Sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction for detection of known aliquots of Trypanosoma cruzi in the blood of mice: an in vitro study

To evaluate the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to reveal known number of trypomastigote in the blood of mice, three separate experiments were done. First: To eight samples of 500mul of normal mice blood, one aliquot of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, and 50 trypomastigotes respectively, were added. Second and third: 10 aliquots with 1 and 10 with 2 trypomastigotes were added to samples of 500mul of normal mice blood. Positive control: 500mul of blood containing 100,000 trypomastigotes. For kDNA minicircles amplification by PCR the primers:S35 and S36 were used. PCR revealed products of 330 b.p in the positive controls. When only one sample with the aliquots of 1 or 2 trypomastigotes was examined, results were negative; results were positive with aliquots of 3 to 50 trypomastigotes. In the 2nd and 3rd experiments, 9/10 aliquots with one parasite and 9/10 with 2 trypomastigotes were positive revealing a high sensitivity of this reaction. In conclusion, the presence of one single parasite in 500mul of blood, is enough for a positive PCR. This method could be used as a complement to the various parasitological cure tests in treated mice, when low volumes of blood are individually examined.

How to improve supply chain performance of a specialized retailer: Managing landed costs of Zippy’s global supply chain

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Contaminação ambiental por ovos e larvas de helmintos em fezes de cães na área central do Balneário Cassino, Rio Grande do Sul

Para investigar a presença de helmintos, agentes de zoonoses parasitárias, foram examinadas 237 amostras fecais de cães, na área central do principal balneário do litoral sul do Rio Grande do Sul. As principais contaminações foram: ovos e larvas do gênero Ancylostoma (71,3%), ovos de Trichuris (32,5%) e Toxocara (9,3%).

Optimization of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction for molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi

Optimization of the RAPD reaction for characterizing Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains was studied in order to ensure the reproducibility and the discriminatory power of this technique. Eight Salmonella serovar Typhi strains isolated from various regions in Brazil were examined for the fragment patterns produced using different concentrations of DNA template, primer, MgCl2 and Taq DNA polymerase. Using two different low stringency thermal cycle profiles, the RAPD fingerprints obtained were compared. A set of sixteen primers was evaluated for their ability to produce a high number of distinct fragments. We found that variations associated to all of the tested parameters modified the fingerprinting patterns. For the strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi used in this experiment, we have defined a set of conditions for RAPD-PCR reaction, which result in a simple, fast and reproducible typing method.

Phenetic studies on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction-variability of four geographical populations of Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Brazil

Previous evaluation of the genetic variability of four biogeographical populations of Lutzomyia whitmani from known foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil demonstrated two main spatial clusters: Corte de Pedra-BA, Ilhéus-BA and Serra de Baturité-CE in the first cluster, and Martinho Campos-MG in the second. Further analysis showed a high degree of homogeneity in Corte de Pedra population but not in the others, which presented a significant percentage of specimens displaced from their phenon of origin (discrepant individuals). In the present work we analyzed the frequencies of association coefficients in the matrixes of similarity per population of Lutzomyia whitmani from both sexes and the general phenograms obtained, in a more detailed study of those discrepant specimens. Populational stability was observed for Corte de Pedra population, whereas the three remaining populations showed varying degrees of heterogeneity and different displacements according to sex. Our results strongly suggested the existence of a genetic flow between the lineages North-South/North-East and Ilhéus/Serra do Baturité of Lutzomyia whitmani.

The use of qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reactions for diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infections in bone marrow and kidney transplant recipients

The purpose of this work was to test a cytomegalovirus qualitative PCR and a semi-quantitative PCR on the determination of CMV load in leukocytes of bone marrow and kidney transplanted (RT) patients. Thirty three BMT and 35 RT patients participated of the study. The DNA was subjected to a qualitative PCR using primers that amplify part of CMV gB gene. CMV load of positive samples was determined by a semi-quantitative PCR using quantified plasmids inserted with part of the gB gene of CMV as controls. The sensitivity of the test was determined to be 867 plasmid copies/µg DNA. CMV loads between 2,118 and 72,443 copies/µg DNA were observed in 12.1% BMT recipients and between 1,246 and 58,613 copies/µg DNA in 22.9% RT recipients. Further studies are necessary to confirm the usefulness of this CMV semi-quantitative PCR in transplanted patients.

Toxocariasis of the central nervous system: with report of two cases

Clinical involvement of the nervous system in visceral larva migrans due to Toxocara is rare, although in experimental animals the larvae frequently migrate to the brain. A review of the literature from the early 50's to date found 29 cases of brain involvement in toxocariasis. In 20 cases, various clinical and laboratory manifestations of eosinophilic meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis or radiculopathy were reported. We report two children with neurological manifestations, in which there was cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis with marked eosinophilia and a positive serology for Toxocara both in serum and CSF. Serology for Schistosoma mansoni, Cysticercus cellulosae, Toxoplasma and cytomegalovirus were negative in CSF, that was sterile in both cases. Improvement of signs and symptoms after specific treatment (albendazole or thiabendazole) was observed in the two cases. A summary of data described in the 25 cases previously reported is presented and we conclude that in cases of encephalitis and myelitis with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and eosinophilia, parasitic infection of the central nervous system should be suspected and serology should be performed to establish the correct diagnosis and treatment.

Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the ITS2 region for differatiation of Brazilian Biomphalaria intermediate hosts of the Schistosoma mansoni

We sequenced the internal transcribed spacer 2 of the ribosomal DNA (ITS2-DNAr) from the three Schistosoma mansoni intermediate hosts in Brazil: Biomphalaria glabrata, Biomphalaria tenagophila and Biomphalaria straminea. Analysis of a restriction map from those sequences allowed us to select putative restriction enzymes able to identify the snail species under study. Four restriction enzymes were used and HpaII provided simple species-specific profiles easily visualized in polyacrylamide gels. The use of ITS2 is advantageous as it provides a small fragment of 460 bp which may be easily amplified by PCR. In the current work, we showed that the amplification of ITS2-DNAr together with HpaII enzyme restriction is an auxiliary molecular tool for the morphological identification of such snails as well as for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of neotropical planorbids.

Evaluation of a commercial test based on ligase chain reaction for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in respiratory specimens

A ligase chain reaction DNA amplification method for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Abbott LCx MTB) in respiratory specimens was evaluated. Results from LCx MTB Assay were compared with those from acid fast bacilli smear, culture, and final clinical diagnosis for each patient. A total of 297 respiratory specimens (sputum and bronchial lavage) from 193 patients were tested. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of LCx vs culture were 92.7%, 93%, 67.8% and 98.7%, respectively. When compared to the clinical final diagnosis, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for LCx were 88.9%, 96.8%, 86.5% and 97.4%, respectively. The sensitivity of LCx MTB assay was 75% for smear-negative, culture positive samples. The results indicate that LCx MTB assay is a rapid, simple and valuable technique as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Optimização da armazenagem e nível de serviço do armazém central da Robbialac

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Leptospirose humana na Província da Huíla: rastreio serológico e molecular de doentes assistidos no Hospital Central Dr. António Agostinho Neto, Lubango (Angola)

A Leptospirose é uma doença infecciosa causada por bactérias patogénicas do género Leptospira. Ocorre sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento, em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Nos últimos anos tem-se tornado um problema emergente de Saúde Pública, afectando uma grande diversidade de mamíferos (hospedeiros), incluindo os humanos. Actualmente observa-se um aumento do número de casos com alterações do padrão epidemiológico, assim como o ressurgimento de surtos epidémicos devido a alterações climáticas. No entanto, devido aos sintomas inespecíficos, o diagnóstico clínico é confundível com outras doenças e o laboratorial é difícil e dispendioso, requerendo recursos e técnicos especializados. Em Angola (Lubango), o diagnóstico laboratorial não é praticado devido à indisponibilidade de testes específicos, resultando no desconhecimento da sua prevalência. Assim, de modo, a determinar a sero-ocorrência da Leptospirose humana em doentes febris assistidos no Hospital Central do Lubango, contribuindo para: i) a possível inclusão desta doença no diagnóstico diferencial de doentes com síndromes febris indeterminados; e ii) implementar medidas de prevenção e controlo. Foram analisadas 300 amostras séricas obtidas em igual número de doentes febris que recorreram ao referido hospital, no período de Setembro a Dezembro de 2012, aos quais também se aplicou um inquérito clínico-epidemiológico. Foi realizada uma avaliação serológica usando a técnica de rastreio (MACROLepto), e a técnica de referência (Técnica de Aglutinação Microscópica; TAM). Para a análise molecular usou-se a Reacção em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR), em soro utilizando primers baseados no gene hap1 (para leptospiras patogénicas). Os produtos amplificados foram sequenciados para determinação de espécies genómicas de Leptospira. A amostra populacional foi constituída por indivíduos do género masculino (111; 37%) e (189; 63%) do género feminino. A suspeita clínica de Leptospirose foi confirmada serologicamente pela TAM em (120+/300; 40%) dos doentes, e a análise por PCR foi positiva em (30+/193; 16%) das amostras analisadas. A sequenciação do DNA obtido permitiu identificar três espécies genómicas: L. borgpetersenii, L. interrogans e L. kirschneri. Os participantes no estudo foram distribuídos por grupos etários, e a média de idade foi de 30 anos, sendo os grupos (11-20 e 21- 30 anos) os mais representados, e o género feminino o mais afectado (61%). As principais manifestações clínicas foram a febre (91%), cefaleias (84%) e mialgias (59%). Em relação as variáveis de risco de infecção por Leptospira spp., verificou-se que a ausência de saneamento básico, exposição aos lixos, presença de roedores próximos das populações e o consumo de água não tratada, foram as situações mais referidas. O contacto com os roedores, seguido dos canídeos, foi referido por 97% e 41% dos doentes com resultado positivo. Quanto à proveniência, a maioria dos doentes veio de áreas suburbanas. No que respeita à ocupação destacaram-se as mulheres camponesas, estudantes e domésticas. Os soros com resultado positivo mostraram reactividade específica para leptospiras de 19 serogrupos (serovares) com maior destaque, Icterohaemorrhagiae (Copenhageni), Hebdomadis, Javanica (Poi) Australis (Bratislava) e Sejroe (Hardjobovis). O título mais elevado foi de 1:800 observado para os serovares Copenhageni, Ballum (Arborea), Panama e Pyrogenes. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a Leptospirose está presente entre os doentes febris na província da Huíla, sendo importante incluir esta zoonose no diagnóstico diferencial e promover medidas de prevenção e controlo, especialmente nos grupos de risco agora identificados.

Influence of Lean and Green on supply chain performance: an interpretive structural modelling model

This work aims to identify and rank a set of Lean and Green practices and supply chain performance measures on which managers should focus to achieve competitiveness and improve the performance of automotive supply chains. The identification of the contextual relationships among the suggested practices and measures, was performed through literature review. Their ranking was done by interviews with professionals from the automotive industry and academics with wide knowledge on the subject. The methodology of interpretive structural modelling (ISM) is a useful methodology to identify inter relationships among Lean and Green practices and supply chain performance measures and to support the evaluation of automotive supply chain performance. Using the ISM methodology, the variables under study were clustered according to their driving power and dependence power. The ISM methodology was proposed to be used in this work. The model intends to provide a better understanding of the variables that have more influence (driving variables), the others and those which are most influenced (dependent variables) by others. The information provided by this model is strategic for managers who can use it to identify which variables they should focus on in order to have competitive supply chains.

Prevalência da infecção pelo HTLV-1, em remanescentes de quilombos no Brasil Central

O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência da infecção pelo HTLV-1 em remanescentes de comunidades de população negra, os quilombos no Brasil Central. 1.837 indivíduos foram avaliados, sendo nove soropositivos para HTLV-1/2 por ELISA. Todos esses foram positivos para HTLV-1 por Western blot e/ou PCR, resultando em uma prevalência de 0,5% (IC 95%: 0,2-1,0). A idade dos indivíduos infectados variou de 11 a 82 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino. Quanto às características de risco, história de aleitamento materno, transfusão de sangue, múltiplos parceiros sexuais e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis foram relatadas por esses indivíduos. Os achados deste estudo evidenciam a importância da identificação dos indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 na estratégia de controle e prevenção dessa infecção em remanescentes de quilombos.

Paracoccidioidomicose com comprometimento do sistema nervoso central: revisão sistemática da literatura

Este trabalho é o primeiro a realizar uma revisão sistemática dos casos de neuroparacoccidioidomicose disponíveis na literatura. Foram encontrados 257 casos em 81 trabalhos pesquisados pelo MEDLINE e LILACS, com maior número de publicações após as décadas de 1970-1980. Aproximadamente, 93% dos pacientes eram homens, principalmente lavradores, com idade média de 43 anos. O quadro caracterizou-se por sintomatologia motora ou de hipertensão intracraniana. A forma crônica pseudotumoral predominou. O período médio de evolução foi de 4,9 meses. As lesões foram principalmente supratentoriais (66,8%), localizando-se nos lobos frontais e parietais. A biópsia determinou o diagnóstico em 57,2% dos casos e utilizaram-se métodos de neuroimagem em 64,6% deles. Houve grande associação com a forma pulmonar da doença (59,1%). A mortalidade foi de 44,1% e 50,1% dos sobreviventes evoluíram com sequelas, principalmente motoras. Assim, deve-se considerar a neuroparacoccidioidomicose no diagnóstico diferencial dos processos expansivos e meningoencefalíticos do sistema nervoso central para se estabelecer tratamento precoce e evitar seqüelas incapacitantes.