand of food and fuel has focused the attention on countries with conditions to provide for global requirements. Also, the build-up of an environmental awareness has compelled several governments to implement programs for the addition of biofuels to oil derivatives. Considering their relevance as world and South American producers, this study makes a characterization of the sucro-energetic sectors of Brazil and Colombia, based on a view of agro-industrial systems, industrial organization and transaction cost economy. The approach followed considered of a secondary information survey and in-depth interviews. The main differences found are centered on institutional development level and production volumes. However, the use of the same raw material, sugarcane, trade opening policies, cultural approaches and regional integration, are factors that could generate links of commercial exchange and technological cooperation between the two countries.

Decline in homicide rates in Sao Paulo, Brasil: a descriptive analysis

Objective. To describe homicide mortality in the municipality of Sao Paulo according to type of weapon, sex, race or skin color, age, and areas of socioeconomic inequalities, between 1996 and 2008. Method. For this ecological time-series study, data about deaths in the municipality of Sao Paulo were collected from the municipal program for improvement of mortality information, using International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes. Homicide mortality rates (HMR) were calculated for the overall population and specifically for each sex, race or skin color, age range, type of weapon, and occurrence in social deprivation/affluence areas. HMR were adjusted for age using the direct method. The percentage age of variation in HMR was calculated for the study period. For areas of socioeconomic inequalities, the relative risk of death from homicide was calculated. Results. HMR fell 73.7% between 2001 and 2008. A reduction in HMR was observed in all groups, especially males (-74.5%), young men between 15 and 24 years of age (-78.0%), and residents in areas of extreme socioeconomic deprivation (-79.3%). The reduction occurred mostly in firearm homicide rates (-74.1%). The relative risk of death from homicide in areas of extreme socioeconomic deprivation, as compared to areas with some degree of socioeconomic deprivation, was 2.77 in 1996, 3.9 in 2001, and 2.13 in 2008. In areas of high socioeconomic deprivation, the relative risk was 2.07 in 1996 and 1.96 in 2008. Conclusions. To understand the reduction in homicide rates in the municipality of Sao Paulo, it is important to take into consideration macrodeterminants that affect the entire municipality and all population subgroups, as well as micro/local determinants that have special impact on homicides committed with firearms and on subgroups such as the young, males, and residents of areas of high socioeconomic deprivation.

Portal do software p??blico brasileiro

O Portal do Software P??blico Brasileiro consolida-se como uma iniciativa que conseguiu criar um ambiente comum para compartilhar solu????es de software no setor p??blico, racionalizar a gest??o dos recursos de inform??tica, reaproveitar as solu????es de software existentes para diminuir custos e atividades redundantes, estabelecer parcerias e a????es cooperadas, refor??ar a pol??tica p??blica de estimular o uso de software livre e definir uma forma de licenciamento de software que sustente o compartilhamento de solu????es entre os ??rg??os do setor p??blico de acordo com as prerrogativas legais brasileiras e a Constitui????o Federal. Esta iniciativa trouxe como inova????o o compartilhamento de ???software p??blico???, que oficializou um novo modelo de licenciamento e de gest??o das solu????es desenvolvidas na administra????o p??blica, estabelecendo parceria entre diversos ??rg??os, institui????es, empresas e cidad??os, e hoje conta com mais de 100 mil participantes

Projeto Pensando o Direito

O projeto Pensando o Direito tem por objetivo qualificar o trabalho jur??dico da Secretaria de Assuntos Legislativos do Minist??rio da Justi??a, abrindo espa??o para a absor????o da produ????o acad??mica de ponta e fortalecendo seu trabalho de elabora????o normativa. O projeto ?? realizado pela Secretaria de Assuntos Legislativos do Minist??rio da Justi??a (SAL/MJ), por meio de acordo de coopera????o t??cnica com o Programa das Na????es Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD) ??? acordo BRA/07/004: Democratiza????o de Informa????es no Processo de Elabora????o Normativa - e implementado por meio de cartas-acordo com institui????es de ensino e pesquisa de todo o pa??s. Foram firmadas parcerias, por meio de seis sele????es p??blicas, com institui????es acad??micas de ensino e pesquisa em 42 ??reas tem??ticas previamente definidas pela SAL/MJ. O objetivo ?? o fomento ?? pesquisa de car??ter emp??rico e multidisciplinar de assuntos jur??dicos pouco debatidos na academia, mas em discuss??o na sociedade. De 2007 a 2010, foram apresentadas 265 propostas de projetos de pesquisa por 152 institui????es e, dessas, 43 foram aprovadas

Agenda social registro civil de nascimento e documenta????o b??sica: comit??s gestores da agenda social

Esta ?? uma iniciativa de gest??o para implementa????o da Agenda Social Registro Civil de Nascimento e Documenta????o B??sica, envolvendo uma rede de ??rg??os e institui????es de diversos poderes da Rep??blica nos tr??s n??veis administrativos do estado brasileiro, bem como institui????es da sociedade civil e organismos internacionais, a partir da atua????o de comit??s gestores em n??vel central e descentralizados. A agenda possibilitou intervir na forma????o de uma cultura de inclus??o a partir da documenta????o civil, com base na realiza????o das campanhas em n??vel nacional. Um dos resultados da implementa????o da agenda ?? a queda do ??ndice de sub-registro de nascidos vivos, que era de 20,9% em 2002, e passou para 12,2% em 2007

A????es premiadas no 16?? Concurso Inova????o na Gest??o P??blica Federal 2011

Este livro re??ne as dez iniciativas premiadas no 16?? Concurso Inova????o na Gest??o P??blica Federal. Nesta 16?? edi????o, o Concurso conta com os apoios da Embaixada da Fran??a, da Embaixada da Noruega, da Ag??ncia de Coopera????o Internacional Alem?? (GIZ) e da Ag??ncia Brasileira de Coopera????o (ABC), que premiam os primeiros colocados com visitas t??cnicas. A ENAP tamb??m premia os vencedores com vagas nos cursos de Especializa????o em Gest??o P??blica e Desenvolvimento Gerencial , publica????es da Escola, livro contendo os relatos das iniciativas, certificado, divulga????o no Banco de Solu????es do s??tio do Concurso, assinatura de um ano da Revista do Servi??o P??blico (RSP) e Selo Inova????o

Concurso inova????o na gest??o p??blica federal no Brasil: an??lise de uma trajet??ria

Este Caderno resulta de uma pesquisa sobre os 11 anos de realiza????o do Concurso Inova????o na Gest??o P??blica Federal. A iniciativa, que visa a estimular inova????es na gest??o governamental, ?? promovida pela Coordena????o-Geral de Pesquisa da Diretoria de Comunica????o e Pesquisa da ENAP. O estudo teve como prop??sito analisar tanto a repercuss??o, o impacto e o aproveitamento das inova????es na administra????o p??blica quanto a participa????o dos ??rg??os federais durante a trajet??ria do Concurso. Atestou-se ainda a import??ncia de se recuperar a hist??ria do Pr??mio, constituindo uma aprendizagem da organiza????o ao se extrair li????es ??teis para o aprimoramento do Concurso e da gest??o da inova????o no setor p??blico

Colet??nea planejamento e or??amento governamental: volume 1: a retomada do planejamento governamental no Brasil e seus desafios

O texto apresenta um cen??rio dos avan??os recentes no planejamento governamental. Em sua primeira parte, procura referenciar o debate atual acerca das possibilidades, das limita????es e dos avan??os introduzidos pelo PPA, especialmente a partir de 2000, com destaque para a integra????o ???plano-or??amento???, por meio de programas formulados com origem em problemas ou demandas da sociedade; um plano e um or??amento orientados para resultado; e o novo sistema de planejamento e or??amento como pe??a fundamental para a implanta????o da gest??o por resultados no Pa??s. A segunda parte do texto refere-se ao modelo de gest??o do plano. S??o apresentados os fundamentos do modelo de sua gest??o e os avan??os propostos para o PPA 2004-2007. Em s??ntese, a gest??o do plano ?? fundamentada no princ??pio da responsabiliza????o e nos processos de monitoramento, avalia????o e retroalimenta????o do ciclo do gasto p??blico

Relat??rio de Gest??o 2011

Relat??rio de Gest??o do exerc??cio de 2011 apresentado aos ??rg??os de controle interno e externo como presta????o de contas anual a que esta Unidade est?? obrigada nos termos do art. 70 da Constitui????o Federal, elaborado de acordo com as disposi????es da IN TCU n?? 63/2010, da DN TCU n?? 108/2010, da Portaria TCU n?? 123/2011 e das orienta????es do ??rg??o de controle interno (Portaria CGU n?? 2546/2010)

Orienta????es b??sicas para a gest??o consorciada de res??duos s??lidos

O s??timo volume da s??rie Inova????o na Gest??o P??blica apresenta orienta????es b??sicas para a gest??o consorciada de res??duos s??lidos. Este ???guia??? surgiu de uma a????o conjunta entre a coopera????o espanhola e o Projeto Brasil Munic??pios, realizada entre setembro de 2010 maio de 2011, com o intuito de apoiar a implementa????o de uma experi??ncia de cons??rcio p??blico na Regi??o Metropolitana da Grande Aracaju para a gest??o integrada dos res??duos s??lidos nos moldes da Lei de Cons??rcios (Lei 11.107/2005) e seu decreto regulamentador, bem como na Lei de Saneamento B??sico (Lei 11.445/2007) e em sintonia com a Pol??tica Nacional de Res??duos S??lidos. O cap??tulo 1 traz informa????es sobre a Pol??tica Nacional de Res??duos S??lidos (PNRS), a ado????o de solu????es intermunicipais para a destina????o final de rejeitos e sobre as novas responsabilidades dos munic??pios para gest??o e manejo de res??duo s??lidos previstas na PNRS. O segundo cap??tulo, por sua vez, discorre sobre o instituto do cons??rcio p??blico dando ??nfase ?? gest??o consorciada intermunicipal dos res??duos s??lidos. Por fim, o terceiro cap??tulo apresenta informa????es t??cnicas para apoiar esse arranjo institucional, como ??ndices de gera????o per capita de res??duos s??lidos domiciliares e p??blicos, dimensionamento de pessoal para cons??rcio, e respectivos custos e diretrizes para a fiscaliza????o do operador de aterro sanit??rios

Curso de monitoramento tem??tico do PPA 2012-2015 e acompanhamento or??ament??rio 2013

O curso teve como ementa: apresentar conceitos b??sicos de Monitoramento e Avalia????o; a evolu????o hist??rica da metodologia de monitoramento e avalia????o dos PPAs: 2000-2003; 2004-2007; e 2008-2011; o Monitoramento das Agendas Estrat??gicas de Governo; o monitoramento e avalia????o do PPA 2012-2015: metodologia, concep????o de monitoramento e avalia????o, e suporte informatizado (SIOP); o monitoramento das prioridades da Presid??ncia, dos programas tem??ticos, incluindo os indicadores, os objetivos e as metas do plano; a proposta de monitoramento participativo do PPA 2012-2015, por meio da rela????o do governo com o F??rum Interconselhos de pol??ticas p??blicas; e o acompanhamento das a????es e os fundamentos dos planos or??ament??rios (PO) do Or??amento de 2013