Modeling Nonlinear Peeling of Ductile Thin Films-Critical Assessment of Analytical Bending Models Using FE Simulations

Three analytical double-parameter criteria based on a bending model and a two-dimensional finite element analysis model are presented for the modeling of ductile thin film undergoing a nonlinear peeling process. The bending model is based on different governing parameters: (1) the interfacial fracture toughness and the separation strength, (2) the interfacial fracture toughness and the crack tip slope angle, and (3) the interfacial fracture toughness and the critical Mises effective strain of the delaminated thin film at the crack tip. Thin film nonlinear peeling under steady-state condition is solved with the different governing parameters. In addition, the peeling test problem is simulated by using the elastic-plastic finite element analysis model. A critical assessment of the three analytical bending models is made by comparison of the bending model solutions with the finite element analysis model solutions. Furthermore, through analyses and comparisons for solutions based on both the bending model and the finite element analysis model, some connections between the bending model and the finite element analysis model are developed. Moreover, in the present research, the effect of different selections for cohesive zone shape on the ductile film peeling solutions is discussed.

Innovation processes within the healthcare industry: Determining critical success factors aligned to product strategies

The impact of differing product strategies on product innovation processes pursued by healthcare firms is discussed. The critical success factors aligned to product strategies are presented. A definite split between pioneering product strategies and late entrant product strategies is also recognised.

Investigation of critical state in melt processed YBa2Cu3O7-δ thick films

The magnetic moment of square planar melt processed YBa2Cu3O7-δ thick films is observed to scale with the cube of the sample width at 4.2 K, suggesting that current flow on the length scale of the film determines its magnetization at this temperature. A well-defined discontinuity in slope in the scaling data at a sample width corresponding to the average grain size (≈2 mm) implies the coexistence of distinct intra- and inter-grain critical current densities of 1.1 × 105Acm-2 and 0.4 × 105Acm-2 at 1 T and 4.2 K. The presence of a critical state in the films at 4.2T is confirmed by removing the central section from a specimen. The observed change in magnetic moment is in excellent agreement with theory for fields greater than ≈2 T. A critical state is not observed at 77 K which suggests that the grains are only weakly coupled at the higher temperature. © 1994.

Correlation of transport and magnetic critical currents in melt-processed YBa2Cu3O7-δ thick films

Transport critical current measurements have been carried out on melt-processed thick films of YBa2Cu3O7-δ on yttria-stabilized zirconia in fields of up to 8 T both within grains and across grain boundaries. These measurements yield Jc values of ∼3000 A cm-2 at 4.2 K and zero magnetic field and 400 A cm -2 at 77 K and zero magnetic field, taking the entire sample width as the definitive dimension. Optical and scanning electron microscopy reveals that the thick-film grains consist typically of a central "hub" region ∼50 μm in diameter, which is well connected to radial subgrains or "spokes" which extend ∼1 mm to define the complete grain structure. Attempts have been made to correlate the transport measurements of inter- and intra-hub-and-spoke (H-S) critical current with values of this parameter derived previously from magnetization measurements. Analysis of the transport measurements indicates that current flow through H-S grains is constrained to paths along the spokes via the grain hub. Taking the size of the hub as the definitive dimension yields an intra-H-S grain Jc of ∼60 000 A cm-2 at 4.2 K and 0 T, which is in reasonable agreement with the magnetization data. Experiments in which the hub is removed from individual grains confirm that this feature determines critically the J c of the film.

El concepto de “texto medieval” en el trabajo ecdótico : un ejemplo surgido de los avatares en la tradición manuscrita de la “Crónica de Sancho IV”

Resumen: La realidad manuscrita del texto medieval implica asumir la problemática en torno al concepto de texto con el que habrá de trabajar el editor al pretender establecer el texto crítico de una obra determinada. Las diferentes concepciones en torno a dicha ontología textual influyen en el tipo particular de trabajo ecdótico que se pretenda realizar. El artículo pretende, a partir del caso de la edición de la Crónica de Sancho IV, proponer un modelo de edición que contemple las variantes que la obra fue manifestando a lo largo de su tradición con el objetivo de dar cuenta de la naturaleza mutable del texto medieval en función de su intencionalidad política.

Critical Sensitivity and Trans-Scale Fluctuations in Catastrophic Rupture

Rupture in the heterogeneous crust appears to be a catastrophe transition. Catastrophic rupture sensitively depends on the details of heterogeneity and stress transfer on multiple scales. These are difficult to identify and deal with. As a result, the threshold of earthquake-like rupture presents uncertainty. This may be the root of the difficulty of earthquake prediction. Based on a coupled pattern mapping model, we represent critical sensitivity and trans-scale fluctuations associated with catastrophic rupture. Critical sensitivity means that a system may become significantly sensitive near catastrophe transition. Trans-scale fluctuations mean that the level of stress fluctuations increases strongly and the spatial scale of stress and damage fluctuations evolves from the mesoscopic heterogeneity scale to the macroscopic scale as the catastrophe regime is approached. The underlying mechanism behind critical sensitivity and trans-scale fluctuations is the coupling effect between heterogeneity and dynamical nonlinearity. Such features may provide clues for prediction of catastrophic rupture, like material failure and great earthquakes. Critical sensitivity may be the physical mechanism underlying a promising earthquake forecasting method, the load-unload response ratio (LURR).

Influence Of Free Surface Curvature Of A Liquid Layer On The Critical Marangoni Convection

The Pearson instability was suggested to discuss the onset of Marangoni convection in a liquid layer of large Prandtl number under an applied temperature difference perpendicular to the free surface in the microgravity environment. In this case, the temperature distribution on the curved free surface is nonuniform, and the thermocapillary convection is induced and coupled with the Marangoni convection. In the present paper the effect of volume ratio of the liquid layer on the critical Marangoni convection and the corresponding spatial variation of the convection structure in zero-gravity condition were numerically investigated by two-dimensional model. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Peeling Experiments Of Ductile Thin Films Along Ceramic Substrates - Critical Assessment Of Analytical Models

Two types of peeling experiments are performed in the present research. One is for the Al film/Al2O3 substrate system with an adhesive layer between the film and the substrate. The other one is for the Cu film/Al2O3 substrate system without adhesive layer between the film and the substrate, and the Cu films are electroplated onto the Al2O3 substrates. For the case with adhesive layer, two kinds of adhesives are selected, which are all the mixtures of epoxy and polyimide with mass ratios 1:1.5 and 1:1, respectively. The relationships between energy release rate, the film thickness and the adhesive layer thickness are measured during the steady-state peeling process. The effects of the adhesive layer on the energy release rate are analyzed. Using the experimental results, several analytical criteria for the steady-state peeling based on the bending model and on the two-dimensional finite element analysis model are critically assessed. Through assessment of analytical models, we find that the cohesive zone criterion based on the beam bend model is suitable for a weak interface strength case and it describes a macroscale fracture process zone case, while the two-dimensional finite element model is effective to both the strong interface and weak interface, and it describes a small-scale fracture process zone case. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

On The Interaction Of Channeling/Segmentation Cracks Of Coating: Study On The Critical Spacing

Channeling/segmentation cracks may arise in the coating subjected to in-plane tensile stress. The interaction between these multiple cracks, say the effect of the spacing between two adjacent cracks oil the behaviors of channels themselves and the interface around the interface corners, attracts wide interest. However, if the spacing is greater than a specific magniture,, namely the Critical Spacing (CS), there should be no interaction between such channeling/segmentation cracks. In this study, file mechanism of the effect of the crack spacing oil the interfacial stress around the interface corner will be Interpreted firstly. Then the existence of the CS will be verified and the relationship between the CS and the so-called stress transfer length Ill coating will be established for plane strain condition. Finally, the dependence of the stress transfer length, simultaneously of the CS, on the sensitive parameters will be investigated with finite element method and expressed with a simple empirical formula. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Search For Critical Slip Surface In Slope Stability Analysis By Spline-Based Ga Method

The stability of a soil slope is usually analyzed by limit equilibrium methods, in which the identification of the critical slip surface is of principal importance. In this study the spline curve in conjunction with a genetic algorithm is used to search the critical slip surface, and Spencer's method is employed to calculate the factor of safety. Three examples are presented to illustrate the reliability and efficiency of the method. Slip surfaces defined by a series of straight lines are compared with those defined by spline curves, and the results indicate that use of spline curves renders better results for a given number of slip surface nodal points comparing with the approximation using straight line segments.

MILU-CG method and the numerical study on the flow around a rotating circular cylinder

A hybrid finite difference method and vortex method (HDV), which is based on domain decomposition and proposed by the authors (1992), is improved by using a modified incomplete LU decomposition conjugate gradient method (MILU-CG), and a high order implicit difference algorithm. The flow around a rotating circular cylinder at Reynolds number R-e = 1000, 200 and the angular to rectilinear speed ratio alpha is an element of (0.5, 3.25) is studied numerically. The long-time full developed features about the variations of the vortex patterns in the wake, and drag, lift forces on the cylinder are given. The calculated streamline contours agreed well with the experimental visualized flow pictures. The existence of critical states and the vortex patterns at the states are given for the first time. The maximum lift to drag force ratio can be obtained nearby the critical states.

La crónica de la población de Ávila : un estado actual de la cuestión desde su primera publicación

La Crónica de la población de Ávila es un texto de interés para el hispanomedievalismo por diversas razones: se trata del primer texto historiográfico escrito en romance en la península, contiene y da a conocer varios ejemplos de textos de diferentes géneros producidos en la península y muestra con particular nitidez la percepción que tenía de su propia clase un grupo de caballeros villanos. Recién a partir de su primera edición, en 1943, ha empezado a recibir la atención que merece, y la historia de su crítica se encuentra apenas comenzando. Se presenta aquí una revisión de las principales aproximaciones al texto que han aparecido hasta el momento.

Critical serrated flow features during nanoindentation in La-based bulk metallic glasses

La57.6Al17.5(Cu,Ni)(24.9) and La64Al14(Cu,Ni)(22) bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) were prepared by copper-mould casting method. Plastic deformation behavior of the two BMGs at various loading rates was studied by nanoindentation. The results showed that the La57.6Al17.5(Cu,Ni)(24.9) BMG with a glass transition temperature of 423 K exhibited prominent serrated flow at low loading rates, whereas less pronounced serrated flow at high rates during nanoindentation. In contrast, the La64Al14(Cu,Ni)(22) BMG with a glass transition temperature of 401 K exhibited prominent serrated flow at high loading rates. The different rate dependency of serrated flow in the two La-based BMGs is related to the different glass transition temperature, and consequently the degree of viscous flow during indentation at room temperature. A smoother flow occurs in the alloy with relatively lower glass transition temperature, due to the relaxation of stress concentration.