Silver nanoparticles flow in an aquatic trophic chain

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been produced and applied in a variety of products ranging from personal care products to food package containers, clothing and medicine utilities. The antimicrobial function of AgNP makes it very useful to be applied for such purposes. Silver (Ag) is a non-essential metal for organisms, and it has been historically present in the environment at low concentrations. Those concentrations of silver increased in the last century due to the use of Ag in the photographic industry and lately are expected to increase due to the use of AgNPs in consumer products. The presence of AgNP in the aquatic environment may pose a risk for aquatic species, and the effects can vary from lethal to sublethal effects. Moreover, the contact of aquatic organisms with AgNP may not cause immediately the death of individuals but it can be accumulated inside the animals and consequently transferred within the food chain. Considering this, the objective of this work was to study the transfer of silver nanoparticles in comparison to silver ions, which was used as silver nitrate, within an aquatic food chain model. To achieve this goal, this study was divided into four steps: the toxicity assessment of AgNP and AgNO3 to aquatic test-species, the bioaccumulation assessment of AgNP and AgNO3 by Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Daphnia magna under different exposure scenarios, and finally the evaluation of the trophic transfer of Ag through an experimental design that included the goldfish Carassius auratus in a model trophic chain in which all the species were exposed to the worse-case scenario. We observed that the bioconcentration of Ag by P. subcapitata is mainly driven by ionic silver, and that algae cannot internalize these AgNPs, but it does internalizes dissolved Ag. Daphnia magna was exposed to AgNP and AgNO3 through different exposure routes: water, food and both water and food. The worse-case scenario for Daphnia Ag bioaccumulation was by the joint exposure of contaminated water and food, showing that Ag body burdens were higher for AgNPs than for AgNO3. Finally, by exposing C. auratus for 10 days through contaminated water and food (supplied as D. magna), with another 7 days of depuration phase, it was concluded that the 10 days of exposure were not enough for fish to reach a plateau on Ag internal concentration, and neither the 7 days of elimination were sufficient to cause total depuration of the accumulated Ag. Moreover, a higher concentration of Ag was found in the intestine of fish when compared with other organs, and the elimination rate constant of AgNP in the intestine was very low. Although a potential for trophic transfer of AgNP cannot be suggested based in the data acquired in this study, there is still a potential environmental risk for aquatic species.

Da abordagem Orff-Schulwerk ao desenvolvimento do ’eu musical’ : flow em processos de ensino/aprendizagem de educação musical

O presente trabalho visa discutir a relação entre a abordagem Orff-Schulwerk e o desenvolvimento do ‘Eu Musical’ em contexto de Educação Musical no 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico genérico português. Na tentativa de verificar, analisar e tentar compreender esta relação, o processo empírico fundamentou-se na Flow Theory, desenvolvida por Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. O enquadramento teórico conduziu à elaboração do ‘Modelo Multidimensional de Eu Musical’ (‘MoMEuM’), o qual, partindo da abordagem Orff-Schulwerk, procurou bases epistemológicas na Flow Theory, nas vertentes Cultural, Social e Positiva da Psicologia, bem como no Embodiment. A componente empírica do estudo teve como base metodológica a investigação-ação. Nesse sentido, o professor-investigador acompanhou, de forma longitudinal, o percurso de 50 alunos no referido contexto e procurou verificar, através do FIMA - Flow Indicators in Musical Activity, a vivência de ‘experiências ótimas/estados de fluxo’ em atividades/estratégias pedagógicomusicais baseadas na abordagem Orff-Schulwerk e, por conseguinte, no desenvolvimento do ‘Eu Musical’. A análise e interpretação de dados sugere que a abordagem Orff-Schulwerk promove a ocorrência de ‘experiências ótimas/estados de fluxo’ e, no quadro do presente estudo, impulsiona o desenvolvimento do ‘Eu Musical’.

Wind energy resource modelling in Portugal and its future large-scale alteration due to anthropogenic induced climate changes

The high dependence of Portugal from foreign energy sources (mainly fossil fuels), together with the international commitments assumed by Portugal and the national strategy in terms of energy policy, as well as resources sustainability and climate change issues, inevitably force Portugal to invest in its energetic self-sufficiency. The 20/20/20 Strategy defined by the European Union defines that in 2020 60% of the total electricity consumption must come from renewable energy sources. Wind energy is currently a major source of electricity generation in Portugal, producing about 23% of the national total electricity consumption in 2013. The National Energy Strategy 2020 (ENE2020), which aims to ensure the national compliance of the European Strategy 20/20/20, states that about half of this 60% target will be provided by wind energy. This work aims to implement and optimise a numerical weather prediction model in the simulation and modelling of the wind energy resource in Portugal, both in offshore and onshore areas. The numerical model optimisation consisted in the determination of which initial and boundary conditions and planetary boundary layer physical parameterizations options provide wind power flux (or energy density), wind speed and direction simulations closest to in situ measured wind data. Specifically for offshore areas, it is also intended to evaluate if the numerical model, once optimised, is able to produce power flux, wind speed and direction simulations more consistent with in situ measured data than wind measurements collected by satellites. This work also aims to study and analyse possible impacts that anthropogenic climate changes may have on the future wind energetic resource in Europe. The results show that the ECMWF reanalysis ERA-Interim are those that, among all the forcing databases currently available to drive numerical weather prediction models, allow wind power flux, wind speed and direction simulations more consistent with in situ wind measurements. It was also found that the Pleim-Xiu and ACM2 planetary boundary layer parameterizations are the ones that showed the best performance in terms of wind power flux, wind speed and direction simulations. This model optimisation allowed a significant reduction of the wind power flux, wind speed and direction simulations errors and, specifically for offshore areas, wind power flux, wind speed and direction simulations more consistent with in situ wind measurements than data obtained from satellites, which is a very valuable and interesting achievement. This work also revealed that future anthropogenic climate changes can negatively impact future European wind energy resource, due to tendencies towards a reduction in future wind speeds especially by the end of the current century and under stronger radiative forcing conditions.

Electromechanical properties of engineered lead free potassium sodium niobate based materials

K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN), is the most promising lead free material for substituting lead zirconate titanate (PZT) which is still the market leader used for sensors and actuators. To make KNN a real competitor, it is necessary to understand and to improve its properties. This goal is pursued in the present work via different approaches aiming to study KNN intrinsic properties and then to identify appropriate strategies like doping and texturing for designing better KNN materials for an intended application. Hence, polycrystalline KNN ceramics (undoped, non-stoichiometric; NST and doped), high-quality KNN single crystals and textured KNN based ceramics were successfully synthesized and characterized in this work. Polycrystalline undoped, non-stoichiometric (NST) and Mn doped KNN ceramics were prepared by conventional ceramic processing. Structure, microstructure and electrical properties were measured. It was observed that the window for mono-phasic compositions was very narrow for both NST ceramics and Mn doped ceramics. For NST ceramics the variation of A/B ratio influenced the polarization (P-E) hysteresis loop and better piezoelectric and dielectric responses could be found for small stoichiometry deviations (A/B = 0.97). Regarding Mn doping, as compared to undoped KNN which showed leaky polarization (P-E) hysteresis loops, B-site Mn doped ceramics showed a well saturated, less-leaky hysteresis loop and a significant properties improvement. Impedance spectroscopy was used to assess the role of Mn and a relation between charge transport – defects and ferroelectric response in K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN) and Mn doped KNN ceramics could be established. At room temperature the conduction in KNN which is associated with holes transport is suppressed by Mn doping. Hence Mn addition increases the resistivity of the ceramic, which proved to be very helpful for improving the saturation of the P-E loop. At high temperatures the conduction is dominated by the motion of ionized oxygen vacancies whose concentration increases with Mn doping. Single crystals of potassium sodium niobate (KNN) were grown by a modified high temperature flux method. A boron-modified flux was used to obtain the crystals at a relatively low temperature. XRD, EDS and ICP analysis proved the chemical and crystallographic quality of the crystals. The grown KNN crystals exhibit higher dielectric permittivity (29,100) at the tetragonal-to-cubic phase transition temperature, higher remnant polarization (19.4 μC/cm2) and piezoelectric coefficient (160 pC/N) when compared with the standard KNN ceramics. KNN single crystals domain structure was characterized for the first time by piezoforce response microscopy. It could be observed that <001> - oriented potassium sodium niobate (KNN) single crystals reveal a long range ordered domain pattern of parallel 180° domains with zig-zag 90° domains. From the comparison of KNN Single crystals to ceramics, It is argued that the presence in KNN single crystal (and absence in KNN ceramics) of such a long range order specific domain pattern that is its fingerprint accounts for the improved properties of single crystals. These results have broad implications for the expanded use of KNN materials, by establishing a relation between the domain patterns and the dielectric and ferroelectric response of single crystals and ceramics and by indicating ways of achieving maximised properties in KNN materials. Polarized Raman analysis of ferroelectric potassium sodium niobate (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (KNN) single crystals was performed. For the first time, an evidence is provided that supports the assignment of KNN single crystals structure to the monoclinic symmetry at room temperature. Intensities of A′, A″ and mixed A′+A″ phonons have been theoretically calculated and compared with the experimental data in dependence of crystal rotation, which allowed the precise determination of the Raman tensor coefficients for (non-leaking) modes in monoclinic KNN. In relation to the previous literature, this study clarifies that assigning monoclinic phase is more suitable than the orthorhombic one. In addition, this study is the basis for non-destructive assessments of domain distribution by Raman spectroscopy in KNN-based lead-free ferroelectrics with complex structures. Searching a deeper understanding of the electrical behaviour of both KNN single crystal and polycrystalline materials for the sake of designing optimized KNN materials, a comparative study at the level of charge transport and point defects was carried out by impedance spectroscopy. KNN single crystals showed lower conductivity than polycrystals from room temperature up to 200 ºC, but above this temperature polycrystalline KNN displays lower conductivity. The low temperature (T < 200 ºC) behaviour reflects the different processing conditions of both ceramics and single crystals, which account for less defects prone to charge transport in the case of single crystals. As temperature increases (T > 200 ºC) single crystals become more conductive than polycrystalline samples, in which grain boundaries act as barriers to charge transport. For even higher temperatures the conductivity difference between both is increased due to the contribution of ionic conduction in single crystals. Indeed the values of activation energy calculated to the high temperature range (T > 300 ºC) were 1.60 and 0.97 eV, confirming the charge transport due to ionic conduction and ionized oxygen vacancies in single crystals and polycrystalline KNN, respectively. It is suggested that single crystals with low defects content and improved electromechanical properties could be a better choice for room temperature applications, though at high temperatures less conductive ceramics may be the choice, depending on the targeted use. Aiming at engineering the properties of KNN polycrystals towards the performance of single crystals, the preparation and properties study of (001) – oriented (K0.5Na0.5)0.98Li0.02NbO3 (KNNL) ceramics obtained by templated grain growth (TGG) using KNN single crystals as templates was undertaken. The choice of KNN single crystals templates is related with their better properties and to their unique domain structure which were envisaged as a tool for templating better properties in KNN ceramics too. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed for the templated ceramics a monoclinic structure at room temperature and a Lotgering factor (f) of 40% which confirmed texture development. These textured ceramics exhibit a long range ordered domain pattern consisting of 90º and 180º domains, similar to the one observed in the single crystals. Enhanced dielectric (13017 at TC), ferroelectric (2Pr = 42.8 μC/cm2) and piezoelectric (d33 = 280 pC/N) properties are observed for textured KNNL ceramics as compared to the randomly oriented ones. This behaviour is suggested to be due to the long range ordered domain patterns observed in the textured ceramics. The obtained results as compared with the data previously reported on texture KNN based ceramics confirm that superior properties were found due to ordered repeated domain pattern. This study provides an useful approach towards properties improvement of KNN-based piezoelectric ceramics. Overall, the present results bring a significant contribution to the pool of knowledge on the properties of sodium potassium niobate materials: a relation between the domain patterns and di-, ferro-, and piezo-electric response of single crystals and ceramics was demonstrated and ways of engineering maximised properties in KNN materials, for example by texturing were established. This contribution is envisaged to have broad implications for the expanded use of KNN over the alternative lead-based materials.

Describing vocal performance of Portuguese cantadeiras of Alto Minho

Portugal has strong musical traditions, which have been perpetrated by decades through folkloristic activities. In folk groups from Alto Minho (north of Portugal), folk singing is mostly performed by cantadeiras, amateur female solo singers who learn this style orally. Their vocal characteristics are distinctive when compared with other regions of the country; however, deep understanding of these vocal practices is still missing. The present work aims at studying Alto Minho cantadeira’s vocal performance in a multidimensional perspective, envisioning social, cultural and physiological understanding of this musical style. Thus, qualitative and quantitative data analyses were carried out, to: (i) describe current performance practices, (ii) explore existent perceptions about most relevant voice features in this region, (iii) investigate physiological and acoustic properties of this style, and (iv) compare this style of singing with other non-classical singing styles of other countries. Dataset gathered involved: 78 groups whose members were telephone interviewed, 13 directors who were asked to fill in a questionnaire on performance practices, 1 cantadeira in a pilot study, 16 cantadeiras in preliminary voice recordings, 77 folk group members in listening tests, and 10 cantadeiras in multichannel recordings, including audio, ELG, air flow and intra-oral pressure signals. Data were analysed through thematic content analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics, hierarchical principal components, and multivariate linear regression models. Most representative voices have a high pitched and loud voice, with a bright timbre, predominance of chest register without excessive effort, and good text intelligibility with regional accent. High representativeness levels were obtained by few cantadeiras; these sing with high levels of subglottal pressure and vocal fold contact quotient, predominance of high spectrum energy and vocal loudness, corroborating indications of prevalence of pressed phonation. These vocal characteristics resemble belting in musical theatre and share similarities with country (USA) and ojikanje (Croatia) singing. Strategies that may contribute to the preservation of this type of singing and the vocal health of current cantadeiras are discussed, pointing at the direction of continuous education among folk groups, following practices that are already adopted elsewhere in Europe.

DPSIR framework application supported by integrated watershed modeling for irrigation from Alqueva dam (Portugal) on Guadiana river estuary

Dissertação de mest., Gestão da Água e da Costa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

Application of DPSIR framework integrated with multiple regression model to simulate Guadiana catchment - estuary continuum, south eastern Iberia

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão da Água e da Costa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2010

Spectral analysis of embolic signals

Tese de dout., Engenharia Electrónica e Computação, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2005

Autophagy in hypothalamic cells: role of Neuropeptide Y

Dissertação de mest.Ciências Biomédicas. Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

Influência de descargas de água subterrânea na concentração de nutrientes e comunidade planctónica do sapal de Castro Marim, Vila Real de Santo António (SE, Portugal)

Dissertação de mest., Biologia Marinha, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

Efeitos a posteriori dos défices hídricos sobre a actividade fotossintética: mecanismos de fotoprotecção e sistema enzimático antioxidante

Tese de dout., Biologia (Fisiologia Vegetal), Faculdade de Engenharia dos Recursos Naturais, Univ. do Algarve, 2005

Montagem de um sistema laboratorial de células de combustível microbianas para aproveitamento energético e tratamento de efluentes doméstico

O presente trabalho objetiva a montagem em escala laboratorial de um grupo de 6 protótipos de Células de Combustível Microbianas (CCM) de Câmara Simples pretendendo constituir um contributo de desenvolvimento de processos anaeróbios para tratamento de águas residuais em Estações de Tratamento de Águas Residuais (ETARs) e produção simultânea de energia elétrica. Em fase preliminar procede-se à montagem de um sistema laboratorial composto por 3 conjuntos de protótipos em duplicados com 3 granulometrias de carvão ativado granular (GAC). Os princípios que fundamentam a seleção do protótipo tipo são uma câmara anódica tubular totalmente preenchida com GAC para facilitar a fixação de biofilmes e a diminuição do espaçamento entre elétrodos com a interposição de um separador para reduzir a resistência interna. A experiência laboratorial inicia-se com uma fase de aclimatação com Água residual artificial e sequencialmente com água residual recolhida na ETAR Faro-Noroeste. Na etapa final a carga orgânica da água residual é incrementada com adição de Acetato de sódio. Os ensaios decorrem em modo de fluxo contínuo. São testados e comparados três tempos de contacto do afluente com o GAC (3, 10 e 30 horas), a combinação destes com dois separadores designados por Daramic HP 200 e GF/A e sem qualquer separador. Finalmente é efetuado um teste incrementando 6 a 8 vezes a carga orgânica do afluente. O desempenho é aferido através do traçado de curvas de polarização, curvas de potência e da percentagem de remoção da Carência Química de Oxigénio (CQO). Conclui que em alguns testes as eficiências de remoção de CQO são adequadas à legislação em vigor, que o aumento e tipo de carga orgânica do afluente e a operação sem separadores incrementam a diferença de potencial e reduzem a resistência interna e que as granulometrias do GAC testadas tiveram pouco efeito na avaliação dos parâmetros considerados.

Implementação de um programa de pré-requisitos baseado na metodologia do sistema HACCP no mercado municipal de Tavira (freguesia de Santa Maria)

A transmissão de agentes patogénicos (bactérias, vírus e parasitas) através do consumo de géneros alimentícios pode desencadear um problema gravíssimo de saúde pública. Esta preocupação crescente levou o Homem a criar regras e aplicar medidas rigorosas que impedissem a contaminação dos alimentos e a propagação de doenças infecto-contagiosas que provocam muitos prejuízos à sociedade atual. De acordo com a Retificação ao Regulamento (CE) n.º 852/2004 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho de 29 de abril, verificou-se a necessidade de implementar um programa de pré-requisitos (PPR) (1.ª Fase) baseado na metodologia do Sistema HACCP no Mercado Municipal de Tavira, com o intuito de valorizar estes locais de comércio a retalho de diversos grupos de géneros alimentícios, onde existem inúmeros riscos de contaminação. Foi elaborada uma checklist e realizada uma avaliação minuciosa das condições de construção do edifício, a disposição da estrutura física, o modo de funcionamento dos equipamentos e o fluxo das operações integradas no respetivo mercado municipal, desde a zona de receção da mercadoria até aos locais de exposição e venda dos alimentos aos consumidores. A cascata de operações para a implementação do Sistema HACCP divide-se em três fases, contudo, para esta dissertação, apenas a primeira fase (programa de pré-requisitos - PPR) foi implementada no respetivo mercado municipal, a saber: - PPR n.º 1: Instalações e equipamentos; - PPR n.º 2: Plano de higienização; - PPR n.º 3: Controlo de pragas; - PPR n.º 4: Abastecimento de água; - PPR n.º 5: Recolha de resíduos; - PPR n.º 6: Material em contacto com géneros alimentícios; - PPR n.º 7: Higiene pessoal; - PPR n.º 8: Formação do pessoal. A implementação do PPR tem sido um processo moroso e ainda se encontra na fase de implementação. Periodicamente, os procedimentos, registos e documentos são verificados por forma evitar a repetição dos problemas.

Fracionamento por processos de membranas do soro de queijo com vista ao uso na produção de bioetanol

Dissertação de mestrado, Engenharia Biológica, Faculdade de Ciências e da Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015

Connectivity patterns and early life history of the black-faced blenny Tripterygion delaisi (Cadenat and Blache, 1970)

Tese de doutoramento, Ciências do Mar, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2015