Average ground-state energy of finite Fermi systems

Semiclassical theories such as the Thomas-Fermi and Wigner-Kirkwood methods give a good description of the smooth average part of the total energy of a Fermi gas in some external potential when the chemical potential is varied. However, in systems with a fixed number of particles N, these methods overbind the actual average of the quantum energy as N is varied. We describe a theory that accounts for this effect. Numerical illustrations are discussed for fermions trapped in a harmonic oscillator potential and in a hard-wall cavity, and for self-consistent calculations of atomic nuclei. In the latter case, the influence of deformations on the average behavior of the energy is also considered.

Dominant Mean Percentage Score Factors Of The Consumer Purchase Behaviour Of Passenger Cars

Globalization and liberalization, with the entry of many prominent foreign manufacturers, changed the automobile scenario in India, since early 1990’s. World Leaders in automobile manufacturing such as Ford, General Motors, Honda, Toyota, Suzuki, Hyundai, Renault, Mitsubishi, Benz, BMW, Volkswagen and Nissan set up their manufacturing units in India in joint venture with their Indian counterpart companies, by making use of the Foreign Direct Investment policy of the Government of India, These manufacturers started capturing the hearts of Indian car customers with their choice of technological and innovative product features, with quality and reliability. With the multiplicity of choices available to the Indian passenger car buyers, it drastically changed the way the car purchase scenario in India and particularly in the State of Kerala. This transformed the automobile scene from a sellers’ market to buyers’ market. Car customers started developing their own personal preferences and purchasing patterns, which were hitherto unknown in the Indian automobile segment. The main purpose of this paper is to come up with the identification of possible parameters and a framework development, that influence the consumer purchase behaviour patterns of passenger car owners in the State of Kerala, so that further research could be done, based on the framework and the identified parameters.

Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Modified TiO2 Systems

This thesis is divided in to 9 chapters and deals with the modification of TiO2 for various applications include photocatalysis, thermal reaction, photovoltaics and non-linear optics. Chapter 1 involves a brief introduction of the topic of study. An introduction to the applications of modified titania systems in various fields are discussed concisely. Scope and objectives of the present work are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 2 explains the strategy adopted for the synthesis of metal, nonmetal co-doped TiO2 systems. Hydrothermal technique was employed for the preparation of the co-doped TiO2 system, where Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4, urea and metal nitrates were used as the sources for TiO2, N and metals respectively. In all the co-doped systems, urea to Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4 was taken in a 1:1 molar ratio and varied the concentration of metals. Five different co-doped catalytic systems and for each catalysts, three versions were prepared by varying the concentration of metals. A brief explanation of physico-chemical techniques used for the characterization of the material was also presented in this chapter. This includes X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy, FTIR analysis, Thermo Gravimetric Analysis, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM), UV-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), BET Surface Area Measurements and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Chapter 3 contains the results and discussion of characterization techniques used for analyzing the prepared systems. Characterization is an inevitable part of materials research. Determination of physico-chemical properties of the prepared materials using suitable characterization techniques is very crucial to find its exact field of application. It is clear from the XRD pattern that photocatalytically active anatase phase dominates in the calcined samples with peaks at 2θ values around 25.4°, 38°, 48.1°, 55.2° and 62.7° corresponding to (101), (004), (200), (211) and (204) crystal planes (JCPDS 21-1272) respectively. But in the case of Pr-N-Ti sample, a new peak was observed at 2θ = 30.8° corresponding to the (121) plane of the polymorph brookite. There are no visible peaks corresponding to dopants, which may be due to their low concentration or it is an indication of the better dispersion of impurities in the TiO2. Crystallite size of the sample was calculated from Scherrer equation byusing full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the (101) peak of the anatase phase. Crystallite size of all the co-doped TiO2 was found to be lower than that of bare TiO2 which indicates that the doping of metal ions having higher ionic radius into the lattice of TiO2 causes some lattice distortion which suppress the growth of TiO2 nanoparticles. The structural identity of the prepared system obtained from XRD pattern is further confirmed by Raman spectra measurements. Anatase has six Raman active modes. Band gap of the co-doped system was calculated using Kubelka-Munk equation and that was found to be lower than pure TiO2. Stability of the prepared systems was understood from thermo gravimetric analysis. FT-IR was performed to understand the functional groups as well as to study the surface changes occurred during modification. EDX was used to determine the impurities present in the system. The EDX spectra of all the co-doped samples show signals directly related to the dopants. Spectra of all the co-doped systems contain O and Ti as the main components with low concentrations of doped elements. Morphologies of the prepared systems were obtained from SEM and TEM analysis. Average particle size of the systems was drawn from histogram data. Electronic structures of the samples were identified perfectly from XPS measurements. Chapter 4 describes the photocatalytic degradation of herbicides Atrazine and Metolachlor using metal, non-metal co-doped titania systems. The percentage of degradation was analyzed by HPLC technique. Parameters such as effect of different catalysts, effect of time, effect of catalysts amount and reusability studies were discussed. Chapter 5 deals with the photo-oxidation of some anthracene derivatives by co-doped catalytic systems. These anthracene derivatives come underthe category of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Due to the presence of stable benzene rings, most of the PAH show strong inhibition towards biological degradation and the common methods employed for their removal. According to environmental protection agency, most of the PAH are highly toxic in nature. TiO2 photochemistry has been extensively investigated as a method for the catalytic conversion of such organic compounds, highlighting the potential of thereof in the green chemistry. There are actually two methods for the removal of pollutants from the ecosystem. Complete mineralization is the one way to remove pollutants. Conversion of toxic compounds to another compound having toxicity less than the initial starting compound is the second way. Here in this chapter, we are concentrating on the second aspect. The catalysts used were Gd(1wt%)-N-Ti, Pd(1wt%)-N-Ti and Ag(1wt%)-N-Ti. Here we were very successfully converted all the PAH to anthraquinone, a compound having diverse applications in industrial as well as medical fields. Substitution of 10th position of desired PAH by phenyl ring reduces the feasibility of photo reaction and produced 9-hydroxy 9-phenyl anthrone (9H9PA) as an intermediate species. The products were separated and purified by column chromatography using 70:30 hexane/DCM mixtures as the mobile phase and the resultant products were characterized thoroughly by 1H NMR, IR spectroscopy and GCMS analysis. Chapter 6 elucidates the heterogeneous Suzuki coupling reaction by Cu/Pd bimetallic supported on TiO2. Sol-Gel followed by impregnation method was adopted for the synthesis of Cu/Pd-TiO2. The prepared system was characterized by XRD, TG-DTG, SEM, EDX, BET Surface area and XPS. The product was separated and purified by column chromatography using hexane as the mobile phase. Maximum isolated yield of biphenyl of around72% was obtained in DMF using Cu(2wt%)-Pd(4wt%)-Ti as the catalyst. In this reaction, effective solvent, base and catalyst were found to be DMF, K2CO3 and Cu(2wt%)-Pd(4wt%)-Ti respectively. Chapter 7 gives an idea about the photovoltaic (PV) applications of TiO2 based thin films. Due to energy crisis, the whole world is looking for a new sustainable energy source. Harnessing solar energy is one of the most promising ways to tackle this issue. The present dominant photovoltaic (PV) technologies are based on inorganic materials. But the high material, low power conversion efficiency and manufacturing cost limits its popularization. A lot of research has been conducted towards the development of low-cost PV technologies, of which organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices are one of the promising. Here two TiO2 thin films having different thickness were prepared by spin coating technique. The prepared films were characterized by XRD, AFM and conductivity measurements. The thickness of the films was measured by Stylus Profiler. This chapter mainly concentrated on the fabrication of an inverted hetero junction solar cell using conducting polymer MEH-PPV as photo active layer. Here TiO2 was used as the electron transport layer. Thin films of MEH-PPV were also prepared using spin coating technique. Two fullerene derivatives such as PCBM and ICBA were introduced into the device in order to improve the power conversion efficiency. Effective charge transfer between the conducting polymer and ICBA were understood from fluorescence quenching studies. The fabricated Inverted hetero junction exhibited maximum power conversion efficiency of 0.22% with ICBA as the acceptor molecule. Chapter 8 narrates the third order order nonlinear optical properties of bare and noble metal modified TiO2 thin films. Thin films were fabricatedby spray pyrolysis technique. Sol-Gel derived Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4 in CH3CH2OH/CH3COOH was used as the precursor for TiO2. The precursors used for Au, Ag and Pd were the aqueous solutions of HAuCl4, AgNO3 and Pd(NO3)2 respectively. The prepared films were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX. The nonlinear optical properties of the prepared materials were investigated by Z-Scan technique comprising of Nd-YAG laser (532 nm,7 ns and10 Hz). The non-linear coefficients were obtained by fitting the experimental Z-Scan plot with the theoretical plots. Nonlinear absorption is a phenomenon defined as a nonlinear change (increase or decrease) in absorption with increasing of intensity. This can be mainly divided into two types: saturable absorption (SA) and reverse saturable absorption (RSA). Depending on the pump intensity and on the absorption cross- section at the excitation wavelength, most molecules show non- linear absorption. With increasing intensity, if the excited states show saturation owing to their long lifetimes, the transmission will show SA characteristics. Here absorption decreases with increase of intensity. If, however, the excited state has strong absorption compared with that of the ground state, the transmission will show RSA characteristics. Here in our work most of the materials show SA behavior and some materials exhibited RSA behavior. Both these properties purely depend on the nature of the materials and alignment of energy states within them. Both these SA and RSA have got immense applications in electronic devices. The important results obtained from various studies are presented in chapter 9.

Prevalence of intestinal parasites in small ruminants and their senstivity to treatments with ethnobotanical remedies in Cholistan, Pakistan

Livestock production contributes substantially to the livelihoods of poor rural farmers in Pakistan; strengthening pastoral communities plays an imperative role in the country’s thrive for poverty alleviation. Intestinal helminths constitute a major threat for pastoral livestock keepers in the whole country because chronic infestation leads to distinct losses in livestock productivity, particularly the growth of young animals. Synthetic anthelmintics have long been considered the only effective way of controlling this problem but high prices, side effects and chemical residues/toxicity problems, or development of resistance, lead to their very limited use in many pastoral systems. Additionally, poor pastoralists in remote areas of Pakistan hardly have access to appropriate anthelmintic drugs, which are also relatively expensive due to the long routes of transportation. The search for new and more sustainable ways of supporting livestock keepers in remote areas has given rise to studies of ethno-botanicals or traditional plant-based remedies to be used in livestock health care. Plant-based remedies are cheap or free of cost, environmentally safe and generally create no problem of drug resistance; they thus might substitute allopathic drugs. Furthermore, these remedies are easily available in remote areas and simple to prepare and/or administer. Cholistan desert is a quite poor region of Pakistan and the majority of its inhabitants are practicing a nomadic life. The region’s total livestock population (1.29 million heads) is almost twice that of the human population. Livestock husbandry is the primordial occupation of the communities and traditionally wealth assessment was based on the number of animals, especially goats and sheep, owned by an individual. Fortunately, about 60% of this desert region is richly endowed with highly adapted grasses, shrubs and trees. This natural flora has a rich heritage of scientifically unexplored botanical pharmacopoeia. Against this background, the present research project that was conducted under the umbrella of the International Center for Development and Decent Work at Kassel University, focused on a development aspect: in the Cholistan desert region it was firstly examined how pastoralists manage their livestock, which major health problems they face for the different animal species, and which of the naturally occurring plants they use for the treatment of animal diseases (Chapter 2). For this purpose, a baseline survey was carried out across five locations in Cholistan, using a structured questionnaire to collect data from 100 livestock farmers (LF) and 20 local healers (LH). Most of LF and LH were illiterate (66%; 70%). On average, LH had larger herds (109 animals) than LF (85 animals) and were more experienced in livestock husbandry and management. On average LF spent about 163 Euro per year on the treatment of their livestock, with a huge variability in expenditures. Eighty-six traditional remedies based on 64 plants belonging to 43 families were used. Capparaceae was the botanical family with the largest number of species used (4), followed by Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae, Solanaceae and Zygophyllaceae (3). The plants Capparis decidua (n=55 mentions), Salsola foetida (n=52), Suaeda fruticosa (n=46), Haloxylon salicornicum (n=42) and Haloxylon recurvum (n=39) were said to be most effective against the infestations with gastrointestinal parasites. Aerial parts (43%), leaves (26%), fruits (9%), seeds and seed oils (9%) were the plant parts frequently used for preparation of remedies, while flowers, roots, bulbs and pods were less frequently used (<5%). Common preparations were decoction, jaggery and ball drench; oral drug administration was very common. There was some variation in the doses used for different animal species depending on age, size and physical condition of the animal and severity of the disease. In a second step the regionally most prevalent gastrointestinal parasites of sheep and goats were determined (Chapter 3) in 500 animals per species randomly chosen from pastoral herds across the previously studied five localities. Standard parasitological techniques were applied to identify the parasites in faecal samples manually collected at the rectum. Overall helminth prevalence was 78.1% across the 1000 animals; pure nematode infestations were most prevalent (37.5%), followed by pure trematode (7.9%), pure cestode (2.6%) and pure protozoa infestations (0.8%). Mixed infestations with nematodes and trematodes occurred in 6.4% of all animals, mixed nematode-cestode infestations in 3.8%, and all three groups were found in 19.1% of the sheep and goats. In goats more males (81.1%) than females (77.0%) were infested, the opposite was found in sheep (73.6% males, 79.5% females). Parasites were especially prevalent in suckling goats (85.2%) and sheep (88.5%) and to a lesser extent in young (goats 80.6%, sheep 79.3%) and adult animals (goats 72.8%, sheep 73.8%). Haemonchus contortus, Trichuris ovis and Paramphistomum cervi were the most prevalent helminths. In a third step the in vitro anthelmintic activity of C. decidua, S. foetida, S. fruticosa, H. salicornicum and H. recurvum (Chapter 2) was investigated against adult worms of H. contortus, T. ovis and P. cervi (Chapter 3) via adult motility assay (Chapter 4). Various concentrations ranging from 7.8 to 500 mg dry matter/ml of three types of extracts of each plant, i.e. aqueous, methanol, and aqueous-methanol (30:70), were used at different time intervals to access their anthelmintic activity. Levamisol (0.55 mg/ml) and oxyclozanide (30 mg/ml) served as positive and phosphate-buffered saline as negative control. All extracts exhibited minimum and maximum activity at 2 h and 12 h after parasite exposure; the 500 mg/ml extract concentrations were most effective. Plant species (P<0.05), extract type (P<0.01), parasite species (P<0.01), extract concentration (P<0.01), time of exposure (P<0.01) and their interactions (P<0.01) had significant effects on the number of immobile/dead helminths. From the comparison of LC50 values it appeared that the aqueous extract of C. decidua was more potent against H. contortus and T. ovis, while the aqueous extract of S. foetida was effective against P. cervi. The methanol extracts of H. recurvum were most potent against all three types of parasites, and its aqueous-methanol extract was also very effective against T. ovis and P. cervi. Based on these result it is concluded that the aqueous extract of C. decidua, as well as the methanol and aqueous-methanol extract of H. recurvum have the potential to be developed into plant-based drugs for treatment against H. contortus, T. ovis and P. cervi infestations. Further studies are now needed to investigate the in vivo anthelmintic activity of these plants and plant extracts, respectively, in order to develop effective, cheap and locally available anthelmintics for pastoralists in Cholistan and neighboring desert regions. This will allow developing tangible recommendations for plant-based anthelminthic treatment of sheep and goat herds, and by this enable pastoralists to maintain healthy and productive flocks at low costs and probably even manufacture herbal drugs for marketing on a regional scale.

Poverty targeting and income impact of subsidised credit on accessed households in the Northern Mountainous Region of Vietnam

This paper uses the data of 1338 rural households in the Northern Mountainous Region of Vietnam to examine the extent to which subsidised credit targets the poor and its impacts. Principal Component Analysis and Propensity Score Matching were used to evaluate the depth of outreach and the income impact of credit. To address the problem of model uncertainty, the approach of Bayesian Model Average applied to the probit model was used. Results showed that subsidised credit successfully targeted the poor households with 24.10% and 69.20% of clients falling into the poorest group and the three bottom groups respectively. Moreover, those who received subsidised credit make up 83% of ethnic minority households. These results indicate that governmental subsidies are necessary to reach the poor and low income households, who need capital but are normally bypassed by commercial banks. Analyses also showed that ethnicity and age of household heads, number of helpers, savings, as well as how affected households are by shocks were all factors that further explained the probability at which subsidised credit has been assessed. Furthermore, recipients obtained a 2.61% higher total income and a 5.93% higher farm income compared to non-recipients. However, these small magnitudes of effects are statistically insignificant at a 5% level. Although the subsidised credit is insufficient to significantly improve the income of the poor households, it possibly prevents these households of becoming even poorer.

Síndrome de Burnout en médicos generales de consulta externa

Objetivos : Establecer la prevalencia de Síndrome de Burnout en 17 médicos de consulta externa de una IPS de Bogotá, antes de la jornada laboral y después de la misma. Determinar las dimensiones del Síndrome de Burnout y relacionarlas con las variables sociodemográficas escogidas para este caso. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal con una población de 17 médicos generales de consulta externa de una IPS de la cuidad de Bogotá Colombia, en el año 2009. Se les aplicó el Test de Maslach, para determinar las tres dimensiones del Síndrome de Burnout las cuales son: agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y realización personal para establecer la relación con las variables escogidas previamente. Para el análisis estadístico se usó el Software Epi Info Versión 3.51. Las variables cuantitativas fueron resumidas teniendo en cuenta medidas de tendencia central y las variables cuantitativas se expresaron en forma de proporciones. Para realizar las comparaciones se utilizó la prueba Ji cuadrado con ajuste por Test de Fischer. Se consideró significancia estadística con p ‹ 0.05. Resultado : La población estudiada fue en su mayoría de género femenino, con una mediana de edad de 30 años. El 41.2% de los médicos trabajan 8 horas diarias y el 35.3% trabajan más de 8 horas al día. Se calificaron las tres dimensiones que propone el test de Maslach, las cuales son agotamiento emocional, despersonalización y realización personal dando un puntaje de alto medio y bajo según las respuestas de los médicos evaluados. . Dentro de las dimensiones analizadas del test de Maslach antes de la jornada laboral el 35.3 % presentan agotamiento emocional dentro de la puntuación alta y después de la jornada se aumenta a 47.1%. En cuanto al puntaje para medio en esta misma dimensión fue de 23.5 % y bajo 41.2% previo a la jornada , con un porcentaje al finalizar de la jornada de 17.6% y 35.3% respectivamente. La dimensión de despersonalización antes de la jornada fue de 29,4% para alto, 23.5% para medio y 47.1% para bajo. Al finalizar la jornada no se observan cambios significativos en los porcentajes de esta dimensión. No se obtuvo prevalencia significativa entre las variables estudiadas y cada una de las dimensiones del Test de Maslach. Discusión : Los resultados muestran que existe un cambio en la dimensión de agotamiento emocional al inicio de la jornada laboral comparado con el final de la misma. Las calificaciones obtenidas tuvieron valores altos, mientras que en los de valores medio y bajo disminuyó este agotamiento al finalizar la jornada. Para la despersonalización los valores no se vieron modificados tras la jornada de trabajo. En cuanto a la realización personal hubo una variación ya que los sujetos que fueron calificados al iniciar la jornada con valores altos disminuyeron al finalizar y los de valores medio y bajo aumentaron su realización personal al finalizar la jornada. De otra parte no se establecieron relaciones significativas con los factores extralaborales e individuales evaluados, teniendo en cuenta probablemente el tamaño de la población de estudio y el tiempo de evaluación.

Asociación entre PCR y riesgo cardiovascular en una cohorte de mujeres que asisten al programa salud de la mujer en la Fundación Cardioinfantil

La proteína C reactiva ultrasensible es un biomarcador de inflamación vascular más estudiado y validado hasta la fecha. En el presente estudio se determino la correlación entre la PCR y el riesgo cardiovascular estratificado mediante la escala europea y el método de farmingham, en pacientes incluidas desde septiembre de 2007 hasta septiembre de 2011. Objetivo: establecer el grado de correlación entre los niveles de PCR ultrasensible y el grado de riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: se incluyeron un total (N=299) mujeres mayores de 18 años, con promedio de edad de 48 años; según los niveles de PCR (89%) N= 269 tenían riesgo cardiovascular bajo. Con la estratificación de riesgo según la escala europea solo un (0.66%) N=2 se catalogaban como alto riesgo cardiovascular, implementando la escala de framingham un (74%) N=222 estaban en bajo riesgo. Predominando el riesgo cardiovascular bajo y datos de PCR en riesgo bajo. Encontramos muy débil correlación positiva entre los niveles de PCR y el riesgo cardiovascular calculado por el método de framingham para las pacientes (correlación de Pearson 0.323 con significancia estadística de 0,01) Finalmente encontramos una correlación inversa entre los niveles de PCR y HDL en la muestra estudiada estadísticamente significativa. Discusión: En la población estudiada existe una alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, destacamos la utilidad del método de framingham para discriminar riesgo cardiovascular en comparación con la escala europea. Además en el presente estudio, se destacan las correlaciones de la PCR con el perfil lipídico. Finalmente encontramos un correlación inversa entre los niveles de PCR y HDL en la muestra estudiada estadísticamente significativa, con lo cual podemos concluir posible utilidad tanto para el diagnostico y alternativa de estratificación en riesgo cardiovascular en nuestra población.

Comparación de la severidad y extensión de la enfermedad coronaria multivaso por Syntax Score en una poblaciòn de las Antillas Holandesas vs controles nacionales

En la Enfermedad Coronaria (EC) existen factores genéticos, socioculturales, medioambientales y raciales adicionales a los factores de riesgo cardiovascular mayores que podrían influir en su presentación. Se desconoce el impacto de la raza en la severidad de la enfermedad coronaria en los pacientes extranjeros que son enviados a nuestro Servicio. Objetivos: Comparar la severidad de la EC multivaso en una población de pacientes de las Antillas y Nacionales, pareados por la escala Framingham. Metodología: Realizamos un estudio de corte transversal, comparando pacientes colombianos contra pacientes provenientes de las Antillas holandesas con similares factores de riesgo según escala de Framingham, catalogándolos por grupos de riesgo bajo, intermedio, alto y muy alto. Todos con EC severa multivaso documentada por angiografía coronaria desde enero del 2009 hasta Junio de 2011. Se excluyeron pacientes con antecedentes de intervención percutánea o quirúrgica previa. Resultados: Ingresaron 115 pacientes internacionales y 115 pacientes nacionales. La relación hombres/mujeres 3:1. La proporción de grupos de riesgo fue de bajo riesgo 2.5%, intermedio 15%, alto 19.3%, y muy alto 63.4%. El Syntax Score en pacientes nacionales fue 14.3+/-7.4 y en internacionales 22.2+/-10.5 p: 0.002. Conclusiones: En pacientes provenientes de las Antillas Holandesas, valorados en nuestra institución, se observó una mayor severidad de la enfermedad coronaria comparada con una población nacional con factores de riesgo similares. Estos hallazgos sugieren la influencia de la raza y factores genéticos en la severidad y extensión de la EC

Impacto de la auto - percepción de imagen corporal en sujetos con VIH y lipoatrofia facial.

La lipoatrofia facial es uno de los efectos secundarios que con más frecuencia se presenta y afecta la calidad de vida del paciente con VIH que recibe tratamiento antiretroviral. Metodología: Estudio observacional de corte transversal que involucró 126 sujetos, a quienes se aplicó una encuesta semi-estructurada para determinar cómo percibe el paciente que la lipoatrofia facial lo afecta en áreas afectiva, social, laboral y ocupacional; evaluar la percepción de la imagen corporal; caracterizar sociodemográficamente; determinar la prevalencia de lipoatrofia facial y establecer si hay diferencias de percepción de la imagen corporal según la caracterización sociodemográfica. Resultados: La Prevalencia de lipoatrofia facial fue del 57.1%. El grado de satisfacción en cuanto a apariencia física tuvo un promedio de 5.01±2.69. El 88.7% y 80.3% de los pacientes evaluados sintieron tristeza y frustración con su apariencia respectivamente. El 53.5% y el 42.9% informaron menos oportunidades laborales y educativas. La orientación sexual reportada con mayor frecuencia fue homosexualidad. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grado de satisfacción de apariencia con aspectos sociodemográficos excepto en pacientes que recibieron apoyo psicológico. Conclusión: Primer estudio en el país que evalúa el impacto de la lipoatrofia facial en pacientes con VIH y tratamiento antiretroviral. Aunque la presencia de lipoatrofia facial sobre la cotidianidad no es estadísticamente significativa, si resulta trascendental pues existen porcentajes importantes de emociones y alteraciones psicológicas que afectan directamente a estos sujetos en las áreas afectiva, social, laboral y ocupacional. Se hace necesaria la realización de más estudios que permitan obtener mayor de evidencia.

Gender differences on sexual behaviour and school inputs: evidence from Bogota.

This thesis explores the correlation between school factors and the differentiated results on sexual behaviour between boys and girls in Bogota. A school stratified propensity score matching was performed to match each boy of the sample with the most similar girls in individual, household and school characteristics. A regression analysis was performed to estimate the correlation between the five school factors evaluated with four main outcomes: have had sexual intercourse, condom use in the last sexual intercourse, incidence of teenage childbearing and age at first intercourse. Boys - in relation to girls - begin earlier their sexual life, more of them reported have used condom in their last sexual intercourse and have a lower incidence of teenage childbearing. These differences are correlated with have reported the school as main source of knowledge about reproductive health and contraceptive methods, a larger proportion of teachers with a graduate or postgraduate degree, a larger proportion of teachers with a related pedagogy degree and to the average age of teachers in the school. The results suggest that the content of the message about sex that is delivered to girls at school is not complete or accurate and that the competences of the school teachers in charge of this task should be improved to reach equally boys and girls.

Síndrome de agotamiento en el trabajo (Burnout) y estrés laboral en trabajadores en empresa de seguridad

Objetivo. Identificar la relación entre estrés laboral y el Síndrome de Agotamiento por el Trabajo o Síndrome de Burnout en personal que labora en una empresa de seguridad. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo transversal obteniendo una muestra por conveniencia, recolectando datos de individuos que se incluyeron de manera voluntaria. Se aplicaron dos escalas: para la valoración del estrés se aplicó la Escala de Estrés Percibido PSS de Cohen, Kamarak y Mermelstein, y la escala de Maslach para identificar el desarrollo del Síndrome de Burnout en la población estudiada, por medio de encuestas. Resultados. Se observó una mediana de 7 puntos en la subescala de agotamiento emocional, 6.5 en despersonalización (0-23) y una mediana de 38 puntos en realización personal (9-49). Escala de estrés percibido con un valor mediano de 26.5 puntos (rango entre 14 y 49). Se obtuvo además, un 26,3% en nivel medio de agotamiento emocional; un 12,5% mostro una alta despersonalización; y un 2,5% presentó una baja realización personal. Conclusiones. Se encontró relación de manifestaciones del síndrome de agotamiento en el trabajo con el estrés laboral y algunas variables estudiadas. Se sugiere para futuras investigaciones tener una población heterogénea para evaluar las variables de género, cargo y jornada laboral.

El programa Proniño en Colombia: su efecto en la reducción del trabajo infantil

El objetivo de este documento es evaluar empíricamente el efecto que tiene una mayor o menor exposición del programa Proniño de la Fundación Telefónica en la cantidad de horas trabajadas de los niños, niñas y adolescentes. Tomando información desde el 2010 y hasta el 2012 se evalúa empíricamente el impacto en la duración a la exposición del tratamiento, eliminando el sesgo de selección por duración a través de la metodología de Propensity Score Matching. Los resultados muestran que la exposición al tratamiento sí logra reducir el número de horas trabajadas de los niños, niñas y adolescentes, alcanzando los niveles más altos de reducción cuando el tiempo de exposición al programa es más amplio; en este caso, tres años y particularmente para el grupo de edad comprendido entre los 12 a 14 años. Finalmente se evidencia que el programa es más efectivo en la reducción del número de horas trabajadas a la semana de los niños (hombres) que de las niñas (mujeres).

Relationship between physical capacity and quality of life in workers university

Aim: Examine the relationship between the functional capacity and the quality of life related to health in university workers. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in 146 subjects, divided in two groups: Low functional Capacity (< 9 METs) and High functional Capacity (> 9.1 METs). We evaluated quality of life related to health (HRQOL-Health Questionnaire SF-12) and functional capacity (Questionnaire PAR/PAF) as indicators of health status. Results: 47.3% (69 men) and 52.7% (78 women). The average age of the groups was 35.0 ± 9.7 years (range 19,0-60,0 years). For HRQOL, the average found in the population assessed was 45.2 ± 4.42 (range 33,0-58,1) and 43.8 ± 6.87 (range 19,8-43,8) in components Physical Component Summary (PCS-12) and Mental Component Summary (MCS-12), respectively p = NS. Significant differences were found when comparing functional ability and sex, p<0,001 in both groups. Similarly, sex and mental component MCS-12 (group of Lower Functional) p = 0,049 as well as women and the physical component PCS-12, p = 0,05 between groups. Finally, a better score in HRQL observed in the group of High Capacity and functional components in both sex OR 0.59 (0.25-1.38). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate the relationship between High functional Capacity and a better HRQOL in this population.

Aplicación de una técnica mínimamente invasiva para la reparación de ruptura del tendón de Aquiles

Introducción Las rupturas agudas del tendón de Aquiles se presentan en pacientes entre 40 y 50 años. Las causas más comunes son actividades deportivas. Se han descrito técnicas mínimamente invasivas, con complicaciones como infección del sitio operatorio, adherencias y la lesión del nervio sural. El propósito de este estudio es determinar el desenlace clínico y funcional, de los pacientes con rupturas agudas del tendón de Aquiles llevados a reparación quirúrgica mínimamente invasiva entre 2011 y 2013 en nuestra institución. Materiales y métodos. Estudio tipo Serie de casos. Se realizó evaluación de fuerza muscular, fatiga muscular, arcos de movilidad con respecto a la extremidad contralateral, la escala AOFAS y se describieron las complicaciones. Resultados. Se evaluaron 21 pacientes de 31 elegibles, diecisiete hombres y cuatro mujeres. Edad promedio de 42,7 años, duración promedio de seguimiento de 17,47 meses. Como complicación hubo una dehiscencia de sutura treinta días después del procedimiento. Los pacientes regresaron a actividades laborales 48 días después de cirugía. El tiempo promedio de retorno a actividades deportivas fue de 8.47 meses. El puntaje promedio en la escala AOFAS fue 90. Los arcos de movilidad del tobillo fueron en promedio de 52° para el lado afectado y 56° en el no intervenido. El número de repeticiones de elevación de talón de la extremidad afectada fue de 58 en promedio. Discusión. Estos resultados sugieren que la técnica mínimamente invasiva para reparación del tendón de Aquiles provee resultados funcionales satisfactorios a corto y mediano plazo con bajas tasas de complicación.

Escala para valoración cliníca de fotoenvejecimiento cutáneo en la cara

Introducción: el fotoenvejecimiento cutáneo es causado principalmente por la exposición crónica y acumulativa a los rayos ultravioleta. Las clasificaciones y escalas existentes evalúan el envejecimiento cutáneo de forma global y no existe un instrumento que valore exclusivamente el fotoenvejecimiento cutáneo. Objetivo: Construir y realizar la validación de contenido, de una escala para valoración clínica del fotoenvejecimiento cutáneo en la cara. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de validez de contenido, de una escala para valoración clínica del fotoenvejecimiento cutáneo en cara, construida a partir del marco conceptual, y evaluada por 15 expertos con especialidades médicas que manejan el fotoenvejecimiento. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron así: porcentaje de la pertinencia; la media; coeficiente de variación (CV) e índice de validez de contenido por ítem (CVIi) de cada ítem incluido en la escala. Resultados: Para el grupo de 15 expertos evaluadores, la pertinencia de los 6 ítems incluidos en los criterios clínicos, arrojo una media de 4,2/5 con CVIi entre 73,3% y 100% y con CV por debajo del 20%; el ítem de surcos tuvo un CV de 26,93%; la pertinencia de los 5 ítems incluidos en los antecedentes, arrojo una media de 3,9/5, un CVIi entre 73,3% y 80% y un CV entre 33,67% y 39,84%. Discusión y conclusiones: La validez de contenido de los criterios clínicos de la escala cumplió en un nivel alto con la pertinencia, lo que indica que miden adecuada y exclusivamente las dimensiones del grado clínico de fotoenvejecimiento cutáneo en cara evaluado por los expertos.