Human Rights Violations in Police Custody

Human rights are the basic rights of every individual against the state or any other public authority as a member of the human family irrespective of any other consideration. Thus every individual of the society has the inherent right to be treated with dignity in all situations including arrest and keeping in custody by the police. Rights of an individual in police custody are protected basically by the Indian Constitution and by various other laws like Code of Criminal Procedure, Evidence Act, Indian Penal Code and Protection of Human Rights Act. The term `custody' is defined neither in procedural nor in substantive laws. The word custody means protective care. The expression `police custody' as used in sec. 27 of Evidence Act does not necessarily mean formal arrest. In India with special reference to Kerala and evolution and development of the concept of human rights and various kinds of human rights violations in police custody in different stages of history. Human rights activists and various voluntary organisations reveals that there are so many factors contributing towards the causes of violations of human rights by police. Sociological causes like ambivalent outlook of the society with respect to the use of third degree methods by the police, economic causes like meager salary and inadequate living conditions, rampant corruption in police service, unnecessary political interference in the crime investigation, work load of police personnel without any time limit and periodic holidays, unnecessary pressure from superior police officers and the general public for speedy detection causing great mental strain to the investigating officers, defective system of recruitment and training, imperfect system of investigation and lack of public co-operation are some of the factors identified in the field survey towards the causes of violations of human rights in police custody.

A Beacon based Localization System for Autonomous Mobile Robots and its Applications in Traffic and Transport Control

ACCURATE sensing of vehicle position and attitude is still a very challenging problem in many mobile robot applications. The mobile robot vehicle applications must have some means of estimating where they are and in which direction they are heading. Many existing indoor positioning systems are limited in workspace and robustness because they require clear lines-of-sight or do not provide absolute, driftfree measurements.The research work presented in this dissertation provides a new approach to position and attitude sensing system designed specifically to meet the challenges of operation in a realistic, cluttered indoor environment, such as that of an office building, hospital, industrial or warehouse. This is accomplished by an innovative assembly of infrared LED source that restricts the spreading of the light intensity distribution confined to a sheet of light and is encoded with localization and traffic information. This Digital Infrared Sheet of Light Beacon (DISLiB) developed for mobile robot is a high resolution absolute localization system which is simple, fast, accurate and robust, without much of computational burden or significant processing. Most of the available beacon's performance in corridors and narrow passages are not satisfactory, whereas the performance of DISLiB is very encouraging in such situations. This research overcomes most of the inherent limitations of existing systems.The work further examines the odometric localization errors caused by over count readings of an optical encoder based odometric system in a mobile robot due to wheel-slippage and terrain irregularities. A simple and efficient method is investigated and realized using an FPGA for reducing the errors. The detection and correction is based on redundant encoder measurements. The method suggested relies on the fact that the wheel slippage or terrain irregularities cause more count readings from the encoder than what corresponds to the actual distance travelled by the vehicle.The application of encoded Digital Infrared Sheet of Light Beacon (DISLiB) system can be extended to intelligent control of the public transportation system. The system is capable of receiving traffic status input through a GSM (Global System Mobile) modem. The vehicles have infrared receivers and processors capable of decoding the information, and generating the audio and video messages to assist the driver. The thesis further examines the usefulness of the technique to assist the movement of differently-able (blind) persons in indoor or outdoor premises of his residence.The work addressed in this thesis suggests a new way forward in the development of autonomous robotics and guidance systems. However, this work can be easily extended to many other challenging domains, as well.

Setilement of motor accidents claims with special reference to Kerala

The accident toll on our road traffic is staggering. Obviously this appalling toll of life and.health represents heavy economic loss in addition to human tragedy. the enormous increase in the number of motor vehicles with its rash, negligent and reckless use by unscrupulous, inexperienced and dangerous drivers in the most miserably managed roads coupled with concomitant hazards would draw our attention that Accident Prevention, and Accident compensation are thoroughly two compatiable aims. Proposed solutions to the traffic Problems abound. Preventive efforts concentrated on each of the variables the driver, the road and the vehicle are all being initiated. Still it is a Will the .Motor Vehicles are not considered as dangerous machines. Motoring activity is found useful.A competent and specially trained police force has to be created to deal with the traffic offences in a more scientific ways.The term ‘legal representative needs to be defined on the constructive aspects of relation and dependence.Services of legal aid and public counsels shall necessarily be extended to the poor Motor Accident victims.Timely reporting and timely investigation of Motor Accidents cases will reduce the number of fraudulent claims. There are instances where cases are taken in to investigation after several months of occurrence.It is hoped that the suggestions made above as a result of the present study, if pwgninto practice, may make a humble contribution to the prevention sssof motor accidents and to a faster and speedier settlement of motor accident compensation claims.

Management of Traffic Control — A Computer Oriented Approach

Traffic Management system (TMS) comprises four major sub systems: The Network Database Management system for information to the passengers, Transit Facility Management System for service, planning, and scheduling vehicle and crews, Congestion Management System for traffic forecasting and planning, Safety Management System concerned with safety aspects of passengers and Environment. This work has opened a rather wide frame work of model structures for application on traffic. The facets of these theories are so wide that it seems impossible to present all necessary models in this work. However it could be deduced from the study that the best Traffic Management System is that whichis realistic in all aspects is easy to understand is easy to apply As it is practically difficult to device an ideal fool—proof model, the attempt here has been to make some progress-in that direction.

Channel Adaptive MAC Protocol with Traffic-Aware Distributed Power Management in Wireless Sensor Networks-Some Performance Issues

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), neglecting the effects of varying channel quality can lead to an unnecessary wastage of precious battery resources and in turn can result in the rapid depletion of sensor energy and the partitioning of the network. Fairness is a critical issue when accessing a shared wireless channel and fair scheduling must be employed to provide the proper flow of information in a WSN. In this paper, we develop a channel adaptive MAC protocol with a traffic-aware dynamic power management algorithm for efficient packet scheduling and queuing in a sensor network, with time varying characteristics of the wireless channel also taken into consideration. The proposed protocol calculates a combined weight value based on the channel state and link quality. Then transmission is allowed only for those nodes with weights greater than a minimum quality threshold and nodes attempting to access the wireless medium with a low weight will be allowed to transmit only when their weight becomes high. This results in many poor quality nodes being deprived of transmission for a considerable amount of time. To avoid the buffer overflow and to achieve fairness for the poor quality nodes, we design a Load prediction algorithm. We also design a traffic aware dynamic power management scheme to minimize the energy consumption by continuously turning off the radio interface of all the unnecessary nodes that are not included in the routing path. By Simulation results, we show that our proposed protocol achieves a higher throughput and fairness besides reducing the delay

Untersuchungen zu Controlled Traffic Farming und satellitenbasierten Lenksystemen

Diese Arbeit behandelt Controlled Traffic Farming (CTF) Anbausysteme, bei denen für alle Arbeitsgänge satellitengesteuert immer dieselben Fahrspuren benutzt werden. Lässt sich mit CTF die Belastung des Bodens verringern und die Effizienz von Direktsaat-Anbausystemen steigern? Neben agronomischen und bodenphysikalischen Parametern wurden Auswirkungen von Lenksystemen und Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten von CTF in die Praxis untersucht. Die Analyse einer CTF-Umsetzung unter europäischen Bedingungen mit der Verwendung von Standardmaschinen zeigte, dass sich CTF-Anbausysteme mit den heute zur Verfügung stehenden Maschinen für Dauergrünland, Mähdruschfrüchte und Mais auf kleiner und grösser strukturierten Flächen relativ einfach mechanisieren lassen. Bei Zuckerrüben und Kartoffeln können Kompromisse notwendig sein. Generell erfordern CTF-Anbausysteme eine sorgfältige Planung und Umsetzung in die Praxis. Im dreijährigen Feldversuch (Winterweizen, Wintergerste, Kunstwiese mit Kleegrasmischung) auf einem Lehmboden wurde CTF-Direktsaat mit konventionell zufällig befahrenen Direktsaat- und Pflugverfahren verglichen. Unter CTF zeigte sich eine Differenzierung der nicht, gering und intensiv befahrenen Varianten. Auf dem vorliegenden kompakten Boden mit 1150 mm Jahresniederschlag waren die Unterschiede zwischen den nicht befahrenen Flächen und den mit niedrigem Kontaktflächendruck befahrenen Flächen eher gering. In den nicht befahrenen Flächen entwickelten Eindringwiderstand und Kohlendioxidgehalt der Bodenluft nach drei Jahren signifikant bessere Werte. Bodendichte und Porosität zeigten hingegen keinen eindeutig interpretierbaren Trend. Aufgrund teils suboptimaler Feldaufgänge liess sich keine generelle agronomische Tendenz ableiten. Die intensive Befahrung der Pflegefahrgassen zeigte allerdings klar negative bodenkundliche und planzenbauliche Auswirkungen. Es bietet sich daher an, vor allem für Pflegearbeiten permanent dieselben Fahrspuren zu nutzen. In der Untersuchung zu den Auswirkungen von Lenksystemen zeigten sich signifikante Vorteile von Lenksystemen in einer Verminderung der Fahrerbelastung und einer höheren Lenkgenauigkeit vor allem bei grossen Arbeitsbreiten ohne Spuranreisser. Die meisten anderen Messparameter waren mit Lenksystem leicht vorteilhafter als ohne, unterschieden sich aber nicht signifikant voneinander. Fahrer und naturräumliche Gegebenheiten wie die Schlagform hatten einen wesentlich grösseren Einfluss. Gesamthaft betrachtet erweitert CTF in Kombination mit weiteren Bodenschutzmass-nahmen die Möglichkeiten, Bodenverdichtungen zu vermeiden, den Bedarf an energieintensiver Bodenlocke-rung zu reduzieren und die Entwicklung einer stabileren Bodenstruktur mit höherer Tragfähigkeit zu fördern. Zusammen mit einer an Kultur und Anbausystem angepassten Saatbettbereitung und den in geraden Reihen einfacher durchführbaren mechanischen Pflegemassnahmen ergeben sich gute Voraussetzungen für die Gestaltung agronomisch leistungsfähiger und ökologisch nachhaltiger Anbausysteme.

Police actions with regard to cyberbullying : The Belgian case

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Resource dimensioning aspect of heterogeneous traffic with different service requirements: Integration versus segregation

In this paper, we consider the ATM networks in which the virtual path concept is implemented. The question of how to multiplex two or more diverse traffic classes while providing different quality of service requirements is a very complicated open problem. Two distinct options are available: integration and segregation. In an integration approach all the traffic from different connections are multiplexed onto one VP. This implies that the most restrictive QOS requirements must be applied to all services. Therefore, link utilization will be decreased because unnecessarily stringent QOS is provided to all connections. With the segregation approach the problem can be much simplified if different types of traffic are separated by assigning a VP with dedicated resources (buffers and links). Therefore, resources may not be efficiently utilized because no sharing of bandwidth can take place across the VP. The probability that the bandwidth required by the accepted connections exceeds the capacity of the link is evaluated with the probability of congestion (PC). Since the PC can be expressed as the CLP, we shall simply carry out bandwidth allocation using the PC. We first focus on the influence of some parameters (CLP, bit rate and burstiness) on the capacity required by a VP supporting a single traffic class using the new convolution approach. Numerical results are presented both to compare the required capacity and to observe which conditions under each approach are preferred

Optimal Traffic Grooming in WDM using Lighttours

Recent developments in optical communications have allowed simpler optical devices to improve network resource utilization. As such, we propose adding a lambda-monitoring device to a wavelength-routing switch (WRS) allowing better performance when traffic is routed and groomed. This device may allow a WRS to aggregate traffic over optical routes without incurring in optical-electrical-optical conversion for the existing traffic. In other words, optical routes can be taken partially to route demands creating a sort of "lighttours". In this paper, we compare the number of OEO conversions needed to route a complete given traffic matrix using either lighttours or lightpaths

A new approach to real time traffic sign recognition based on colour information

The automatic interpretation of conventional traffic signs is very complex and time consuming. The paper concerns an automatic warning system for driving assistance. It does not interpret the standard traffic signs on the roadside; the proposal is to incorporate into the existing signs another type of traffic sign whose information will be more easily interpreted by a processor. The type of information to be added is profuse and therefore the most important object is the robustness of the system. The basic proposal of this new philosophy is that the co-pilot system for automatic warning and driving assistance can interpret with greater ease the information contained in the new sign, whilst the human driver only has to interpret the "classic" sign. One of the codings that has been tested with good results and which seems to us easy to implement is that which has a rectangular shape and 4 vertical bars of different colours. The size of these signs is equivalent to the size of the conventional signs (approximately 0.4 m2). The colour information from the sign can be easily interpreted by the proposed processor and the interpretation is much easier and quicker than the information shown by the pictographs of the classic signs

G+: Enhanced Traffic Grooming in WDM Mesh Networks using Lighttours

In this article, a new technique for grooming low-speed traffic demands into high-speed optical routes is proposed. This enhancement allows a transparent wavelength-routing switch (WRS) to aggregate traffic en route over existing optical routes without incurring expensive optical-electrical-optical (OEO) conversions. This implies that: a) an optical route may be considered as having more than one ingress node (all inline) and, b) traffic demands can partially use optical routes to reach their destination. The proposed optical routes are named "lighttours" since the traffic originating from different sources can be forwarded together in a single optical route, i.e., as taking a "tour" over different sources towards the same destination. The possibility of creating lighttours is the consequence of a novel WRS architecture proposed in this article, named "enhanced grooming" (G+). The ability to groom more traffic in the middle of a lighttour is achieved with the support of a simple optical device named lambda-monitor (previously introduced in the RingO project). In this article, we present the new WRS architecture and its advantages. To compare the advantages of lighttours with respect to classical lightpaths, an integer linear programming (ILP) model is proposed for the well-known multilayer problem: traffic grooming, routing and wavelength assignment The ILP model may be used for several objectives. However, this article focuses on two objectives: maximizing the network throughput, and minimizing the number of optical-electro-optical conversions used. Experiments show that G+ can route all the traffic using only half of the total OEO conversions needed by classical grooming. An heuristic is also proposed, aiming at achieving near optimal results in polynomial time

Análisis de la influencia del conflicto interno armado sobre el territorio perteneciente a la comunidad indígena Wiwa, que habita en la vertiente norte de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, en el periodo 2002-2006

Este Estudio de Caso cruza las variables de conflicto interno armado en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, y territorio indígena Wiwa, con el fin de mostrar la influencia que llegó a tener el conflicto en todos los ámbitos de la vida individual y sobre todo grupal de los Wiwa, quienes presentan una especial relación con el territorio; la afectación fue tan grande que los llevó a ser considerados pueblo indígena en vía de extinción. La investigación está centrada en el primer periodo del ex-Presidente Álvaro Uribe, cuatrienio en el cual los actores armados del conflicto (FARC, AUC, Fuerzas Militares y de Policía) aumentaron su accionar, sobre todo por lo estratégico que resulta tener dominio territorial en la Sierra, ya que esta zona del país perteneciente ancestralmente a los cuatro pueblos indígenas serranos, sirve como zona de resguardo de grupos armados, tiene suelos aptos para la ganadería, el cultivo de banano, palma, pero también para los cultivos ilícitos, la salida al mar permite el tráfico de armas y drogas, además de poseer muchas fuentes hídricas. Se muestra entonces el conflicto de intereses entre los mismos grupos armados, y el de los grupos armados con los Wiwa, quienes denunciaron el desprecio absoluto por su cultura y su pensamiento territorial. Además de ello se evidencia como mediante actos de terror y violencia se violaron los derechos humanos y se infringió el derecho internacional humanitario.

Les expériences françaises de police de proximité

El artículo explora las experiencias francesas del modelo de policía de proximidad. Con base en la división policial francesa entre la gendarmería de corte militar y la policía nacional, institucional civil. El autor da cuenta de las experiencias de vieja data y el desarrollo que ha tenido la policía de proximidad en Francia. Aunque el modelo fue adoptado de manera reciente en ese país (desde finales de los años 90), la policía francesa ha tenido siempre una vocación de cercanía con los vecinos y los ciudadanos en general. Sin embargo, recientemente las experiencias de policía de proximidad han cedido ante las tareas y políticas de represión impuestas para combatir la delincuencia creciente. Sólo las policías municipales, enteramente dependientes de los alcaldes y tradicionalmente cuestionadas, han suplido tangencialmente este rol de policía cercana a la comunidad. El modelo de policía de proximidad en Francia no ha sido suficientemente evaluado y se encuentra en medio del debate sobre su eficacia real.-----This article examines the French experience with the so called ‘police de proximite’ or ‘proximity police’. Based on the French division of the police force into the gendarmerie, of military nature, and the national police, a civil institution, the autor describes in detail the experiences and developments of the longstanding ‘police de proximite’ in France. Even if the model was established as recently as the late 90’s, the French police force has tended right from its beginnings to be close to neighbours and citizens in general, an experience that has yielded lately to repressive tasks and policies to combat a raising crime rate. Only the local boroughs’police, entirely dependent on the city mayors and traditionally called into question, has marginally played this role of communityclase policing. In short, the proximity policing model has not been sufficiently assessed and its efficiency is now in the middle of intense debate.

Dificultades en la integración y cooperación de los cuerpos policiales de América Latina en la lucha contra el narcotráfico. Estudio de caso: AMERIPOL

La presente investigación analiza los principales retos que afectan la cooperación e integración de los cuerpos policiales latinoamericanos en la lucha contra el narcotráfico. Para realizar dicho análisis se toma como caso de estudio AMERIPOL, organización creada en el año 2007 y que actualmente constituye el único mecanismo de cooperación policial en el hemisferio americano. Se considera que la cooperación e integración de los cuerpos policiales en la lucha contra el narcotráfico en la región enfrentan dos retos principales: la disparidad de los marcos jurídicos entre los Estados y la descoordinación política. Estos retos suponen la existencia de factores que impiden una política de cooperación conjunta contra las drogas y por tanto, el desarrollo de actitudes aislacionistas que limitan la cooperación en contra de éste flagelo

Perfil epidemiológico de la prevalencia de hipoacusia en un grupo de empleados que trabaja en el ambiente urbano, 2015

El propósito de este estudio es determinar la relación entre la exposición ocupacional y los niveles de audición en trabajadores urbanos en espacio abierto (aseo urbano en general). Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal con 491 personas que incluyen hombres y mujeres, cuyo ambiente laboral es el espacio abierto de la ciudad. Los datos se obtuvieron durante los exámenes médicos periódicos realizados en el año 2014 a los empleados de una empresa cuya actividad económica es el aseo urbano, que incluye recolección de basuras, cuidado forestal y de prados de uso común, y limpieza del borde de los andenes. Se realizó estadística descriptiva para las características demográficas y razón de disparidad u Odds Ratio (OR) para buscar la relación de antecedentes y hábitos personales con el riesgo de desarrollar pérdida auditiva. De las 491 personas expuestas a niveles altos de ruido ocupacional, 62% presentó pérdida auditiva, de los cuales la mayoría se desempeña como guadañadores y cortadores de césped, y son personas que llevan trabajando entre 1-5 años en la empresa. Se encontró un aumento estadísticamente significativo entre la baja escolaridad y el riesgo de sufrir hipoacusia (p=0.0001) y un efecto protector del uso de motocicleta y audífonos. La enfermedad vascular periférica, la práctica de tejo y la diabetes mostraron una fuerte tendencia a aumentar el riesgo. La pérdida auditiva encontrada en este grupo no se puede relacionar directamente con la exposición ocupacional a ruido, a pesar de ser trabajos que se llevan a cabo en el espacio urbano. Sin embargo, la baja escolaridad favorece la lesión auditiva y puede verse acelerada por enfermedades de alta prevalencia como diabetes y practicas recreacionales locales.