Structure and antimycobacterial activity of the novel organometallic [Pd(C-bzan)(SCN)(dppp)] compound

The organometallic compound [Pd(C-bzan)(SCN)(dppp)] {bzan = N-benzylideneaniline, dppp = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane} was synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared and H-1 and P-31(H-1) NMR spectroscopies. The crystal and molecular structures of the title complex were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. In vitro antimycobacterial evaluation demonstrated that the compound [Pd(C-bzan)(SCN)(dppp)] displayed a MIC of 5.15 mu M, which is superior than those values found for some commonly used anti-TB drugs and other Pd(II) complexes. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B by dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin induces schedule-dependent chemosensitivity to anticancer drugs and enhances chemoinduced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, usually developing in children and adolescents, and is highly invasive and metastatic, potentially developing chemoresistance. Thus, novel effective treatment regimens are urgently needed. This study was the first to investigate the anticancer effects of dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), a highly specific nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) inhibitor, on the OS cell lines HOS and MG-63. We demonstrate that NF-kappa B blockade by DHMEQ inhibits proliferation, decreases the mitotic index, and triggers apoptosis of OS cells. We examined the effects of combination treatment with DHMEQ and cisplatin, doxorubicin, or methotrexate, drugs commonly used in OS treatment. Using the median effect method of Chou and Talalay, we evaluated the combination indices for simultaneous and sequential treatment schedules. In all cases, combination with a chemotherapeutic drug produced a synergistic effect, even at low single-agent cytotoxic levels. When cells were treated with DHMEQ and cisplatin, a more synergistic effect was obtained using simultaneous treatment. For the doxorubicin and methotrexate combination, a more synergistic effect was achieved with sequential treatment using DHMEQ before chemotherapy. These synergistic effects were accompanied by enhancement of chemoinduced apoptosis. Interestingly, the highest apoptotic effect was reached with sequential exposure in both cell lines, independent of the chemotherapeutic agent used. Likewise, DHMEQ decreased cell invasion and migration, crucial steps for tumor progression. Our data suggest that combining DHMEQ with chemotherapeutic drugs might be useful for planning new therapeutic strategies for OS treatment, mainly in resistant and metastatic cases. Anti-Cancer Drugs 23:638-650 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health broken vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Influence of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors on ouabain activation of nuclear factor-kappa B in the rat hippocampus

It has been shown that ouabain (OUA) can activate the Na,K-ATPase complex and mediate intracellular signaling in the central nervous system (CNS). Inflammatory stimulus increases glutamatergic transmission, especially at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which are usually coupled to the activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation modulates the expression of genes involved in development, plasticity, and inflammation. The present work investigated the effects of OUA on NF-kappa B binding activity in rat hippocampus and the influence of this OUA-Na,K-ATPase signaling cascade in NMDA-mediated NF-kappa B activation. The findings presented here are the first report indicating that intrahippocampal administration of OUA, in a concentration that did not alter Na,K-ATPase or NOS activity, induced an activation of NF-kappa B, leading to increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), inducible NOS (iNos), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnf-alpha), and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) mRNA levels. This response was not linked to any significant signs of neurodegeneration as showed via Fluoro-Jade B and Nissl stain. Intrahippocampal administration of NMDA induced NF alpha B activation and increased NOS and alpha 2/3-Na,K-ATPase activities. NMDA treatment further increased OUA-induced NF-kappa B activation, which was partially blocked by MK-801, an antagonist of NMDA receptor. These results suggest that OUA-induced NF-kappa B activation is at least in part dependent on Na,K-ATPase modulatory action of NMDA receptor in hippocampus. The interaction of these signaling pathways could be associated with biological mechanisms that may underlie the basal homeostatic state linked to the inflammatory signaling cascade in the brain. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The contribution of HGAL/GCET2 in immunohistological algorithms: a comparative study in 424 cases of nodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma can be subclassified into at least two molecular subgroups by gene expression profiling: germinal center B-cell like and activated B-cell like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Several immunohistological algorithms have been proposed as surrogates to gene expression profiling at the level of protein expression, but their reliability has been an issue of controversy. Furthermore, the proportion of misclassified cases of germinal center B-cell subgroup by immunohistochemistry, in all reported algorithms, is higher compared with germinal center B-cell cases defined by gene expression profiling. We analyzed 424 cases of nodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with the panel of markers included in the three previously described algorithms: Hans, Choi, and Tally. To test whether the sensitivity of detecting germinal center B-cell cases could be improved, the germinal center B-cell marker HGAL/GCET2 was also added to all three algorithms. Our results show that the inclusion of HGAL/GCET2 significantly increased the detection of germinal center B-cell cases in all three algorithms (P<0.001). The proportions of germinal center B-cell cases in the original algorithms were 27%, 34%, and 19% for Hans, Choi, and Tally, respectively. In the modified algorithms, with the inclusion of HGAL/GCET2, the frequencies of germinal center B-cell cases were increased to 38%, 48%, and 35%, respectively. Therefore, HGAL/GCET2 protein expression may function as a marker for germinal center B-cell type diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Consideration should be given to the inclusion of HGAL/GCET2 analysis in algorithms to better predict the cell of origin. These findings bear further validation, from comparison to gene expression profiles and from clinical/therapeutic data. Modern Pathology (2012) 25, 1439-1445; doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.119; published online 29 June 2012

Plasma corticosterone elevation inhibits the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) in the Syrian hamster pineal gland

We evaluated how the mild stress-induced increase in endogenous corticosterone affected the pineal gland in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). The animals were maintained under constant light for 1 day, instead of a cycle of 14:10-h, to increase the circulating corticosterone levels during the daytime. The nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB), which is the pivotal transcription factor for stress and injury, presented a daily rhythm in normal animals. NFKB nuclear content increased linearly from the onset of light [Zeitgeber Time 0 (ZT0)] until ZT11 and decreased after ZT12 when the plasma corticosterone peak was detected in normal animals. However, the 24-h profiles of the two curves were different, and they did not clearly support an exclusive relationship between corticosterone levels and NFKB content. Therefore, we tested the effect of increased endogenous corticosterone through inducing mild stress by maintaining daytime illumination for one night. This stressful condition, which increased daytime corticosterone levels, resulted in a daytime decrease in NFKB nuclear content, and this was inhibited by mifepristone. Overall, this study shows that NFKB has a daily rhythm in Syrian hamster pineal glands and, by increasing endogenous corticosterone with a stressful condition, NFKB activity is regulated. Therefore, this study suggests that the pineal gland in the Syrian hamster is a sensor of stressful conditions.

Clinical, epidemiological and molecular features of the HIV-1 subtype C and recombinant forms that are circulating in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Background: The city of Sao Paulo has the highest AIDS case rate, with nearly 60% in Brazil. Despite, several studies involving molecular epidemiology, lack of data regarding a large cohort study has not been published from this city. Objectives: This study aimed to describe the HIV-1 subtypes, recombinant forms and drug resistance mutations, according to subtype, with emphasis on subtype C and BC recombinants in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Study design: RNA was extracted from the plasma samples of 302 HIV-1-seropositive subjects, of which 211 were drug-naive and 82 were exposed to ART. HIV-1 partial pol region sequences were used in phylogenetic analyses for subtyping and identification of drug resistance mutations. The envelope gene of subtype C and BC samples was also sequenced. Results: From partial pol gene analyses, 239 samples (79.1%) were assigned as subtype B, 23 (7.6%) were F1, 16 (5.3%) were subtype C and 24 (8%) were mosaics (3 CRF28/CRF29-like). The subtype C and BC recombinants were mainly identified in drug-naive patients (72.7%) and the heterosexual risk exposure category (86.3%), whereas for subtype B, these values were 69.9% and 57.3%, respectively (p = 0.97 and p = 0.015, respectively). An increasing trend of subtype C and BC recombinants was observed (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The HIV-1 subtype C and CRFs seem to have emerged over the last few years in the city of Sao Paulo, principally among the heterosexual population. These findings may have an impact on preventive measures and vaccine development in Brazil.

Comparative Studies of the (Anti) Mutagenicity of Baccharis dracunculifolia and Artepillin C by the Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test

Baccharis dracunculifolia is a plant native from Brazil, commonly known as 'Alecrim-do-campo' and 'Vassoura' and used in alternative medicine for the treatment of inflammation, hepatic disorders and stomach ulcers. Previous studies reported that artepillin C (ArtC, 3-{4-hydroxy-3,5-di(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenyl}-2(E)-propenoic acid), is the main compound of interest in the leaves. This study was undertaken to assess the mutagenic effect of the ethyl acetate extract of B. dracunculifolia leaves (Bd-EAE: 11.4-182.8 mu g/plate) and ArtC (0.69-10.99 mu g/plate) by the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA97a, TA100 and TA102, and to compare the protective effects of Bd-EAE and ArtC against the mutagenicity of a variety of direct and indirect acting mutagens such as 4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine, sodium azide, mitomycin C, benzo[a]pyrene, aflatoxin B1, 2-aminoanthracene and 2-aminofluorene. The mutagenicity test showed that Bd-EAE and ArtC did not induce an increase in the number of revertant colonies indicating absence of mutagenic activity. ArtC showed a similar antimutagenic effect to that of Bd-EAE in some strains of S. typhimurium, demonstrating that the antimutagenic activity of Bd-EAE can be partially attributed to ArtC. The present results showed that the protective effect of whole plant extracts is due to the combined and synergistic effects of a complex mixture of phytochemicals, the total activity of which may result in health benefits.

Distribution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, and subtype C identification

Few studies have reported the molecular epidemiological characterization of HIV-1 in the Northern region of Brazil. The present study reports the molecular and epidemiological characterization of 31 HIV-1 isolates from blood donors from the State of Amazonas who donated blood between April 2006 and March 2007. Serum/plasma samples from all donors were screened for HIV antibodies by ELISA and the results confirmed by Western blot analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from the buffy coat using the Super Quik-Gene-DNA Isolation kit. Nested PCR was performed on the env, gag, and pol regions of HIV-1 using the Gene Amp PCR System 9700. Sequencing reactions were performed using the inner PCR primers and the DYEnamic (TM) ET Dye Terminator Kit, and phylogenetic analysis was performed using the gag, pol, and env gene sequences. We collected samples from 31 blood donors who tested positive for HIV-1 in confirmatory experiments. The male: female ratio of blood donors was 3.4:1, and the mean age was 32.4 years (range: 19 to 61 years). Phylogenetic analysis showed that subtype B is the most prevalent among Northern Brazilian HIV-1-seropositive blood donors. One HIV-1 subtype C and one circulating recombinant form (CRF_BF) of HIV-1 were identified in the State of Amazonas. This is the first study showing the occurrence of a possible "homogenous" subtype C in this region of Brazil. This finding could contribute to a better characterization of the HIV-1 strains that circulate in the country.

Influence of milk type and addition of passion fruit peel powder on fermentation kinetics, texture profile and bacterial viability in probiotic yoghurts

The effect of the addition of passion fruit peel powder (PFPP) on the fermentation kinetics and texture parameters, post-acidification and bacteria counts of probiotic yoghurts made with two milk types were evaluated during 28 days of storage at 4 degrees C. Milks were fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (CY340), and one strain of probiotic bacteria: Lactobacillus acidophilus (L10 and NCFM), Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (8104 and HN019). The addition of PFPP reduced significantly fermentation time of skim milk co-fermented by the strains L10, NCFM and HN019. At the end of 28-day shelf-life, counts of B. lactis Bl04 were about 1 Log CFU mL(-1) higher in whole yoghurt fermented with PFPP regarding its control but, in general, the addition of PFPP had less influence on counts than the milk type itself. The titratable acidity in yoghurts with PFPP was significantly higher than in their respective controls, and in skim yoghurts higher than in the whole ones. The PFPP increased firmness, consistency (except for the NCFM strain of L acidophilus) and cohesiveness of all skim yoghurts. The results point out the suitability of using passion fruit by-product in the formulation of both skim and whole probiotic yoghurts. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Photo-induced electron transfer in supramolecular materials of titania nanostructures and cytochrome c

In the present paper, we report on the molecular interaction and photochemistry of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and cytochrome c systems for understanding the effects of supramolecular organization and electron transfer by using two TiO2 structures: P25 TiO2 NPs and titanate nanotubes. The adsorption and reduction of cytochrome c heme iron promoted by photo-excited TiO2, arranged as P25 TiO2 NPs and as nanotubes, were characterized using electronic absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and atomic force microscopy. In an aqueous buffered suspension (pH 8.0), the mass of cytochrome c adsorbed on the P25 TiO2 NP surface was 2.3 fold lower (0.75 mu g m(-2)) than that adsorbed on the titanate nanotubes (1.75 mu g m(-2)). Probably due to the high coverage of titanate nanotubes by adsorbed cytochrome c, the low amount of soluble remaining protein was not as efficiently photo-reduced by this nanostructure as it was by the P25 TiO2 NPs. Cytochrome c, which desorbed from both titanium materials, did not exhibit changes in its redox properties. In the presence of the TiO2 NPs, the photo-induced electron transfer from water to soluble cytochrome c heme iron was corroborated by the following findings: (i) identification by EPR of the hydroxyl radical production during the irradiation of an aqueous suspension of TiO2 NPs, (ii) impairment of a cytochrome c reduction by photo-excited TiO2 in the presence of dioxane, which affects the dielectric constant of the water, and (iii) change in the rate of TiO2-promoted cytochrome c reduction when water was replaced with D2O. The TiO2-promoted photo-reduction of cytochrome c was reverted by peroxides. Cytochrome c incorporated in the titanate nanotubes was also reversibly reduced under irradiation, as confirmed by EPR and UV-visible spectroscopy.

Identification of SL addition trans-splicing acceptor sites in the internal transcribed spacer I region of pre-rRNA in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis

Trypanosomatidae is a family of early branching eukaryotes harbouring a distinctive repertoire of gene expression strategies. Functional mature messenger RNA is generated via the trans-splicing and polyadenylation processing of constitutively transcribed polycistronic units. Recently, trans-splicing of pre-small subunit ribosomal RNA in the 5' external transcribed spacer region and of precursor tRNAsec have been described. Here, we used a previously validated semi-nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction strategy to investigate internal transcribed spacer (ITS) I acceptor sites in total RNA from Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Two distinct spliced leader-containing RNAs were detected indicating that trans-splicing reactions occur at two AG acceptor sites mapped in this ITS region. These data provide further evidence of the wide spectrum of RNA molecules that act as trans-splicing acceptors in trypanosomatids.

Distribution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, and subtype C identification

Few studies have reported the molecular epidemiological characterization of HIV-1 in the Northern region of Brazil. The present study reports the molecular and epidemiological characterization of 31 HIV-1 isolates from blood donors from the State of Amazonas who donated blood between April 2006 and March 2007. Serum/plasma samples from all donors were screened for HIV antibodies by ELISA and the results confirmed by Western blot analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from the buffy coat using the Super Quik-Gene-DNA Isolation kit. Nested PCR was performed on the env, gag, and pol regions of HIV-1 using the Gene Amp PCR System 9700. Sequencing reactions were performed using the inner PCR primers and the DYEnamic™ ET Dye Terminator Kit, and phylogenetic analysis was performed using the gag, pol, and env gene sequences. We collected samples from 31 blood donors who tested positive for HIV-1 in confirmatory experiments. The male:female ratio of blood donors was 3.4:1, and the mean age was 32.4 years (range: 19 to 61 years). Phylogenetic analysis showed that subtype B is the most prevalent among Northern Brazilian HIV-1-seropositive blood donors. One HIV-1 subtype C and one circulating recombinant form (CRF_BF) of HIV-1 were identified in the State of Amazonas. This is the first study showing the occurrence of a possible "homogenous" subtype C in this region of Brazil. This finding could contribute to a better characterization of the HIV-1 strains that circulate in the country.

Microstructural characterization of as-cast hf-b alloys

An accurate knowledge of several metal-boron phase diagrams is important to evaluation of higher order systems such as metal-silicon-boron ternaries. The refinement and reassessment of phase diagram data is a continuous work, thus the reevaluation of metal-boron systems provides the possibility to confirm previous data from an investigation using higher purity materials and better analytical techniques. This work presents results of rigorous microstructural characterization of as-cast hafnium-boron alloys which are significant to assess the liquid composition associated to most of the invariant reactions of this system. Alloys were prepared by arc melting high purity hafnium (minimum 99.8%) and boron (minimum 99.5%) slices under argon atmosphere in water-cooled copper crucible with non consumable tungsten electrode and titanium getter. The phases were identified by scanning electron microscopy, using back-scattered electron image mode and X-ray diffraction. In general, a good agreement was found between our data and those from the currently accepted Hafnium-Boron phase diagram. The phases identified are αHfSS and B-RhomSS, the intermediate compounds HfB and HfB2 and the liquide L. The reactions are the eutectic L ⇔ αHfSS + HfB and L ⇔ HfB2 + B-Rhom, the peritectic L + HfB2 ⇔ HfB and the congruent formation of HfB2.

Il ruolo delle barriere paramassi nella mitigazione del rischio da frana nella Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano

Negli ultimi anni si è sviluppata una forte sensibilità nei confronti del rischio che il dissesto idrogeologico comporta per il territorio, soprattutto in un paese come il nostro, densamente abitato e geologicamente fragile. Il rischio idrogeologico In Italia infatti è diffuso in modo capillare e si presenta in modo differente a seconda dell’assetto geomorfologico del territorio. Tra i fattori naturali che predispongono il nostro territorio a frane ed alluvioni, rientra la conformazione geologica e geomorfologica, caratterizzata da un’orografia giovane e da rilievi in via di sollevamento. A seguito del verificarsi di una serie di eventi calamitosi (Piemonte 1994, Campania 1998 e 1999, Sovereto 2000, Alpi centrali 2000 e 2002) sono state emanate leggi specifiche finalizzate all’individuazione e all’applicazione di norme, volte a prevenire e contenere i gravi effetti derivanti dai fenomeni di dissesto. Si fa riferimento in particolare, alle leggi n°267 del 3/08/1998 e 365/2000 che hanno integrato la legge 183/1989. In questo modo gli enti territoriali (Regioni, Autorità di bacino) sono stati obbligati a predisporre una adeguata cartografia con perimetrazione delle aree a differente pericolosità e rischio. Parallelamente continuano ad essere intrapresi, promossi e finanziati numerosi studi scientifici volti allo studio dei fenomeni ed alla definizione più puntuale delle condizioni di rischio, oltre alle iniziative volte alla creazione di un efficace sistema di allertamento e di sorveglianza dei fenomeni e alla messa a punto di una pianificazione di emergenza volta a coordinare in modo efficace la risposta delle istituzioni agli eventi. In questo contesto gli studi su validi approcci metodologici per l’analisi e la valutazione del rischio possono fornire un supporto al processo decisionale delle autorità preposte alla gestione del territorio, identificando gli scenari di rischio e le possibili strategie di mitigazione, e individuando la soluzione migliore in termini di accettabilità sociale e convenienza economica. Nel presente elaborato si vuole descrivere i temi relativi alla valutazione della pericolosità, del rischio e della sua gestione, con particolare attenzione ai fenomeni di instabilità dei versanti e nello specifico ai fenomeni di crollo da pareti rocciose che interessano il territorio della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano. Il fenomeno della caduta massi infatti è comunemente diffuso in tutte le regioni di montagna e lungo le falesie costiere, ed in funzione dell’elevata velocità con cui si manifesta può costituire una costante fonte di pericolo per le vite, i beni e le attività umane in zone generalmente molto attive dal punto di vista del turismo e delle grandi vie di comunicazione. Il territorio della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano è fortemente interessato da questo problema, sia per la morfologia montuosa della provincia che per le infrastrutture che sempre più occupano zone di territorio un tempo poco urbanizzate. Al fine di pervenire ad una legittima programmazione delle attività di previsione e prevenzione, il Dipartimento dei Lavori Pubblici della Provincia, ha scelto di utilizzare una strategia che prevedesse un insieme di attività dirette allo studio ed alla determinazione delle cause dei fenomeni calamitosi, alla identificazione dei rischi, ed alla determinazione delle zone del territorio soggette ai rischi stessi. E’ nato così, con l’operatività dell’Ufficio Geologia e Prove Materiali, il supporto del Dipartimento Opere Pubbliche e della Ripartizione Protezione Civile e la collaborazione scientifica del DISTART – Università degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum, il progetto VISO che riguarda i pericoli generati da frane di crollo, ribaltamento, scivolamento di porzioni di pareti rocciose e caduta massi. Il progetto ha come scopo la valutazione del pericolo, della vulnerabilità e del rischio e dell’effettiva funzionalità delle opere di protezione contro la caduta massi lungo la strada statale del Brennero. Il presente elaborato mostra l’iter per l’individuazione del rischio specifico che caratterizza un particolare tratto stradale, così come è stato pensato dalla Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano all’interno di una strategia di previsione e prevenzione, basata su metodi il più possibile oggettivi, ed estesa all’intera rete stradale di competenza provinciale. Si esamina l’uso di metodologie diverse per calcolare l’intensità di un fenomeno franoso che potrebbe potenzialmente svilupparsi su un versante e si osserva in che modo la presenza di opere di protezione passiva influisce sull’analisi di pericolosità. Nel primo capitolo viene presentata una panoramica sui fenomeni di crollo descrivendo i fattori principali che li originano e gli interventi di protezione posti a difesa del versante. Si esaminano brevemente le tipologie di intervento, classificate in opere attive e passive, con particolare attenzione alle barriere paramassi., che si collocano tra gli interventi di difesa passivi e che stanno diventando il tipo di intervento più frequentemente utilizzato. Nel capitolo vengono descritte dal punto di vista progettuale, prendendo in esame anche la normativa di riferimento nonché le nuove linee guida per la certificazione CE delle barriere, nate negli ultimi anni per portare ad una facile comparabilità dei vari prodotti sottoposti ad impatti normalizzati, definendo con chiarezza i livelli energetici ai quali possono essere utilizzati i vari prodotti e, nel contempo, fornendo informazioni assolutamente indispensabili per la buona progettazione degli stessi. Nel capitolo successivo si prendono in esame i temi relativi alla valutazione della pericolosità e del rischio, l’iter procedurale di analisi del rischio adottato dalla Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano in relazione alle frane da crollo che investono le strade della rete provinciale ed in particolare viene descritto il progetto VISO (Viability Information Operating System), nato allo scopo di implementare un catasto informatizzato che raccolga indicazioni sul patrimonio delle opere di protezione contro la caduta massi e di rilevare e valutare il pericolo, la vulnerabilità, il rischio e l’effettiva funzionalità delle opere di protezione contro la caduta massi lungo le strade statali e provinciali. All’interno dello stesso capitolo si espone come, nell’ambito del progetto VISO e grazie alla nascita del progetto europeo Paramount ” (Improved accessibility reliability and safety of Alpine tran sport infrastructure related to mountainous hazard in a changing climate) si è provveduto, con l’aiuto di una collega del corso di laurea, a raccogliere i dati relativi all’installazione delle barriere paramassi sul territorio della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano. Grazie ad un’analisi di archivio effettuata all’interno delle diverse sedi del servizio strade della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano, si è presa visione (laddove presenti) delle schede tecniche delle barriere collocate sul territorio, si sono integrati i dettagli costruttivi contattando le principali ditte fornitrici e si è proceduto con una classificazione delle opere, identificando alcuni modelli di “barriere-tipo che sono stati inseriti nel database PARAMOUNT, già creato per il progetto VISO. Si è proseguito associando a tali modelli le barriere provviste di documentazione fotografica rilevate in precedenza dall’istituto di Geologia della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano e inserite in VISO e si è valutata la corrispondenza dei modelli creati, andando a verificare sul posto che le barriere presenti sul territorio ed inserite nel database (tramite modello), effettivamente coincidessero, nelle misure e per le caratteristiche geometrico-costruttive, ai modelli a cui erano state associate. Inoltre sono stati considerati i danni tipici a cui può essere soggetta una barriera paramassi durante il suo periodo di esercizio poiché tali difetti andranno ad incidere sulla valutazione dell’utilità del sistema di difesa e di conseguenza sulla valutazione della pericolosità del versante(H*). Nel terzo capitolo si è esposta una possibile integrazione, mediante il software di calcolo RocFall, della procedura di valutazione dell’analisi di pericolosità di un versante utilizzata nell’ambito del progetto VISO e già analizzata in dettaglio nel secondo capitolo. Il software RocFall utilizza un metodo lumped mass su schema bidimensionale basato su ipotesi semplificative e consente di effettuare simulazioni probabilistiche di fenomeni di caduta massi, offrendo importanti informazioni sull’energia che si sviluppa durante il crollo, sulle velocità raggiunte e sulle altezze di rimbalzo lungo tutto il versante considerato, nonché sulla distanza di arresto dei singoli massi. Si sono realizzati dei profili-tipo da associare al versante, considerando il pendio suddiviso in tre parti : parete verticale (H = 100 m) lungo la quale si sviluppa il movimento franoso; pendio di altezza H = 100 m e angolo pari ai quattro valori medi della pendenza indicati nella scheda di campagna; strada (L = 10 m). Utilizzando il software Cad si sono realizzati 16 profili associando la pendenza media del versante a 4 morfologie individuate grazie all’esperienza dell’Istituto di Geologia e Prove materiali della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano; si è proceduto importando tali profili in RocFall dove sono state aggiunte informazioni riguardanti la massa del blocco e l’uso del suolo, ottenendo 256 profili-tipo ai quali è stata associata una sigla definita come segue : morfologia (1, 2, 3, 4) _ pendenza (37, 53, 67, 83 gradi) _ uso del suolo (A, B, C, D) _ massa (a,b,c,d). Fissando i parametri corrispondenti al peso del masso ( inserito al solo scopo di calcolare la velocità rotazionale e l’energia cinetica ) e considerando, per ogni simulazione, un numero di traiettorie possibili pari a 1000, avendo osservato che all’aumentare di tale numero (purchè sufficientemente elevato) non si riscontrano variazioni sostanziali nei risultati dell’analisi, si è valutato come i parametri uso del suolo (A;B;C;D), morfologia (1;2;3;4) e pendenza (37°;53°;67°;83°) incidano sulla variazione di energia cinetica, di altezza di rimbalzo e sulla percentuale di massi che raggiunge la strada, scegliendo come punto di riferimento il punto di intersezione tra il pendio e la strada. Al fine di realizzare un confronto tra un profilo reale e un profilo-tipo, sono stati utilizzati 4 profili posti su un versante situato nel Comune di Laives, noto per le frequenti cadute di massi che hanno raggiunto in molti casi la strada. Tali profili sono stati visionati in sede di sopralluogo dove si è provveduto alla compilazione delle schede di campagna (impiegate per valutare l’intensità del fenomeno che potenzialmente si sviluppa dal versante) e all’individuazione dei profili-tipo corrispondenti. Sono state effettuate analisi di simulazione per entrambe le tipologie di profilo, e sono stati confrontati i risultati ottenuti in termini di Energia cinetica; altezza di rimbalzo e percentuale dei blocchi in corrispondenza della strada. I profili reali sono stati importati in RocFal in seguito ad estrapolazione dal modello digitale del terreno (ottenuto da analisi con Laser Scanner) utilizzando l’ estensione Easy Profiler nel software Arcmap. Infine si è valutata la possibilità di collocare eventuali barriere paramassi su un profilo reale, si è proceduto effettuando una analisi di simulazione di caduta massi in RocFall, importando in excel i valori corrispondenti all’andamento dei massimi dell’Energia cinetica e dell’altezza di rimbalzo lungo il pendio che forniscono una buona indicazione circa l´idonea ubicazione delle opere di protezione.