984 resultados para CO2 GEOLOGICAL STORAGE


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本文以跨越漫长地质历史时期的银杏类植物为研究对象,首次尝试在大的时间尺度上利用单一植物类群的气孔频度估测古大气CO2浓度的变化趋势。 一、借助多种研究手段对现代银杏(Ginkgo biloba)和9种化石银杏的叶表皮特征进行调查,并对现代银杏叶片蜡质晶体的形态结构和气孔发育过程进行了研究。应用荧光显微镜观察晚三叠世一种拜拉植物的角质层特征,根据其气孔下生型和平直的表皮细胞垂周壁等特点建 立新种—宁蒗拜拉(Baiera ninglangensis sp. nov.)。 二、在大气CO2浓度相对稳定的条件下,对不同条件下(不同季节,长短枝间,不同冠层间,不同叶片面积,雌雄树间)银杏叶片气孔密度和气孔指数的调查结果表明,其它环境因子对银杏气孔频度的影响很有限,而且通过一定的采样、测量和分析策略,可以排除其他环境和生物因子对气孔特征的影响。 三、74年间,大气CO2浓度上升55μmol•mol-1的同时,银杏的气孔密度降低了27%。而3属8种中生代和新生代银杏类植物在9个时间点的气孔密度和气孔指数都低于现存最近对应种的值,意味着当时的大气CO2浓度都高于目前的水平。根据最新评估标准,以气孔比率定量估算各个地质时代的大气CO2浓度,与前人的工作以及通过地球物理化学方法获得的显生宙大气CO2浓度进行比较。

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EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): The U.S. Geological Survey is working to define a hydroclimatic data network. The Geological Survey collects stream discharge data at more than 7000 sites throughout the United States. Many of these stations are operated to supply information about specific activities such as flood control, irrigation projects, or hydropower generation. As a beginning, the Geological Survey will attempt to identify stations that represent natural streamflow. Several lists of stations representing "natural" streamflow have been complied in the past. While there is some overlap among these lists, a consistent compilation is preferred. The present effort is to produce one list identifying those stations having periods of record which would be suitable for mesoscale climatic analyses.

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We demonstrate a room temperature processed ferroelectric (FE) nonvolatile memory based on a ZnO nanowire (NW) FET where the NW channel is coated with FE nanoparticles. A single device exhibits excellent memory characteristics with the large modulation in channel conductance between ON and OFF states exceeding 10(4), a long retention time of over 4 × 10(4) s, and multibit memory storage ability. Our findings provide a viable way to create new functional high-density nonvolatile memory devices compatible with simple processing techniques at low temperature for flexible devices made on plastic substrates.

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早采的山楂果实在贮存8个月之后可售率为98.7%,而晚采的为65.4%。在贮藏过程中对它们的乙烯释放率、呼吸强度、可滴定酸、Vc、可溶性固形物、可溶性果胶和原果胶、淀粉粒、色度进行了分析、观察和测定,发现早采的果实比晚采的衰老速率慢,因此贮存期长,品质保存得好。 我们还应用高CO2处理的短期气调与MA气调相结合进行了实验。发现采收2周后用10% CO2处理2小时,效果很明显。经高CO2处理的果实贮存8个月可售率为93.4%,而对照为65.4%,而且经CO2处理的果实可滴定酸和Vc都较高,可溶性固形物较低,PPO活性在体外比对照低60%。虽然CO2处理对乙烯产生有一定的刺激作用,但对呼吸作用有所抑制。

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The mucus surface layer of corals plays a number of integral roles in their overall health and fitness. This mucopolysaccharide coating serves as vehicle to capture food, a protective barrier against physical invasions and trauma, and serves as a medium to host a community of microorganisms distinct from the surrounding seawater. In healthy corals the associated microbial communities are known to provide antibiotics that contribute to the coral’s innate immunity and function metabolic activities such as biogeochemical cycling. Culture-dependent (Ducklow and Mitchell, 1979; Ritchie, 2006) and culture-independent methods (Rohwer, et al., 2001; Rohwer et al., 2002; Sekar et al., 2006; Hansson et al., 2009; Kellogg et al., 2009) have shown that coral mucus-associated microbial communities can change with changes in the environment and health condition of the coral. These changes may suggest that changes in the microbial associates not only reflect health status but also may assist corals in acclimating to changing environmental conditions. With the increasing availability of molecular biology tools, culture-independent methods are being used more frequently for evaluating the health of the animal host. Although culture-independent methods are able to provide more in-depth insights into the constituents of the coral surface mucus layer’s microbial community, their reliability and reproducibility rely on the initial sample collection maintaining sample integrity. In general, a sample of mucus is collected from a coral colony, either by sterile syringe or swab method (Woodley, et al., 2008), and immediately placed in a cryovial. In the case of a syringe sample, the mucus is decanted into the cryovial and the sealed tube is immediately flash-frozen in a liquid nitrogen vapor shipper (a.k.a., dry shipper). Swabs with mucus are placed in a cryovial, and the end of the swab is broken off before sealing and placing the vial in the dry shipper. The samples are then sent to a laboratory for analysis. After the initial collection and preservation of the sample, the duration of the sample voyage to a recipient laboratory is often another critical part of the sampling process, as unanticipated delays may exceed the length of time a dry shipper can remain cold, or mishandling of the shipper can cause it to exhaust prematurely. In remote areas, service by international shipping companies may be non-existent, which requires the use of an alternative preservation medium. Other methods for preserving environmental samples for microbial DNA analysis include drying on various matrices (DNA cards, swabs), or placing samples in liquid preservatives (e.g., chloroform/phenol/isoamyl alcohol, TRIzol reagent, ethanol). These methodologies eliminate the need for cold storage, however, they add expense and permitting requirements for hazardous liquid components, and the retrieval of intact microbial DNA often can be inconsistent (Dawson, et al., 1998; Rissanen et al., 2010). A method to preserve coral mucus samples without cold storage or use of hazardous solvents, while maintaining microbial DNA integrity, would be an invaluable tool for coral biologists, especially those in remote areas. Saline-saturated dimethylsulfoxide-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (20% DMSO-0.25M EDTA, pH 8.0), or SSDE, is a solution that has been reported to be a means of storing tissue of marine invertebrates at ambient temperatures without significant loss of nucleic acid integrity (Dawson et al., 1998, Concepcion et al., 2007). While this methodology would be a facile and inexpensive way to transport coral tissue samples, it is unclear whether the coral microbiota DNA would be adversely affected by this storage medium either by degradation of the DNA, or a bias in the DNA recovered during the extraction process created by variations in extraction efficiencies among the various community members. Tests to determine the efficacy of SSDE as an ambient temperature storage medium for coral mucus samples are presented here.

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本论文为国家自然科学基金重大项目“中国陆地生态系统对全球变化的反应模式研究”的部分研究内容。 本文对C02正常浓度(350ppm)和C02倍增(700ppm)条件下,小麦(Triticum, aestivum)、半野生小麦(Triticum aestivum spp.tibeticumShao)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare)、野大麦(Hordeum brevisubulalum)、水稻(Oryza sativa,)、野生稻(Or7za sativa ssp.)、谷子(Setaria italica)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、高粱(Sorghum vulgare)、玉米(Zea mays)、旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum)、旱麦草(Eremopyrum triticeum)等12种禾本科植物幼苗的叶片厚度、叶肉细胞密度、维管束鞘细胞中的叶绿体数、叶肉细胞中的叶绿体数、表皮细胞密度、气孔密度、气孔指数、气孔长度、气孔阻抗及平均株高、鲜重、茎秆直径、根的直径、种子的萌发率及叶绿体超微结构等进行了比较研究。 结果表明,C02倍增使不同种类、不同测试项目反应不一。总体上看,CO2浓度倍增,使10种禾本科植物(野大麦、玉米外)的吐片厚度普遍增加。除个别种类外,C4种类的平均株高、鲜重、根直径倍增组比对照组减小;气孔平均密度增加,而C3种类则呈相反趋势o C4种类比C3种类的叶片气孔开度对C02倍增反应更为敏感。在高浓度C02条件下,C4种类的叶绿体超微结构变化较明显,淀粉粒显著增加。野生种类的表皮细胞密度,叶肉细胞密度,维管束鞘细胞中的叶绿体数及茎秆直径,C02倍增组比对照组减少,栽培种类则显著增加。气孔密度与气孔指数基本呈正相关;而气孔长度与气孔密度则大体上呈负相关。 文中对高浓度C02条件下,供试植物形态结构的变化和规律,及全球大气变化对未来农业可能产生的影响进行了讨论。