Smart antennas in software radio base stations

The application of adaptive antenna techniques to fixed-architecture base stations has been shown to offer wide-ranging benefits, including interference rejection capabilities or increased coverage and spectral efficiency.Unfortunately, the actual implementation ofthese techniques to mobile communication scenarios has traditionally been set back by two fundamental reasons. On one hand, the lack of flexibility of current transceiver architectures does not allow for the introduction of advanced add-on functionalities. On the other hand, theoften oversimplified models for the spatiotemporal characteristics of the radio communications channel generally give rise toperformance predictions that are, in practice, too optimistic. The advent of software radio architectures represents a big step toward theintroduction of advanced receive/transmitcapabilities. Thanks to their inherent flexibilityand robustness, software radio architecturesare the appropriate enabling technology for theimplementation of array processing techniques.Moreover, given the exponential progression ofcommunication standards in coexistence andtheir constant evolution, software reconfigurabilitywill probably soon become the only costefficientalternative for the transceiverupgrade. This article analyzes the requirementsfor the introduction of software radio techniquesand array processing architectures inmultistandard scenarios. It basically summarizesthe conclusions and results obtained withinthe ACTS project SUNBEAM,1 proposingalgorithms and analyzing the feasibility ofimplementation of innovative and softwarereconfigurablearray processing architectures inmultistandard settings.

Séquelles radio-induites et tests prédictifs [Radiation-induced sequelae: toward an individual profile]

The impact of curative radiotherapy depends mainly on the total dose delivered homogenously in the targeted volume. Nevertheless, the dose delivery is limited by the tolerated dose of the surrounding healthy tissues. Two different side effects (acute and late) can occur during and after radiotherapy. Of particular interest are the radiation-induced sequelae due to their irreversibility and the potential impact on daily quality of life. In a population treated in one center with the same technique, it appears that individual radiosensitivity clearly exists. In the hypothesis that genetic is involved in this area of research, lymphocytes seem to be the tissue of choice due to easy accessibility. Recently, low percentage of CD4 and CD8 lymphocyte apoptosis were shown to be correlated with high grade of sequelae. In addition, recent data suggest that patients with severe radiation-induced late side effects possess four or more SNP in candidate genes (ATM, SOD2, TGFB1, XRCC1 et XRCC3) and low radiation-induced CD8 lymphocyte apoptosis in vitro.

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy implementation to a Radio Transmission Node

Kiristyville markkinoille on aina tuotava jotain uutta tarjottavaa ja SDH-kortti on yksi sellainen tuote jonka Nokia Networks julkistaa osaksi uutta Nokia Flexihub Nodea. Tavoitteena on suunnitella VC-12kanavoitu STM-1 kortti yhdistämään ylemmän tason tietoliikenneverkko suuren kapasiteetin radioon. Ennen kuin markkinoilla on valmis tuote, on sen takana valtaisa määrä työtä. Erilaisia dokumentteja on pitänyt tuottaa ja sopimuksia tehdä. Esimerkiksi vaatimusmäärittelyt on oltava selvät, jotta tiedetään mitä tuotteelta halutaan. Tätä ennen on kuitenkin pitänyt ymmärtää miten SDHtoimii ja miten otsikkotavuja käsitellään. Myös erilaiset piirivalinnat aiheuttavat miettimistä, sillä markkinoilla on runsaasti valmiita piirejä SDH signaalinkäsittelyyn. Varma tiedonsiirto on tärkeää puhelinoperaattorille ja siksi joudutaan miettimään varmennuksia ja niiden toteuttamista. Myös synkronointi on tärkeä osa SDH järjestelmää ja sen toteuttaminen hyvin on tärkeää. Hälytykset on otettava huomioon ja mietittävä, miten niiden käsittely saadaan hoidettua järkevästi, ilman että mikään järjestelmän osa ruuhkautuu kohtuuttomasti. Tässä Diplomityössä on tutustuttu SDH-järjestelmään, otsikkotavujen käsittelyyn ja vaatimusmäärittelyihin.

How Spanish in an American film is rendered in translation: dubbing Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid in Spain

This is a case study of the Spanish dubbed version of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (George Roy Hill 1969) to illustrate and further develop the concept of L3 as a language that appears in source texts and their translations. L3 is distinguishable from the main language(s), L1 for the source text and L2 for the translation, based on a model proposed by Corrius and Zabalbeascoa 2011, and Corrius 2008. The study reveals various possible ways of rendering L3 in translation, in particular when L3 happens to coincide with L2. It also looks into the effect that certain translation solutions may have on intratextual translation and metatranslation.

Tumor-necrosis factor can enhance radio-antibody uptake in human colon carcinoma xenografts by increasing vascular permeability.

Marked differences in the tumor uptake of a 125I-labeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were observed in 4 serially transplanted human colorectal carcinomas in nude mice. A comparative study showed that elevated values of measurable tumor vascular parameters, such as permeability, blood flow and blood volume, correlated better with high MAb tumor uptake than the concentration of target antigen in the tumor. In an attempt to modify the vascular parameters and to determine if this could increase antibody uptake by the tumor, rhTNF alpha (TNF) was injected i.t. or i.v. and antibody localization experiments were performed immediately thereafter. Results showed that the permeability of the tumor vessels increased 8 to 10 fold 1 hr after i.t. injection of TNF as compared to control tumors injected with saline. Tumor uptake of 125I-labeled anti-CEA MAb, was 3 times higher 2 hr after i.v. injection and still 27% higher 22 hr later, as compared to results from controls. Intravenous injection of TNF simultaneously with the 125I-labeled anti-CEA MAb also resulted in a 2-fold increase in tumor uptake 4 hr after injection, but the increase was no longer significant 24 hr after injection. Interestingly after i.v. injection of TNF, the MAb concentration in the blood and other normal tissues, such as liver, kidneys, lungs and heart was decreased, resulting in significantly higher ratios of tumor to normal tissue. Taken together the results demonstrate that injection of TNF can increase tumor vascular permeability and improve radio-antibody uptake. This raises the possibility of increasing the radiation dose delivered by antibody to the tumor in the course of radioimmunotherapy.

Etude radio-clinique comparant les résultats à court terme des prothèses totales du genou implantées soit à l'aide d'une instrumentation manuelle soit à l'aide d'un système de navigation assisté par ordinateur

Résumé: La qualité de l'implantation d'une prothèse totale du genou est un facteur essentiel déterminant le résultat clinique à long terme. L'alignement postopératoire des membres inférieurs est considéré comme le facteur influençant le plus la survie à long terme d'une arthroplastie du genou. Au vu du haut degré de corrélation entre les complications post-opératoires et les malpositionnements prothétiques, les chirurgiens ont tenté de développer durant ces deux dernières décennies des instruments chirurgicaux améliorant la précision d'implantation. Depuis le début des années 90, de nouvelles instrumentations assistées par ordinateur ont été proposées. Actuellement, en chirurgie prothétique du genou, la plus utilisée de ces techniques est le système de navigation OrthoPilot® qui permet, grâce à une station de navigation et des émetteurs infrarouges, de contrôler en continu pendant l'opération, l'axe mécanique du membre inférieur et de vérifier la précision des coupes osseuses. Le but de cette étude de cohorte appareillée rétrospective est de comparer les résultats clinique et radiologiques de deux collectifs de patients (32 patients dans chaque groupe) comparables (âge, sexe, BMI, degré d'arthrose, recul postopératoire), opérés avec le même type de prothèse (prothèse à glissement tricompartimental postérieurement stabilisée), soit avec le système de navigation Orthopilot®, soit à l'aide de l'instrumentation ancillaire mécanique classique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la technique chirurgicale supportée par le système de navigation Orthopilot® est fiable et aisément reproductible. Par rapport à l'instrumentation manuelle, l'instrumentation assistée améliore significativement la précision de pose du composant tibial dans le plan frontal. Cependant entre des mains expérimentées, la technique d'alignement mécanique classique, plus simple, reste performante (coût modique, temps opératoire plus court et sans risque de défaillance technique).

Plastid DNA variation in Prunus serotina var. serotina (Rosaceae), a North American tree invading Europe

Black cherry (Prunus serotina) is a tree from North America, where it is often used for economical purposes, whereas it is widespread and invasive in Europe. Plastid DNA variation was Wrst investigated in both its native and invasive ranges using microsatellite loci and sequences of three intergenic spacers (trnT-trnL, trnD-trnT and trnS-trnG). This analysis was focused on P. serotina var. serotina, with the inclusion of samples of closely related taxa. Length variation at a microsatellite locus (ccmp5) and a few sequence polymorphisms were identi- Wed among P. serotina samples. Four new primer pairs were then designed to speciWcally amplify variable regions and a combination of Wve markers was Wnally proposed for phylogeographic studies in P. serotina. These loci allow identiWcation of six chlorotypes in P. serotina var. serotina, which may be particularly useful to depict the maternal origins of European invasive populations

Terrestrial Trunked Radio - verkossa toimivan reaaliaikaisen Short Data Service - viesteihin perustuvan telemetriasovelluksen ohjelmistokehitys

Tämä diplomityö tarkastelee TETRA-verkon soveltuvuutta turvallisuusviranomaisille tarkoitettuun telemetriasovellukseen, jossa erilaiset mittausdatat ja hälytystiedot kulkevat verkon yli SDS-viestiliikenteenä. Diplomityön tarkoituksena on tehdä kaksi sulautettua ohjelmistoa sekä yksi PCohjelmisto, joita käytetään rakennettavassa demolaitteistossa. Lisäksi selvitetään TETRA-verkon toimivuus ja rajoitukset sovelluksessa eri olosuhteissa ja eri kuormitustilanteissa. Diplomityön teoriaosassa käydään läpi työn määrittely ja ohjelmistonkehitysprosessin läpivienti eri osa-alueilla. Loppuosassa kuvataan tehdyt ohjelmistot erikseen ja yhdessä suunnittelusta toteutukseen, sekä lopullisen järjestelmän testaus.

L'immunoscintigraphie par les anticorps monoclonaux radiomarqués. Evolution d'une méthode de diagnostic du cancer et espoir d'une nouvelle forme de thérapie [Immunoscintigraphy using radio-labeled monoclonal antibodies. Development of a method of cancer diagnosis and hopes for a new form of therapy].

Personal results are presented to illustrate the development of immunoscintigraphy for the detection of cancer over the last 12 years, from the early experimental results in nude mice grafted with human colon carcinoma to the most modern form of immunoscintigraphy applied to patients, using I123 labeled Fab fragments from monoclonal anti-CEA antibodies detected by single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT). The first generation of immunoscintigraphy used I131 labeled, immunoadsorbent purified, polyclonal anti-CEA antibodies and planar scintigraphy, as the detection system. The second generation used I131 labeled monoclonal anti-CEA antibodies and SPECT, while the third generation employed I123 labeled fragments of monoclonal antibodies and SPECT. The improvement in the precision of tumor images with the most recent forms of immunoscintigraphy is obvious. However, we think the usefulness of immunoscintigraphy for routine cancer management has not yet been entirely demonstrated. Further prospective trials are still necessary to determine the precise clinical role of immunoscintigraphy. A case report is presented on a patient with two liver metastases from a sigmoid carcinoma, who received through the hepatic artery a therapeutic dose (100 mCi) of I131 coupled to 40 mg of a mixture of two high affinity anti-CEA monoclonal antibodies. Excellent localisation in the metastases of the I131 labeled antibodies was demonstrated by SPECT and the treatment was well tolerated. The irradiation dose to the tumor, however, was too low at 4300 rads (with 1075 rads to the normal liver and 88 rads to the bone marrow), and no evidence of tumor regression was obtained. Different approaches for increasing the irradiation dose delivered to the tumor by the antibodies are considered.

Study of the incorporation and the anti-tumour efficacy of radio-iododeoxyuridine according to the cellular cycle and in presence of synthesis inhibitor of thymidine

Résumé La iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd), une fois marqué au 123I ou au 125I, est un agent potentiel pour des thérapies par rayonnements Auger. Cependant, des limitations restreignent son incorporation dans l'ADN. Afin d'augmenter celle-ci, différents groupes ont étudié la fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd), qui favorise l'incorporation d'analogue de la thymidine, sans toutefois parvenir à une toxicité associé plus importante. Dans notre approche, 3 lignées cellulaires de glioblastomes humains et une lignée de cancer ovarien ont été utilisées. Nous avons observé, 16 à 24 h après un court pré-traitement à la FdUrd, un fort pourcentage de cellules s'accumulant en phase S. Plus qu'une accumulation, c'était une synchronisation des cellules, celles-ci restant capables d'incorporer la radio-IdIrd et repartant dans le cycle cellulaire. De plus, ces cellules accumulées après un pré-traitement à la FdUrd étaient plus radio-sensibles. Après le même intervalle de 16 à 24 h suivant la FdUrd, les 4 lignées cellulaires ont incorporé des taux plus élevés de radio-IdUrd que sans ce prétraitement. Une corrélation temporelle entre l'accumulation des cellules en phase S et la forte incorporation de radio-IdUrd a ainsi été révélée 16 à 24 h après pré-traitement à la FdUrd. Les expériences de traitement par rayonnements Auger sur les cellules accumulées en phase S ont montré une augmentation significative de l'efficacité thérapeutique de 125I-IdUrd comparé aux cellules non prétraitées à la FdUrd. Une première estimation a permis de déterminer que 100 désintégrations de 125I par cellules étant nécessaires afin d'atteindre l'efficacité thérapeutique. De plus, p53 semble jouer un rôle dans l'induction directe de mort cellulaire après des traitements par rayonnements Auger, comme indiqué par les mesures par FACS d'apoptose et de nécrose 24 et 48 h après le traitement. Concernant les expériences in vivo, nous avons observé une incorporation marquée de la radio-IdUrd dans l'ADN après un pré-traitement à la FdUrd dans un model de carcinomatose ovarienne péritonéale. Une augmentation encore plus importante a été observée après injection intra-tumorale dans des transplants sous-cutanés de glioblastomes sur des souris nues. Ces modèles pourraient être utilisés pour de plus amples études de diffusion de radio-IdUrd et de thérapie par rayonnement Auger. En conclusion, ce travail montre une première application réussie de la FdUrd afin d'accroître l'efficacité de la radio-IdUrd par traitements aux rayonnements Auger. La synchronisation des cellules en phase S combinée avec la forte incorporation de radio-IdUrd dans l'ADN différées après un pré-traitement à la FdUrd ont montré le gain thérapeutique attendu in vitro. De plus, des études in vivo sont tout indiquées après les observations encourageantes d'incorporation de radio-IdUrd dans les models de transplants sous-cutanés de glioblastomes et de tumeurs péritonéales ovariennes. Summary Iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd), labelled with 123I or 125I, could be a potential Auger radiation therapy agent. However, limitations restrict its DNA incorporation in proliferating cells. Therefore, fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd), which favours incorporation of thymidine analogues, has been studied by different groups in order to increase radio-IdUrd DNA incorporation, however therapeutic efficacy increase could not be reached. In our approach, 3 human glioblastoma cell lines with different p53 expression and one ovarian cancer line were pre-treated with various FdUrd conditions. We observed a high percentage of cells accumulating in early S phase 16 to 24 h after a short and non-toxic FdUrd pre-treatment. More than an accumulation, this was a synchronization, cells remaining able to incorporate radio-IdUrd and re-entering the cell cycle. Furthermore, the S phase accumulated cells post FdUrd pre-treatment were more radiosensitive. After the same delay of 16 to 24 h post FdUrd pre-treatment, the 4 cell lines were incorporating higher rates of radio-IdUrd compared with untreated cells. A time correlation between S phase accumulation and high radio-IdUrd incorporation was therefore revealed 16 to 24 h post FdUrd pre-treatment. Auger radiation treatment experiments performed on S phase enriched cells showed a significant increase of killing efficacy of 125I-IdUrd compared with cells not pre-treated with FdUrd. A first estimation indicates further that about 100 125I decays were required to reach killing in the targeted cells. Moreover, p53 might play a role on the direct induction of cell death pathways after Auger radiation treatments, as indicated by differential apoptosis and necrosis induction measured by FACS 24 and 48 h after treatment initiation. Concerning in vivo results, we observed a marked DNA incorporation increase of radio-IdUrd after FdUrd pre-treatment in peritoneal carcinomatosis in SCID mice. Even higher incorporation increase was observed after intra-tumoural injection of radio-IdUrd in subcutaneous glioblastoma transplants in nude mice. These tumour models might be further useful for diffusion of radio-IdUrd and Auger radiation therapy studies. In conclusion, these data show a first successful application of thymidine synthesis inhibition able to increase the efficacy of radio-IdUrd Auger radiation treatment. The S phase synchronization combined with a high percentage DNA incorporation of radio-IdUrd delayed post FdUrd pre-treatment provided the expected therapeutic gain in vitro. Further in vivo studies are indicated after the observations of encouraging radio-IdUrd uptake experiments in glioblastoma subcutaneous xenografts and in an ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis model.