969 resultados para Nacionalismo-liberal
Resumo:
In this study, performed in a remnant of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, three types of dung from animals with distinct alimentary habits were utilized, in order to verify possible differences of attractivity of these dungs to the Scarabaeinae and the influence of seasonality in the attractivity. Three habitats were sampled: edge, clearing and forest core, each with 40 pitfall traps. A total of 2,137 beetles were collected from August 2005 to July 2006. Canthidium sp. 1 (43%) and Dichotomius sericeus (41%) were the most abundant species. From the total number of beetles collected, 80.5% were attracted to human dung, 11% to jaguar dung, 7.8% to waterbuck dung and 0.7% to the control. The species Canthidium sp.1, Canthidium sp. 2, Ateuchus sp., Canthon nigripenne, Canthonella sp. and D. sericeus came to all three bait types. Eight species were found in the baits with human dung, where Canthidium sp.1 (49%) and D. sericeus (39%) were the most common. A significant difference in attractiveness of the different baits was observed; the highest abundance found in traps baited with human dung (F = 36.59; g.l. = 3; p < 0.0001). A significant difference in richness was observed between rainy and dry seasons (F = 12.29; g.l. = 1; p < 0.001), the highest richness found in the dry season.
Resumo:
Assuming that the degree of discretion granted to judges was the main distinguishing feature between common and civil law until the 19th century, we argue that constraining judicial discretion was instrumental in protecting freedom of contract and developing the market order in civil law. We test this hypothesis by analyzing the history of Western law. In England, a unique institutional balance between the Crown and the Parliament guaranteed private property and prompted the gradual evolution towards a legal framework that facilitated market relationships, a process that was supported by the English judiciary. On the Continent, however, legal constraints on the market were suppressed in a top-down fashion by the founders of the liberal state, often against the will of the incumbent judiciary. Constraining judicial discretion there was essential for enforcing freedom of contract and establishing the legal order of the market economy. In line with this evidence, our selection hypothesis casts doubts on the normative interpretation of empirical results that proclaim the superiority of one legal system over another, disregarding the local conditions and institutional interdependencies on which each legal system was grounded.
Resumo:
A obra é composta por três partes: a primeira parte sobre “Ideologias das colonizações e acção educativa”; a segunda parte sobre “Processos de independência e acção educativa” e a terceira aborda a temática “A educação e o outro”. António Nóvoa apresenta a obra, resultante de comunicações, em português e castelhano, seleccionadas no 15º Congresso Internacional de História da Educação (Lisboa, 1993), dedicado ao tema “A educação no encontro dos povos e das culturas: a experiência colonial (séculos XVI-XX)”, que inicia com intervenções proferidas, na sessão inaugural, pelo Profs. José V. de Pina Martins e Joaquim Ferreira Gomes.
Resumo:
O povoamento da ilha de São Vicente foi mais ou menos pontual até aos finais do século XVIII, servindo como ilha de criação, como a descreve, em 1699, o engenheiro Duplessis, e para aguada dos navios. A primeira tentativa de povoamento parece deverse a João de Távora, que passando por Cabo Verde, em 1734, propôs fortificar a baía, com a condição de receber os rendimentos do porto por um período de 10 anos, mas não deve ter passado de intenção. Em 1793 assumia o povoamento, João Carlos da Fonseca Rosado, que vivia então na ilha do Fogo, pelo tempo de 6 anos, mas que haveria de acabar na miséria, descalço, vivendo de alguma coisa que conseguia pescar e de leite das cabras que conseguia ordenhar. Alguns anos depois, coube ao governador António Pusich tentar novamente o povoamento, em 1819, levando então famílias da vizinha ilha de Santo Antão, e baptizando-se a povoação de Leopoldina, nome da arquiduquesa de Áustria que casara com o príncipe D. Pedro do Brasil.
Resumo:
What is the importance of open habitat in a predominantly closed forest to the dung beetle assemblage? The Atlantic Forest in Brazil is one of the most highly disturbed ecosystems and is mainly represented by fragmented areas. However, in places where human disturbances have ceased, certain areas are showing a natural regeneration pattern. The aim of the present study was to determine how the dung beetle assemblage responds to distinct habitat structures in a fragment of Atlantic Forest. For such, open and closed forest areas were sampled in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest in the northeastern region of Brazil. Pitfall traps baited with excrement and carrion were used to collect the beetles. A total of 7,267 individuals belonging to 35 species were captured. Canthon chalybaeus and C. mutabilis were restricted to open areas. Nearly 90% of the individuals of C. aff. simulans and Deltochilum aff. irroratum were identified in these areas. A higher percentage (> 50%) of Canthon staigi, Dichotomius aff. depressicolis and D. aff. sericeus occurred in closed areas. Abundance differed between areas, with higher values in closed areas. Richness was not influenced by the habitat structure. NMDS ordination exhibited the segregation of areas and ANOSIM confirmed that this variable explained the assemblage of dung beetle species. The findings of the present study validate that open areas are associated to more restrictive conditions, limiting a higher abundance of dung beetle. Although situated near preserved fragments, the studied open areas increase the heterogeneity of the general landscape.
Resumo:
O consumo do álcool tem sido mundialmente um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. Esta investigação incide sobre esta problemática e visa descrever as intervenções de enfermagem que corroboram para a prevenção do consumo na adolescência. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem quantitativa, descritiva. Fizeram parte da amostra 80 adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com idade compreendida entre os 12 e os 18 anos, sendo a média de idades 15,49 (DP= 1,765). Os dados foram recolhidos através de um questionário de auto-relato. Os resultados revelaram que o consumo teve inicio numa idade bastante precoce, alguns dos quais ainda na infância. A esmagadora maioria dos participantes que experimentou o álcool em algum momento da sua vida continua o consumo, especialmente por influência do grupo de pares. Neste estudo, o consumo entre o grupo de pares, a atitude liberal dos pais e a não fiscalização das exigências legais foram identificados como fatores de vulnerabilidade da exposição do adolescente ao álcool. De realçar também que, parte destes adolescentes são de famílias onde o consumo do álcool é uma realidade, e o envolvimento em comportamentos de riscos para a saúde, designadamente brigas, acidentes e comportamento sexual desprotegido figuram como factuais. Genericamente, das intervenções de enfermagem plausíveis para os diagnósticos levantados, com base nos resultados, sublinham-se o Aconselhamento, a Educação para a Saúde, a Prevenção e tratamento do uso do álcool e melhoria do papel parental.
Resumo:
OBJECTIVE: Intravenous methadone is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. A previous report from a methadone center in Fribourg, Switzerland, found a high prevalence (43%) of patients who injected oral methadone. We therefore wished to assess the prevalence of methadone injection among patients in oral methadone programs in 3 other Swiss cities--Lausanne, Geneva, and La Chaux-de-Fonds. METHOD: Subjects were randomly selected and interviewed by assistant psychologists who were not on the staff of the study centers. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. RESULTS: 164 patients participated in the study (n = 58 in Lausanne, 52 in Geneva, and 54 in La Chaux-de-Fonds). The prevalence of methadone injection was low (5%) and did not differ significantly between the cities. DISCUSSION: Less liberal policies cannot explain the lower prevalence of methadone injection in these three centers than in Fribourg. The high prevalence of methadone injection there is probably related to its separate methadone injection program: patients in oral methadone programs may be more likely to injection methadone when other patients authorized to do so. IN CONCLUSION: Although the 5% prevalence of methadone injection found in the 3 cities surveyed is low, it is not negligible. These results suggest that information on the risks associated with injection of methadone syrup should be provided to all methadone maintenance. This information is especially necessary when maintenance therapy is provided in the same center, or city as injectable methadone maintenance.
Resumo:
In Switzerland, the land management regime is characterized by a liberal attitude towards the institution of property rights, which is guaranteed by the Constitution. Under the present Swiss constitutional arrangement, authorities (municipalities) are required to take into account landowners' interests when implementing their spatial planning policy. In other words, the institution of property rights cannot be restricted easily in order to implement zoning plans and planning projects. This situation causes many problems. One of them is the gap between the way land is really used by the landowners and the way land should be used based on zoning plans. In fact, zoning plans only describe how landowners should use their property. There is no sufficient provision for handling cases where the use is not in accordance with zoning plans. In particular, landowners may not be expropriated for a non-conforming use of the land. This situation often leads to the opening of new building areas in greenfields and urban sprawl, which is in contradiction with the goals set into the Federal Law on Spatial Planning. In order to identify legal strategies of intervention to solve the problem, our paper is structured into three main parts. Firstly, we make a short description of the Swiss land management regime. Then, we focus on an innovative land management approach designed to implement zoning plans in accordance with property rights. Finally, we present a case study that shows the usefulness of the presented land management approach in practice. We develop three main results. Firstly, the land management approach brings a mechanism to involve landowners in planning projects. Coordination principle between spatial planning goals and landowners' interests is the cornerstone of all the process. Secondly, the land use is improved both in terms of space and time. Finally, the institution of property rights is not challenged, since there is no expropriation and the market stays free.
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O objetivo deste artigo é discutir o significado do liberalismo para Anísio Teixeira, procurando mostrar que a sua teoria liberal não pode ser entendida sob um ponto de vista individualista, mas a partir do modo como combina indivíduo e sociedade, contrabalançando o respeito às diferenças individuais com as necessidades sociais que devem ser cumpridas. Nesse sentido, salientar-se-á a maneira criativa com que o educador equilibra liberdade e igualdade em educação, tornando possível entender esse liberalismo para além das fronteiras usuais de sua interpretação.
Resumo:
El artículo considera la educación como un elemento central del gobernamiento, un arte para la conducción de sí y de los otros. Este arte, que entre los siglos XVI y el XX, se entendió, por lo menos, de tres maneras distintas: la "Ensenanza con énfasis en la gubernamentalidad disciplinaria", corresponde a la emergencia de la Didáctica (siglos XVI y XVII) y de las prácticas de policia; la "Educación con énfasis en la gubernamentalidad liberal" (siglos XVIII y XIX) corresponde a la aparición de los conceptos de educación, libertad e interés; es el momento de articulación de prácticas Disciplinarias con nuevas prácticas liberales y, con ellas, la emergencia de prácticas biopolíticas en la educación; el "Aprendizaje con énfasis en la gubernamentalidad neoliberal", que encuentra en la educación permanente y en el capital humano las condiciones de emergencia de una "sociedad del aprendizaje".
Resumo:
No hay caracterización del republicanismo que no mencione la virtud cívica. Sin embargo, no siempre es clara la ubicación de la virtud en el entramado de la filosofía política republicana. Tomaré como punto de partida la reflexión de Rawls. Su temor es que la defensa de lo que la democracia necesita, la virtud cívica, ponga en peligro la libertad. Es lo que llamaré el «problema (de Rawls) con la virtud». Un problema que, a su parecer, compromete seriamente al republicanismo. Por mi parte, intentaré mostrar que, en realidad, se trata de un problema del liberalismo que apunta directamente a una bien conocida tensión entre los derechos y la democracia, cuya única «solución liberal» pasa por atrincherar los derechos «frente a la democracia», excluyendo el compromiso ciudadano. En la segunda parte mostraré que el problema es real, pero que no afecta a todos los republicanismos y argumentaré que «el problema de Rawls» afecta, fundamentalmente, a aquel republicanismo que hace de la «realización ciudadana» su objetivo, que busca, por así decir, maximizar la virtud. No sucede lo mismo con aquel otro que otorga a la virtud un carácter instrumental. En la parte final precisaré esa idea de republicanismo que otorga tanto a la virtud como a la democracia un papel instrumental en lo que realmente importa: la libertad.
Resumo:
On the occasion of the recent death of the madrilenian culture historian Vicente Cacho Viu, the authors expose the main lines of his historical work. They point out the importance of Cacho's research on the periord of the Restauración, mainly his studies on the liberal education institution Institución Libre de Enseñanza. They also consider Cacho's interest in Catalonia, remembering the time he spent teaching at Barcelona University, paying attention to his works on catalan modernisme. The article includes a systematic bibliography of Cacho's works.
Resumo:
Este texto é uma reflexão sobre a cultura da performatividade na área de educação no Brasil, motivada pelo artigo de Kuhlmann Jr. (2014), em que o autor elenca argumentos contra a pressão por publicação que têm circulado na academia. Ele é produzido a partir da experiência da autora em comissões de avaliação, nomeadamente a de programas de pós-graduação no âmbito da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Capes. Argumenta que a performatividade tem modificado a cultura de pesquisa e pós-graduação no país, mas discorda de que haja uma corrida produtivista na área de educação. Em diálogo com teóricos que, segundo Butler (2000), apostam na irrealizabilidade, a autora defende uma ação política agonística no sentido de operar nas fraturas da lógica performativa, opondo-se a uma ética humanista que assume como liberal.
Resumo:
On the occasion of the recent death of the madrilenian culture historian Vicente Cacho Viu, the authors expose the main lines of his historical work. They point out the importance of Cacho's research on the periord of the Restauración, mainly his studies on the liberal education institution Institución Libre de Enseñanza. They also consider Cacho's interest in Catalonia, remembering the time he spent teaching at Barcelona University, paying attention to his works on catalan modernisme. The article includes a systematic bibliography of Cacho's works.
Resumo:
El pluralismo es la ideología de nuestro tiempo. Elevado a criterio de valor, la ética, la ciencia, la religión o la democracia, para ser dignas y legítimas necesitan presentarse como pluralistas. El liberalismo, que ayer se definía como esencialmente individualista, hoy se proclama pluralista y hace del culto a la diversidad su propia excelencia. No es unaexageración decir que el pluralismo político define al estado liberal democrático de nuestras sociedades. Con este presupuesto hemos llevado a cabo la reflexión de dos tesis. Una, la relación entre el liberalismo clásico, individualista, con el liberalismo contemporáneo, pluralista, confrontando sus respectivas ideas de individuo y estado, y argumentando la identidad de fondo entre ambos discursos. Otra, la idea rawlsiana de "pluralismo razonable", revelando sus presupuestos ontológicos, explicitando su función política y criticando sus carencias teóricas y practicas, defendiendo la tesis de la impotencia teórica del discurso del pluralismo liberal para pensar las diferencias ontológicas prepolíticas,especialmente la diversidad étnica.