PISA como instrumento pol??tico : la historia detr??s de la creaci??n del programa PISA

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Secuencia did??ctica 'Quien sabe hablar del camino es porque andado lo tiene'

Resumen en ingl??s

‘Salida honrosa al negocio familiar’: la metodología del caso aplicada al derecho de la empresa

En la presente comunicación pretendo narrar la experiencia y conclusiones que he obtenido tras implantar la metodología del caso en la asignatura Practicum de la Licenciatura en Derecho de la UPV/EHU. La actividad se ha realizado en el marco del programa Eragin de la UPV/EHU, destinado a formar a su profesorado en el uso de metodologías activas. Tanto la redacción del caso con su nota de enseñanza y la implantación del mismo, ha sido supervisado por el Centro Internacional de Casos de la Universidad de Monterrey y expertos de la UPV/EHU. He utilizado un caso real (aunque disfrazado) de una empresa familiar de la industria chocolatera que recibe una oferta de compra de una multinacional

Kipus: revista andina de letras. 15 (Reseñas)

Presenta las reseñas de los siguientes libros: Susana Zanetti, LA DORADA GARRA DE LA LECTURA. LECTORAS y LECTORES DE NOVELA EN AMÉRICA LATINA, Rosario: Beatriz Viterbo, 2002, 448 pp. -- Orlando Pérez, LA CELEBRACiÓN DE LA LIBERTAD, Quito: Libresa, Colección Crónica de sueños, 2002. -- Martha Rodríguez, PERO ES DESPUÉS, BAJO EL SOL, Quito: Libresa, Colección Crónica de sueños, 2002, 95 pp. -- Tomás Eloy Martínez, EL VUELO DE LA REINA, Madrid: Alfaguara, 2002, 295 pp. -- Gabriela Alemán, FUGA PERMANENTE, Quito: Eskeletra, 2a. ed., 2002, 113 pp. -- Alfonso Monsalve, CUENTOS DE PELÍCULA, Quito: Eskeletra, 2002, 182 pp. -- Galo Mora W. UN PÁJARO REDONDO PARA JUGAR, Quito: Eskeletra, 2002,289 pp. -- Sonia Navarro, SABOR A OLVIDO (BIOGRAFÍA DE LA SRA. RENÉ), Guayaquil: Centro de Difusión y Publicaciones Espol, 165 pp. -- Margarito Cuéllar, LOS RIESGOS DEL PLACER, Carolina Andrade Monterrey, Nuevo León: Ediciones Castillo S. A.de C. V., 2002, 78 pp.

Diagnóstico de la gestión empresarial: la industria gráfica y su efecto tributario en el período 1999-2004

La presente investigación se origina y desarrolla a partir de la interrogante central ¿La evolución del sector de la industria gráfica contribuirá a la generación de un proceso de desarrollo económico y tendrá efectos positivos en la redistribución del ingreso?. El estudio propone realizar un diagnóstico de la industria gráfica y su efecto tributario, para lo cual plantea los objetivos siguientes: analizar la situación del sector y determinar los factores que obstaculizan su desarrollo; determinar la evolución, estructura y participacion en la economía; así como estimar los efectos de la política tributaria en el sector y aporte a la redistribución del ingreso. La evolución del sector de la industria gráfica, destaca su desempeño y tendencias dentro de la economía nacional. Describe la definición y tipología de la industria gráfica, para luego conocer la estructura, la distribución por ramas y la tendencia de su crecimiento. Presenta un breve análisis de las principales manifestaciones y tendencias de la economía nacional en el período. Analiza la evolución de la industria, su desempeño global y sectorial, el comportamiento de variables como ingreso, empleo, producción y salarios. Posteriormente, hace referencia a los factores que obstaculizan el desarrollo de la industria gráfica en el país. Para establecer los efectos de la política tributaria sobre el desarrollo de la industria gráfica, se realiza un análisis de la evolución que ha tenido la carga tributaria, esto es el pago del impuesto a la renta (IR), al Valor Agregado (IVA), aranceles y otras con los que contribuye el sector.

El desarrollo económico de América Latina de 1980 a 1995

La presente tesis comienza establecer el marco actual del debate sobr el Derecho Económico en América Latina y presenta dos aportes. El primero, el derecho económico entendido como un nuevo derecho que constituye y ordena espacios de concertación entre los diferentes agentes económicos, más que normas prescriptivas. El segundo, es que el derecho económico es su concepto como una disciplina jurídica, plenamente autónoma que establece las normas capaces de regular· relaciones económicas necesarias para establecer una estrategia de desarrollo. Luego exploramos el contenido del concepto de desarrollo económico, a través de la historia del pensamiento económico, llegando a la conclusión que el desarrollo económico, no es sólo aumentar la productividad, sino sostenerla en el tiempo articulando al Estado como ordenador de una parte importante de las estructuras e incentivos de la sociedad, el trabajo, la producción y el mercado. Por último se analiza el modelo presente del desarrollo económico de América Latina, a través de las transformaciones en la economia de la región a fin de captar capitales e intentar romper su situación de exportadora neta de recursos mediante instrumentos como la elevación de la tasa de interés que han dado en consecuencia, un aumento de la volatilidad financiera interrumpiendo el crecimiento que requiere la región y afectando el ahorro interno y el tratamiento del recurso humano, que con un esquema de bajo salarios y precarización sostenida de las condiciones de trabajo, incide en una subordinación de los proyectos de desarrollo a los previstos por las transnacionales, lo que en su conjunto provoca que la producción se inserte en mercados poco dinámicos y que sea a través de las estrategias transnacionales. Con los datos del modelo de desarrollo, concluimos y advertimos los nuevos contenidos del derecho económico.

Retornos a la educación en Ecuador: entre brechas salariales y mercados especializados

Este trabajo analiza las tasas de retorno a la educación en Ecuador. El estudio inicia con un panorama teórico que contiene un análisis de la ecuación de Mincer. Posteriormente, se desarrolla la sección empírica utilizando datos correspondientes a la Encuesta de Empleo y Desempleo Urbano y Rural (ENEMDUR) para el periodo 2003-2014 que constituye la primera serie ininterrumpida con representación de área urbana y rural. En la estimación se usa una ecuación semi-logarítmica que se desagrega por nivel de educación y por obtención del título -sheepskin effect-; además, se utiliza un modelo de Heckman en dos etapas para estimar las brechas salariales. Los resultados se presentan por grupos de género, área de residencia, grupo étnico, región y categoría de ocupación, y sobresale la existencia del premio por título, la disminución de brechas por género (12%) y grupos minoritarios (5%), y la presencia de un mercado laboral más especializado.

Effect of enzymatic pretreatment and increasing the organic loading rate of lipid-rich wastewater treated in a hybrid UASB reactor

This study aimed at evaluating the effect of increasing organic loading rates and of enzyme pretreatment on the stability and efficiency of a hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBh) treating dairy effluent. The UASBh was submitted to the following average organic loading rates (OLR) 0.98 Kg.m(-3).d(-1), 4.58 Kg.m(-3).d(-1), 8.89 Kg.m(-3).d(-1) and 15.73 Kg.m(-3).d(-1), and with the higher value, the reactor was fed with effluent with and without an enzymatic pretreatment to hydrolyze fats. The hydraulic detention time was 24 h, and the temperature was 30 +/- 2 degrees C. The reactor was equipped with a superior foam bed and showed good efficiency and stability until an OLR of 8.89 Kg.m(-3).d(-1). The foam bed was efficient for solid retention and residual volatile acid concentration consumption. The enzymatic pretreatment did not contribute to the process stability, propitiating loss in both biomass and system efficiency. Specific methanogenic activity tests indicated the presence of inhibition after the sludge had been submitted to the pretreated effluent It was concluded that continuous exposure to the hydrolysis products or to the enzyme caused a dramatic drop in the efficiency and stability of the process, and the single exposure of the biomass to this condition did not inhibit methane formation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Assessment of production efficiency, physicochemical properties and storage stability of spray-dried chlorophyllide, a natural food colourant, using gum Arabic, maltodextrin and soy protein isolate-based carrier systems

P>The aim of this research was to study spray drying as potential action to protect chlorophyllide from environmental conditions for shelf-life extension and characterisation of the powders. Six formulations were prepared with 7.5 and 10 g of carrier agents [gum Arabic (GA), maltodextrin (MA) and soybean protein isolate (SPI)]/100 mL of chlorophyllide solutions. The powders were evaluated for morphological characteristics (SEM), particle size, water activity, moisture, density, hygroscopicity, cold water solubility, sorption isotherms, colour and stability, during 90 days. All the powders were highly soluble, with solubility values around 97%. A significant lower hygroscopicity was observed for GA powders, whilst the lower X(m) values obtained by GAB equation fitting of the sorption isotherms was observed for the 7.5 g MA/100 mL samples. All formulations, but the 1 (7.5 g SPI/100 mL of chlorophyllide), provided excellent stability to the chlorophyllide during 90 days of storage even at room temperature.

The use of spray drying technology to reduce bitter taste of casein hydrolysate

The utilization of protein hydrolysates in food systems is frequently hindered due to their bitterness and hygroscopicity. Spray drying technology could be an alternative for reducing these problems. The aim of this work was to reduce or to mask the casein hydrolysate bitter taste using spray drying and mixtures of gelatin and soy protein isolate (SPI) as carriers. Six formulations were studied: three with 20% of hydrolysate and 80% of mixture (gelatine/SPI at proportions of 50/50, 40/60 and 60/40%) and three with 30% of hydrolysate and 70% of mixture (gelatine/SPI at proportions of 50/50, 40/60 and 60/40%). The spray-dried formulations were evaluated by SEM, hygroscopicity, thermal behavior (DSC), dissolution, and bitter taste, by a trained sensory panel using a paired-comparison test (free samples vs. spray-dried samples); all samples were presented in powder form. SEM analysis showed mostly spherically shaped particles, with many concavities and some particles with pores. All formulations were oil and water compatible and showed lower hygroscopicity values than free casein hydrolysate. At Aw 0.83, the free hydrolysate showed Tg about 25 degrees C lower than the formulations, indicating that the formulations may be more stable at Aw >= 0.65 since the glass transition should be prevented. The sensory panel found the formulations, tasted in the powder form, to be less bitter (P < 0.05) than the free casein hydrolysate. These results indicated that spray drying of casein hydrolysate with mixtures of gelatin and SPI was successful to attenuate the bitterness of casein hydrolysate. Thus, spray drying widens the possibilities of application of casein hydrolysates. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Microencapsulation of casein hydrolysate by complex coacervation with SPI/pectin

The aim of this work was to encapsulate casein hydrolysate by complex coacervation with soybean protein isolate (SPI)/pectin. Three treatments were studied with wall material to core ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. The samples were evaluated for morphological characteristics, moisture, hygroscopicity, solubility, hydrophobicity, surface tension, encapsulation efficiency and bitter taste with a trained sensory panel using a paired comparison test. The samples were very stable in cold water. The hydrophobicity decreased inversely with the hydrolysate content in the microcapsule. Encapsulated samples had lower hygroscopicity values than free hydrolysate. The encapsulation efficiency varied from 91.62% to 78.8%. Encapsulated samples had similar surface tension, higher values than free hydrolysate. The results of the sensory panel test considering the encapsulated samples less bitter (P < 0.05) than the free hydroly-state, showed that complex coacervation with SPI/pectin as wall material was an efficient method for microencapsulation and attenuation of the bitter taste of the hydrolysate. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Production and properties of casein hydrolysate microencapsulated by spray drying with soybean protein isolate

The aim of this work was to encapsulate casein hydrolysate by spray drying with soybean protein isolate (SPI) as wall material to attenuate the bitter taste of that product. Two treatments were prepared: both with 12 g/100 g solids and containing either two proportions of SPI: hydrolysate (70:30 and 80:20), called M1 and M2, respectively. The samples were evaluated for morphological characteristics (SEM), particle size, hygroscopicity, solubility, hydrophobicity, thermal behavior and bitter taste with a trained sensory panel using a paired-comparison test (non-encapsulated samples vs. encapsulated samples). Microcapsules had a continuous wall, many concavities, and no porosity. Treatments M1 and M2 presented average particle sizes of 11.32 and 9.18 mu m, respectively. The wall material and/or the microencapsulation raised the hygroscopicity of the hydrolysate since the free hydrolysate had hygroscopicity of 53 g of water/100 g of solids and M1 and M2 had 106.99 and 102.19 g of water/100 g of solids, respectively. However, the hydrophobicity decreases, the absence of a peak in encapsulated hydrolysates, and the results of the panel sensory test considering the encapsulated samples less bitter (p < 0.05) than the non-encapsulated, showed that spray drying with SPI was an efficient method for microencapsulation and attenuation of the bitter taste of the casein hydrolysate. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Entrepreneurship in Mexico : lessons for stakeholders in New Zealand

A “neighbour” separated by 6,000 km of Pacific, Mexico is by far New Zealand’s largest trading partner in Latin America and its 15th largest overall. With two-way trade worth NZ$584 million in 2002, many Mexicans grow up on New Zealand milk powder and baby formula. Not only is Mexico’s population of 100 million a huge potential economic partner in its own right, through its network of free trade agreements, Mexico has preferential access to 860 million consumers in 32 countries covering sixty percent of the world’s GDP.

Like New Zealand, Mexico is a “New World” country open to new ideas and innovation. Also like New Zealand, Mexico is known internationally for economic reforms that have created two outward-looking, world-trading, and competitive economies. During the last 50 years, the Mexican economy has shifted away from the once dominant sectors of agriculture and mining toward more industrial activities, especially in the major urban centres of Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara, and other regional centres, where entrepreneurs are concentrated. With this shift, a new class of entrepreneurs arose with the support of the government.

One of those regional centres is the State of Sinaloa, with its capital city, Culiacán. Spearheaded by a visionary government and personified by the Secretary of Economic Development, Heriberto Felix Guerra. Secretary Felix is himself restaurant entrepreneur who owns a growing chain of “concept food” restaurants in the region.

It is no accident that when New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark visited Mexican President Vicente Fox Quesada on 15 November 2001, one of the topics of conversation was the fact that very day their two countries had been benchmarked as two of the world’s most entrepreneurial countries in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2001 survey.

More germane, both countries have low-aspiration entrepreneurs who generate low levels of wealth and have low potential for growth. Both are dominated by micro-businesses that do not have high-value-added components and are not investment-ready and pre-qualified for risk capita.

This leads to the question, what can New Zealanders learn from the experience of Mexican entrepreneurship?

Entrepreneurial risk and labour's share in output

This paper presents a theoretical model which discusses the role played by the entrepreneurial risk on the distribution of the national income. In a two-period general equilibrium framework with competitive risk-averse entrepreneurs it is shown that the highest the risk borne by firms, the lower will be real wages, employment and the labour's share in output. The model helps explain the fall of the labour's share in the Brazilian output during the 1980s.

Trade liberalization and the evolution of skill earnings differentials in Brazil

Rio de Janeiro