O vencimento e a remuneração do magistério público municipal de Natal/RN: repercussões da implementação do Fundeb (2007-2010)

Le travail suivant discute le salaire touché par les professeurs et leur rémunération, face à l’implémentation du Fond de Mantenance du Développement de l’Éducation de Base et Valorisation des Professionnels de l’Enseignement (Fundeb), au Système d’Éducation Public de la Municipalité de la ville de Natal, entre les années de 2007 a 2010. L’objectif est l’analyse des repercussions du Funeb pour la rémuneration des enseignants dans le contexte de la politique de financement de l’Éducation de Base e ses propositions de valorisation des enseignants – revennu et rémunération. L’étude s’est utilisé la recherche bibliographique et documentale, les informations relatives à : Éducatif (inscriptions), rémunération (bulletin de salaire et bulletin de paie), budgétaires (recette et dépense) au ressource – microinformations du recensement scolaire (INEP/MEC), SIOPE/FNDE et lo PCCR de la municipalité (LC nº058/2004), et comme donné comparatif on utilise la rémunération et la valeur du salaire minimum national – actualisé par le INPC. À partir de là, les études montrent que dès la Constitution Fédeérale de 1988, il y a eu des changements dans la structure du financement de l’Éducation par la politique de Fonds, iniciée par le Fundef et continuée par le Fundeb, avec des reflets pour la valorisation des enseignants, spécialement, sur la rémunération. Par rapport au revennu, l’étude montre un réajustement à chaque année qui observe, en 2007, un pourcentage de 23,74%, c’est-à´dire, la plus grande de la série historique. Par l’analyse des donnés de revennus on peut observer que les enseignants, au début de leur carrière, présente des réajustement sur leur revennu et rémunération plus petit que celui du Salaire Minimum National, et pourtant les enseignants de niveau supérieur (N1), spécialisation et maîtrise (N2) ont présenté le même pourcentage de croissance de la rémunération pendant cet étude, qui correspond à 14,7%. Le pourcentage pour le professeur docteur a été noté en 33,9%. Par rapport aux enseignants de plus de temps de service, entre 10 et 15 ans, les pourcentages de réajustement ont été différents, car ils montrent des proportions croissantes selon le niveau de formation et le temps de carrière comme enseignant. Malgré le Fundeb présente des progressions, il ne s’est pas encore configuré comme une politique d’amélioration de salaire pour les enseignants. On remarque que pendant l’analyse, il y a une diminuition de proportion entre la valeur de rémunération e la quantité de salaires minimum composant le total, ce qui configure un procès qui exige de plus grands investissements aux salaires des enseignants.

Promoção, vencimento e avaliação de desempenho do professor do ensino fundamental: o PCCR da rede municipal de ensino de Natal/RN (2004-2010)

This study is about the enhancement of the elementary school in Natal/RN, (PCCR - Law No. 058/2004), concerning to the horizontal promotion through the performance evaluation. It uses as reference the education policy on the legislative field hegemony and the managerial model. The analysis of the teacher´s valorization is based on the policy of Funds (Fundef and Fundeb) in the Brazilian social and educational agenda. The study focuses on the Career Plan, Career and Remuneration of teachers in the period (2004-2010).The study focuses on the Career Plan, Career and Remuneration of teachers in the period (2004-2010). The thesis argues for the necessity to adopt a direct relationship between career development and horizontal promotion for more others fifteen classes, no matter to any conditioning variables. In addition, the performance shall be evaluated by interval of 25 years to reach at least the provisions decided in the law, which determines the salary adjustment in 5% at every two years, as pointed at the PCCR, about teachers remuneration, and teachers qualifications. A work of a bibliographic and a documental review about the education funding with the purpose of enhancement of educational work, career concepts, and also promotion and evaluation performance as well was performed based on experts authors in this field. The survey was organized with the aim of articulating quantitative and qualitative information, analyzing data from the teacher's salary - payrolls and paychecks - also applying a questionnaire. After the implementation of the PCCR, it was found that the wage indices for horizontal promotion during the teaching career are tied to a strategy for evaluating the performance which disqualifies the teacher‟s salaries in a minimum percentage of 25% (up to 25 years) and there are also elements that disturb the promotion strategy. The national minimum wage was set in three salaries by the PSPN Lei nº11.738/2008 but it never reaches the three salaries at Natal/RN educational system.Otherwise, the elements that structure the horizontal promotion in fifteen classes, throughout the career, flout the minimum years of teaching work, long established in 25 years. In addition, changes in terms in the salary increase depend on individual efforts by professional development through titration. Concerning to the career, despite of the category approving its PCCR, neither this instrument nor the Funds Policy managed to establish regulations were able to cope effective rules for valuing the teachers in the educational district system. It is necessary to ensure, in percentage terms and financial, the real remuneration of teachers with the attainment of horizontal promotion, reviewing the elements that structure the career and the determinants of performance evaluation.

Accumulation rates of bulk sediment and opal in surface sediments of the South Atlantic

A set of 114 samples from the sediment surface of the Atlantic, eastern Pacific and western Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean has been analyzed for 230Th and biogenic silica. Maps of opal content, Th-normalized mass flux, and Th-normalized biogenic opal flux into the sediment have been derived. Significant differences in sedimentation patterns between the regions can be detected. The mean bulk vertical fluxes integrated into the sediment in the open Southern Ocean are found in a narrow range from 2.9 g/m**2 yr (Eastern Weddell Gyre) to 15.8 g/m**2 yr (Indian sector), setting upper and lower limits to the vertically received fraction of open ocean sediments. The silica flux to sediments of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean is found to be 4.2 ± 1.4 * 10**11 mol/yr, just one half of the last estimate. This adjustment represents 6% of the output term in the global marine silica budget.

Physical oceanography from the northwestern Weddell Sea

We analyzed hydrographic data from the northwestern Weddell Sea continental shelf of the three austral winters 1989, 1997, and 2006 and two summers following the last winter cruise. During summer a thermal front exists at ~64° S separating cold southern waters from warm northern waters that have similar characteristics as the deep waters of the central basin of the Bransfield Strait. In winter, the whole continental shelf exhibits southern characteristics with high Neon (Ne) concentrations, indicating a significant input of glacial melt water. The comparison of the winter data from the shallow shelf off the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, spanning a period of 17 yr, shows a salinity decrease of 0.09 for the whole water column, which has a residence time of <1 yr. We interpret this freshening as being caused by a combination of reduced salt input due to a southward sea ice retreat and higher precipitation during the late 20th century on the western Weddell Sea continental shelf. However, less salinification might also result from a delicate interplay between enhanced salt input due to sea ice formation in coastal areas formerly occupied by Larsen A and B ice shelves and increased Larsen C ice loss.

Sediment core-top GDGT data from the Arctic, the North Pacific and the Southern Ocean

TEX86 (TetraEther indeX of tetraethers consisting of 86 carbon atoms) is a sea surface temperature (SST) proxy based on the distribution of archaeal isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs). In this study, we appraise the applicability of TEX86 and TEX86L in subpolar and polar regions using surface sediments. We present TEX86 and TEX86L data from 160 surface sediment samples collected in the Arctic, the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific. Most of the SST estimates derived from both TEX86 and TEX86L are anomalously high in the Arctic, especially in the vicinity of Siberian river mouths and the sea ice margin, plausibly due to additional archaeal contributions linked to terrigenous input. We found unusual GDGT distributions at five sites in the North Pacific. High GDGT-0/crenarchaeol and GDGT-2/crenarchaeol ratios at these sites suggest a substantial contribution of methanogenic and/or methanotrophic archaea to the sedimentary GDGT pool here. Apart from these anomalous findings, TEX86 and TEX86L values in the surface sediments from the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific do usually vary with overlaying SSTs. In these regions, the sedimentary TEX86-SST relationship is similar to the global calibration, and the derived temperature estimates agree well with overlaying annual mean SSTs at the sites. However, there is a systematic offset between the regional TEX86L-SST relationships and the global calibration. At these sites, temperature estimates based on the global TEX86L calibration are closer to summer SSTs than annual mean SSTs. This finding suggests that in these subpolar settings a regional TEX86L calibration may be a more suitable equation for temperature reconstruction than the global calibration.

Stable isotope ratios on planktonic foraminifer N. pachyderma of surface sediments from the Arctic Ocean (Table 1)

Planktic foraminifers Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sin.) from 87 eastern and central Arctic Ocean surface sediment samples were analyzed for stable oxygen and carbon isotope composition. Additional results from 52 stations were taken from the literature. The lateral distribution of delta18O (18O/16O) values in the Arctic Ocean reveals a pattern of roughly parallel, W-E stretching zones in the Eurasian Basin, each ~0.5 per mil wide on the delta18O scale. The low horizontal and vertical temperature variability in the Arctic halocline waters (0-100 m) suggests only little influence of temperature on the oxygen isotope distribution of N. pachyderma (sin.). The zone of maximum delta18O values of up to 3.8 per mil is situated in the southern Nansen Basin and relates to the tongue of saline (> 33%.) Atlantic waters entering the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait. delta18O values decrease both to the Barents Shelf and to the North Pole, in accordance with the decreasing salinities of the halocline waters. In the Nansen Basin, a strong N-S delta18O gradient is in contrast with a relatively low salinity change and suggests contributions from different freshwater sources, i.e. salinity reduction from sea ice meltwater in the south and from light isotope waters (meteoric precipitation and river-runoff) in the northern part of the basin. North of the Gakkel Ridge, delta18O and salinity gradients are in good accordance and suggest less influence of sea ice melting processes. The delta13C (13C/12C) values of N. pachyderma (sin.) from Arctic Ocean surface sediment samples are generally high (0.75-0.95 per mil). Lower values in the southern Eurasian Basin appear to be related to the intrusion of Atlantic waters. The high delta13C values are evidence for well ventilated surface waters. Because the perennial Arctic sea ice cover largely prevents atmosphere-ocean gas exchange, ventilation on the seasonally open shelves must be of major importance. Lack of delta13C gradients along the main routes of the ice drift from the Siberian shelves to the Fram Strait suggests that primary production (i.e. CO2 consumption) does probably not change the CO2 budget of the Arctic Ocean significantly.

Global data compilation of benthic data sets II

In this study we present a global distribution pattern and budget of the minimum flux of particulate organic carbon to the sea floor (J POC alpha). The estimations are based on regionally specific correlations between the diffusive oxygen flux across the sediment-water interface, the total organic carbon content in surface sediments, and the oxygen concentration in bottom waters. For this, we modified the principal equation of Cai and Reimers [1995] as a basic monod reaction rate, applied within 11 regions where in situ measurements of diffusive oxygen uptake exist. By application of the resulting transfer functions to other regions with similar sedimentary conditions and areal interpolation, we calculated a minimum global budget of particulate organic carbon that actually reaches the sea floor of ~0.5 GtC yr**-1 (>1000 m water depth (wd)), whereas approximately 0.002-0.12 GtC yr**-1 is buried in the sediments (0.01-0.4% of surface primary production). Despite the fact that our global budget is in good agreement with previous studies, we found conspicuous differences among the distribution patterns of primary production, calculations based on particle trap collections of the POC flux, and J POC alpha of this study. These deviations, especially located at the southeastern and southwestern Atlantic Ocean, the Greenland and Norwegian Sea and the entire equatorial Pacific Ocean, strongly indicate a considerable influence of lateral particle transport on the vertical link between surface waters and underlying sediments. This observation is supported by sediment trap data. Furthermore, local differences in the availability and quality of the organic matter as well as different transport mechanisms through the water column are discussed.

Epibenthic foraminiferal d13C in the Recent deep Arctic Ocean

Low planktic and benthic d18O and d13C values in sediments from the Nordic seas of cold stadials of the last glaciation have been attributed to brines, formed similar to modern ones in the Arctic Ocean. To expand on the carbon isotopes of this hypothesis I investigated benthic d13C from the modern Arctic Ocean. I show that mean d13C values of live epibenthic foraminifera from the deep Arctic basins are higher than mean d13C values of upper slope epibenthic foraminifera. This agrees with mean high d13C values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in Arctic Bottom Water (ABW), which are higher than mean d13CDIC values from shallower water masses of mainly Atlantic origin. However, adjustments for oceanic 13C-Suess depletion raise subsurface and intermediate water d13CDIC values over ABW d13CDIC ones. Accordingly, during preindustrial Holocene times, the d13CDIC of ABW was as high or higher than today, but lower than the d13CDIC of younger subsurface and intermediate water. If brine-enriched water significantly ventilated ABW, brines should have had high d13CDIC values. Analogously, high-d13CDIC brines may have been formed in the Nordic seas during warm interstadials. During cold stadials, when most of the Arctic Ocean was perennially sea-ice covered, a cessation of high-d13CDIC brine rejection may have lowered d13CDIC values of ABW, and ultimately the d13CDIC in Nordic seas intermediate and deep water. So, in contrast to the idea of enhanced brine formation during cold stadials, the results of this investigation imply that a cessation of brine rejection would be more likely.