Essays on Business and Leadership Ethics

As this is a dissertation, an academic thesis, it is important to define the objectives of my research, even if ex post facto, explicitly: - To define, develop and study the concept of business and leadership ethics. - To empirically study the phenomena associated with business and leadership from an ethical perspective. - To create a new framework for the development of responsible business. - To create an “acid test” for my body of works, i.e. a test and an evaluation on how well my research and ideas hold up under academic philosophical reflection. The utilitarian reasoning had the most support when the actors justified their actions regarding economic benefit. (=instrumental good). Duty and benefit were often mixed up in people’s speech. Their meaning contents were blurred and the argumentation lines created by the actors were broken. This can be interpreted in a way that supports Frankena’s mixed deontological philosophy as a frame of reference. Deontologica reasoning was used e.g. in describing the personnel management processes of a company. Virtue ethics is a favourable starting point for studying management and leadership ethics. All the actors studied could name virtues for their operations, towards which to aspire to. They also named professional practices already in use that they considered to be virtuous. Finally, I wish to state that normative ethics is an important branch of philosophical ethics, if also very important in applied ethics especially. From the normative standpoint, the results of this dissertation want to lead nations, communities and individuals towards the virtues of democratic leadership and sustainable economic development.

Climate Change and Ethics of Geoengineering -- Implications Of Climate Emergency Ethics

Global climate change and intentional climate modification, i.e. geoengineering include various ethical problems which are entangled as a complex ensemble of questions regarding the future of the biosphere. The possibilities of catastrophic effects of climate change which are also called “climate emergency” have led to the emergence of the idea of modifying the atmospheric conditions in the form of geoengineering. The novel issue of weather ethics is a subdivision of climate ethics, and it is interested in ethical and political questions surrounding weather and climate control and modification in a restricted spatio-temporal scale. The objective of geoengineering is to counterbalance the adverse effects of climate change and its diverse corollaries in various ways on a large scale. The claim of this dissertation is that there are ethical justifications to claim that currently large-scale interventions to the climate system are ethically questionable. The justification to pursue geoengineering on the basis of considering its pros and cons, is inadequate. Moral judgement can still be elaborated in cases where decisions have to be made urgently and the selection of desirable choices is severely limited. The changes needed to avoid severe negative impacts of climate change requires commitment to mitigation as well as social changes because technical solutions cannot address the issue of climate change altogether. The quantitative emphasis of consumerism should shift to qualitative focus on the aspiration for simplicity in order to a move towards the objective of the continuation of the existence of humankind and a flourishing, vital biosphere.

Animal Experience in Kant’s Philosophy

The role of animals in the philosophy of mind is primarily to help understand the human mind by serving as practical examples of cognition that differs from ours either in kind or in degree. Kant regarded animals as beings that only have the faculty of sensibility. By examining what Kant writes about animal experience we gain knowledge concerning the role of sensibility in experience, free from the influence of understanding and reason. I look at Kant’s view of animals in the historical context of alternative views presented by Descartes’ and Hume’s views. Kant’s view can be seen as a counterargument against Descartes’ doctrine of animal machines according to which animals do not have minds and they do not think. I suggest that while it can be argued that some kind of elementary experience could be possible in the physiological level, this only makes sense when it is possible to become conscious of the unconscious sensation, and this requires a mind. A further option is to claim that there is only a difference in degree between human and animal cognitive capacities. This is Hume’s view. I argue that even though Kant’s and Hume’s view on the cognitive capacities of animals seems to depart from each other to a considerable extent, the differences between them diminish when the focus is on the experience these capacities enable. I also briefly discuss the relation of the metaphysics of animal minds to animal ethics.

[Revue bibliographique des ouvrages de droit, de jurisprudence, d'économie politique, de science financière et de sociologie]

Variante(s) de titre : Revue bibliographique des ouvrages de droit, de jurisprudence, d'économie politique, de science financière, de philosophie et de sociologie

L'Égypte contemporaine. Revue de la Société Khediviale ["puis" de la Société Sultanieh ; de la Société royale] d'économie politique, de statistique et de législation

1919/03 (A10,T10,N46).

L'Égypte contemporaine. Revue de la Société Khediviale ["puis" de la Société Sultanieh ; de la Société royale] d'économie politique, de statistique et de législation

1923/11 (T14,N74).

L'Égypte contemporaine. Revue de la Société Khediviale ["puis" de la Société Sultanieh ; de la Société royale] d'économie politique, de statistique et de législation

1919/02 (A10,T10,N43).

L'Égypte contemporaine. Revue de la Société Khediviale ["puis" de la Société Sultanieh ; de la Société royale] d'économie politique, de statistique et de législation

1923/12 (T14,N75).

L'Égypte contemporaine. Revue de la Société Khediviale ["puis" de la Société Sultanieh ; de la Société royale] d'économie politique, de statistique et de législation

1914/11 (T6)-1915/01.

L'Égypte contemporaine. Revue de la Société Khediviale ["puis" de la Société Sultanieh ; de la Société royale] d'économie politique, de statistique et de législation

1920/04 (T11,N51).

L'Égypte contemporaine. Revue de la Société Khediviale ["puis" de la Société Sultanieh ; de la Société royale] d'économie politique, de statistique et de législation

1919/11 (A10,T10,N47).

L'Égypte contemporaine. Revue de la Société Khediviale ["puis" de la Société Sultanieh ; de la Société royale] d'économie politique, de statistique et de législation

1923/03 (T14,N71).

L'Égypte contemporaine. Revue de la Société Khediviale ["puis" de la Société Sultanieh ; de la Société royale] d'économie politique, de statistique et de législation

1920/05 (T11,N52).