Comparison between monopolar and bipolar microsecond range pulsed electric fields in enhancement of apple juice extraction

The effect of monopolar and bipolar shaped pulses in additional yield of apple juice extraction is evaluated. The applied electric field strength, pulsewidth, and number of pulses are assessed for both pulse types, and divergences are analyzed. Variation of electric field strength is ranged from 100 to 1300 V/cm, pulsewidth from 20 to 300 mu s, and the number of pulses from 10 to 200, at a frequency of 200 Hz. Two pulse trains separated by 1 s are applied to apple cubes. Results are plotted against reference untreated samples for all assays. Specific energy consumption is calculated for each experiment as well as qualitative indicators for apple juice of total soluble dry matter and absorbance at 390-nm wavelength. Bipolar pulses demonstrated higher efficiency, and specific energetic consumption has a threshold where higher inputs of energy do not result in higher juice extraction when electric field variation is applied. Total soluble dry matter and absorbance results do not illustrate significant differences between application of monopolar and bipolar pulses, but all values are inside the limits proposed for apple juice intended for human consumption.

The comb signal and its Fourier transform

SignalProcessing, Vol. 81, nº 3

Marx-Type solid-state bipolar modulator topologies: Performance comparison

The operation of generalized Marx-type solid-state bipolar modulators is discussed and compared with simplified Marx-derived circuits, to evaluate their capability to deal with various load conditions. A comparative analysis on the number of switches per cell, fiber optic trigger count, losses, and switch hold-off voltages has been made. A circuit topology is obtained as a compromise in terms of operating performance, trigger simplicity, and switching losses. A five-stage laboratory prototype of this circuit has been assembled using 1200 V insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and diodes, operating with 1000 V dc input voltage and 1 kHz frequency, giving 5 kV bipolar pulses, with 2.5 mu s pulse width and 5 mu s relaxation time into resistive, capacitive, and inductive loads.

Modeling of a solid-state bipolar blumlein generator for N stages

This paper models an n-stage stacked Blumlein generator for bipolar pulses for various load conditions. Calculation of the voltage amplitudes in time domain at the load and between stages is described for an n-stage generator. For this, the reflection and transmission coefficients are mathematically modeled where impedance discontinuity occurs (i.e., at the junctions between two transmission lines). The mathematical model developed is assessed by comparing simulation results to experimental data from a two-stage Blumlein solid-state prototype.

Pulsed electric field pre-treatment for apple juice extraction: Evaluation of monopolar and bipolar pulses effects

Additional apple juice extraction with pulsed electric field pretreated apple cubes towards control samples is evaluated. Monopolar and bipolar shaped pulses are compared and their effect is studied with variation of electric field, pulse width and number of pulses. Variation of electric field strength is ranged from 100 V/cm to 1300 V/cm, pulse width from 20 mu s to 300 mu s and number of pulses from 10 to 200, at frequency of 200Hz. Two pulse trains separated by 1 second are applied to all samples. Bipolar pulses showed higher apple juice yields with all studied parameters. Calculation of specific energies consumed was assessed and a threshold where higher energy inputs do not increase juice yield is found for a number of used parameters. Qualitative parameters of total soluble matter (Brix) and absorbance at 390 nm wavelength were determined for each sample and results show that no substantial differences are found for PEF pre-treated and control samples.

Quantificação de polifosfatos no bacalhau. Validação de um método de análise

O bacalhau (Gadus morhua) faz parte da dieta alimentar dos portugueses há vários séculos, sendo atualmente, um dos maiores consumidores deste peixe a nível mundial. Após o processo de salga, esta espécie possui características únicas como a consistência, cheiro, paladar e cor amarela. É precisamente devido à coloração do peixe que alguns produtores da Islândia, Noruega e Dinamarca requisitaram às autoridades da União Europeia (UE) a aprovação da utilização de polifosfatos no processo de salga húmida do bacalhau. Os polifosfatos são aditivos alimentares bastante usados no processamento do pescado pois previnem a oxidação dos lípidos e proteínas do músculo do bacalhau, evitando assim a indesejada mudança de cor do peixe. Apesar dos esforços da Associação dos Industriais do Bacalhau (AIB) e do governo português para a rejeição da proposta nórdica, tal não se verificou. Deste modo, no início do próximo ano já será possível a venda na UE de bacalhau com fosfatos. A quantificação do teor de fosfatos no bacalhau é geralmente efetuada por Espetrofotometria de absorção molecular no ultravioleta-visível (UV-Visível). Esta quantificação é baseada no método de determinação do fósforo total, através da hidrólise dos fosfatos a ortofosfatos com posterior medição da cor amarela, gerada pela reação destes com uma solução de molibdato-vanadato. O objetivo desta dissertação foi a validação de um método de análise para a quantificação dos polifosfatos no bacalhau. O método validado foi o descrito na norma NP 4495 para produtos de pesca e aquicultura. O desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi realizado em laboratório acreditado para águas e produtos alimentares (Equilibrium - Laboratório de Controlo de Qualidade e de Processos Lda, L0312). Foi ainda determinada a influência do teor de cloreto de sódio na quantificação dos polifosfatos e o teor de humidade, uma vez que este pode afetar o produto durante a sua comercialização. No processo de validação do método foram estudados diversos parâmetros, tais como a seletividade, linearidade, sensibilidade, limite de quantificação e precisão. Pela análise dos resultados obtidos conclui-se que o método para determinação de fosfatos no bacalhau se encontra validado, uma vez que satisfaz todas as especificações determinadas para cada parâmetro de validação avaliado.

Construção de um variador de frequência

A dificuldade de controlo de um motor de indução, bem como o armazenamento de energia CC e posterior utilização como energia alternada promoveram o desenvolvimento de variadores de frequência e inversores. Assim, como projeto de tese de mestrado em Automação e Sistemas surge o desenvolvimento de um variador de frequência. Para elaboração do variador de frequência efetuou-se um estudo sobre as técnicas de modulação utilizadas nos inversores. A técnica escolhida e utilizada é a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM). Esta técnica baseia-se na modelação por largura de impulso (PWM), o qual é formado por comparação de um sinal de referência com um sinal de portadora de elevada frequência. Por sua vez, a topologia escolhida para o inversor corresponde a um Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) de ponte trifásica completa a três terminais. O desenvolvimento da técnica de modulação SPWM levou ao desenvolvimento de um modelo de simulação em SIMULINK, o qual permitiu retirar conclusões sobre os resultados obtidos. Na fase de implementação, foram desenvolvidas placas para o funcionamento do variador de frequência. Assim, numa fase inicial foi desenvolvida a placa de controlo, a qual contém a unidade de processamento e que é responsável pela atuação de Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs). Para além disso, foi desenvolvida uma placa para proteção dos IGBTs (evitando condução simultânea no mesmo terminal) e uma placa de fontes isoladas para alimentação dos circuitos e para atuação dos IGBTs. Ainda, foi desenvolvida a técnica de SPWM em software para a unidade de controlo e finalmente foi desenvolvida uma interface gráfica para interação com o utilizador. A validação do projeto foi conseguida através da variação da velocidade do motor de indução trifásico. Para isso, este foi colocado a funcionar a diversas frequências de funcionamento e a diferentes amplitudes. Para além disso, o seu funcionamento foi também validado utilizando uma carga trifásica equilibrada de 3 lâmpadas de forma a ser visualizada a variação de frequência e variação de amplitude.

Age constraints on the late cretaceous alkaline magmatism on the West Iberian margin

Cretaceous Research 30 (2009) 575–586

ALS-Sence: sistema de aquisição e processamento de electromiogramas para pacientes com ALS

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia de Eletrónica e Computadores

Trypanites ichnofacies: palaeoenvironmental and tectonic implications. A case study from the miocene disconformity at Foz da Fonte (lower Tagus basin, Portugal)

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 292, 35–43

A New Approach in the Design of Air Stripping Columns for the Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated With Volatile Organic Compounds

Volatile organic compounds are a common source of groundwater contamination that can be easily removed by air stripping in columns with random packing and using a counter-current flow between the phases. This work proposes a new methodology for column design for any type of packing and contaminant which avoids the necessity of an arbitrary chosen diameter. It also avoids the employment of the usual graphical Eckert correlations for pressure drop. The hydraulic features are previously chosen as a project criterion. The design procedure was translated into a convenient algorithm in C++ language. A column was built in order to test the design, the theoretical steady-state and dynamic behaviour. The experiments were conducted using a solution of chloroform in distilled water. The results allowed for a correction in the theoretical global mass transfer coefficient previously estimated by the Onda correlations, which depend on several parameters that are not easy to control in experiments. For best describe the column behaviour in stationary and dynamic conditions, an original mathematical model was developed. It consists in a system of two partial non linear differential equations (distributed parameters). Nevertheless, when flows are steady, the system became linear, although there is not an evident solution in analytical terms. In steady state the resulting ODE can be solved by analytical methods, and in dynamic state the discretization of the PDE by finite differences allows for the overcoming of this difficulty. To estimate the contaminant concentrations in both phases in the column, a numerical algorithm was used. The high number of resulting algebraic equations and the impossibility of generating a recursive procedure did not allow the construction of a generalized programme. But an iterative procedure developed in an electronic worksheet allowed for the simulation. The solution is stable only for similar discretizations values. If different values for time/space discretization parameters are used, the solution easily becomes unstable. The system dynamic behaviour was simulated for the common liquid phase perturbations: step, impulse, rectangular pulse and sinusoidal. The final results do not configure strange or non-predictable behaviours.

Anatase as an alternative application for preventing biodeterioration of mortars: evaluation and comparison with other biocides

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 64(2010)388 e 396

alpha-Co(OH)(2)/carbon nanofoam composite as electrochemical capacitor electrode operating at 2 V in aqueous medium

In this work, alpha-Co(OH)(2) is electrodeposited onto carbon nanofoam forming a composite electrode operating in a potential window of 2 V in aqueous medium. Prior to electrodeposition, the carbon nanofoam substrate is subjected to a functionalization process, which leads to an increase of about 40% in its specific capacitance value. Formation of cobalt hydroxide clusters onto the functionalized carbon nanofoam by pulse electrodeposition further enhances the specific capacitance of the electrode. The combination of these factors with an enlarged working potential window, results in a material with specific capacitance close to 300 F g(-1) at current density of 1 A g(-1), considering the total mass loading of the composite. This suggests the potential application of the prepared composites in high energy density electrochemical supercapacitors. (c) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electrochemical response of 70Co-30Ni highly branched 3D-dendritic structures for charge storage electrodes

A 70Co-30Ni dendritic alloy was produced on stainless steel by pulse electrodeposition in the cathodic domain, and oxidized by potential cycling. X-ray diffraction (XRD) identified the presence of two phases and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evidenced an open 3D highly branched dendritic morphology. After potential cycling in 1 M KOH, SEM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed, respectively, the presence of thin nanoplates, composed of Co and Ni oxi-hydroxides and hydroxides over the original dendritic film. Cyclic voltammetry tests showd the presence of redox peaks assigned to the oxidation and reduction of Ni and Co centres in the surface film. Charge/discharge measurements revealed capacity values of 121 mAh g(1) at 1 mA cm(2). The capacity retention under 8000 cycles was above 70%, stating the good reversibility of these redox materials and its suitability to be used as charge storage electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra, taken under different applied bias, showed that the capacitance increased when the electrode was fully oxidized and decreased when the electrode was reduced, reflecting different states-of-charge of the electrode. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Large-area homogeneous periodic surface structures generated on the surface sputtered boron carbide thin films by femtosecond laser processing

Amorphous and crystalline sputtered boron carbide thin films have a very high hardness even surpassing that of bulk crystalline boron carbide (≈41 GPa). However, magnetron sputtered B-C films have high friction coefficients (C.o.F) which limit their industrial application. Nanopatterning of materials surfaces has been proposed as a solution to decrease the C.o.F. The contact area of the nanopatterned surfaces is decreased due to the nanometre size of the asperities which results in a significant reduction of adhesion and friction. In the present work, the surface of amorphous and polycrystalline B-C thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering was nanopatterned using infrared femtosecond laser radiation. Successive parallel laser tracks 10 μm apart were overlapped in order to obtain a processed area of about 3 mm2. Sinusoidal-like undulations with the same spatial period as the laser tracks were formed on the surface of the amorphous boron carbide films after laser processing. The undulations amplitude increases with increasing laser fluence. The formation of undulations with a 10 μm period was also observed on the surface of the crystalline boron carbide film processed with a pulse energy of 72 μJ. The amplitude of the undulations is about 10 times higher than in the amorphous films processed at the same pulse energy due to the higher roughness of the films and consequent increase in laser radiation absorption. LIPSS formation on the surface of the films was achieved for the three B-C films under study. However, LIPSS are formed under different circumstances. Processing of the amorphous films at low fluence (72 μJ) results in LIPSS formation only on localized spots on the film surface. LIPSS formation was also observed on the top of the undulations formed after laser processing with 78 μJ of the amorphous film deposited at 800 °C. Finally, large-area homogeneous LIPSS coverage of the boron carbide crystalline films surface was achieved within a large range of laser fluences although holes are also formed at higher laser fluences.