Possible consequences of increasing life expectancy in Brazil: the perspective of a European historical demographer

Those over sixty years of age accounted for 6.6% of the total population of Brazil in 1985, in the Federal Republic of Germany this proportion was 20.3% in 1984. As early as 1950 it had been 14.5%. This proportion will not even be reached in Brazil in the year 2000 when persons aged sixty years and older are only projected to make up 8.8% of the total population. Similarly, in 1982/84 life expectancy at birth in the Federal Republic was 70.8 years for men and 77.5 for women; in Brazil the figures for 1980/85 were, by contrast, "only" 61.0 and 66.0. Against this background it is easy to understand why the discussion concerning an ageing society with its many related medical, economic, individual and social problems has been so slow in coming into its own in Brazil. As important as a more intensive consideration of these aspects may be in Brazil at present, they are, nevertheless, only one side of the story. For a European historical demographer with a long-term perspective of three of four hundred years, the other side of the story is just as important. The life expectancy which is almost ten years lower in Brazil is not a result of the fact that no one in Brazil lives to old age. In 1981 people sixty-five years and older accounted for 34.4% of all deaths! At the same time infants accounted for only 22.1% of total mortality. They are responsible, along with the "premature" deaths among youths and adults, for the low, "average" life expectancy figure. In Europe, by contrast, these "premature" deaths no longer play much of a role. In 1982/84 more than half of the women (52.8%) in the Federal Republic of Germany lived to see their eightieth birthdays and almost half of the men (47.3%) lived to see their seventy-fifth. Our biological existence is guaranteed to an extent today that would have been unthinkable a few generations ago. Then, the classic troika of "plague, hunger and war" threatened our forefathers all the time and everywhere. The radical transition from the formerly uncertain to a present-day certain lifetime, which is the result of the repression of "plague, hunger and war", led to unexpected consequences for our living together. Our forefathers were forced to live in closely knit Gemeinschaften in the interest of physical survival and to subordinate their egoistic goals to a common value, but now these pressures have, for the most part, fallen away. Correspondingly, this much more certain EGO has taken center stage. An ever greater number of us chooses to live life as single beings: the number of marriages is lower every year; the number of divorces is on the increase; in Berlin (West) more than half (sic! 52.3%) of all households are already composed on only one person. For the last dozen years the annual number of births in the Federal Republic has been insufficient to ensure population replacement. Not a population explosion but rather the opposite, a population implosion, is our problem. Human beings do not appear to be "social animals", as was axiomatically assumed for so long. They were only forced to behave as such for as long as "plague, hunger and war" forced them to do so. When these life endangering conditions no longer exist and life becomes certain even without their being integrated into a Gemeinschaft then humans suddenly show themselves more and more to be independent single beings. It is not the percentage of the population that is over sixty or sixty-five that is decisive in this context but rather how certain adults perceive their biological lives to be, since they are the ones who organize their lives, who build communities or who are ever more often willing only to enter into means-to-an-end personal unions without lasting or close ties and mutual responsibilities. There are many signs which seem to point to a development in this direction in Brazil as well. More and more adults in Brazil are caught up in the deep-seated transition from an uncertain to a certain lifetime. A third of them die after having reached their sixty-fifth birthday. It therefore seems to me to be high time that one began to give more consideration to the other side of the story in Brazil as well. And who is more suited intensively to consider the long-term perspectives than those engaged in the public health sector in whose competence, after all, such aspects, as "life certainty", "life expectancy" and "age at death" belong?

Planificação da produção escrita em salas de aula inclusivas

A orientação inclusiva considera a sala de aula o local privilegiado para o ensino de todas as crianças, incluindo as que têm Necessidades Educativas Especiais. A intervenção em salas de aula inclusivas, porém, implica o questionamento das formas tradicionais de trabalho escolar, a reorganização do currículo e um cuidado especial na estrutura e dinâmica dos ambientes educativos. O presente estudo incide sobre os processos de ensino e os resultados da aprendizagem da produção escrita em salas de aula inclusivas, mais concretamente sobre a planificação textual. Formulámos duas questões prévias que serviram como fio condutor do estudo a desenvolver: “Como poderá o trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito do PNEP contribuir para o desenvolvimento da competência de escrita e especificamente da planificação textual em alunos de duas turmas do 4º ano?” e “Será que o trabalho desenvolvido com estas duas turmas no âmbito do PNEP contribui para melhorar a competência da escrita e especificamente da planificação textual dos alunos com NEE incluídos nessas turmas?” Neste sentido, o objectivo principal é contribuir para o desenvolvimento das competências da planificação da escrita nos alunos em geral e nos alunos com NEE em particular, através de um processo de formação contínua desenvolvido com os professores no âmbito do PNEP. Organizou-se assim um projecto de intervenção, criando um dispositivo de investigação-formação-acção que incluiu um processo formativo com duas professoras visando o planeamento e posterior análise do trabalho a realizar/realizado com os alunos de duas turmas do 1º Ciclo a nível da produção escrita. No início do projecto analisaram-se os produtos escritos dos alunos; durante o processo, recolheram-se dados relativos à intervenção das professoras; no final do processo, voltámos a recolher e analisar as produções escritas dos alunos e entrevistámos as professoras participantes. Em conclusão, e como resposta às perguntas de partida, foi possível perceber que o trabalho desenvolvido contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da competência de escrita e especificamente da planificação textual, nos alunos das duas turmas do 4º ano. Concluímos ainda, pela análise dos dados recolhidos, que o envolvimento dos alunos com NEE nas actividades de produção escrita realizadas com todos os alunos constituiu um factor de motivação e de aprendizagem para estes alunos.

Studies on mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and anthropic environment: 8- Survey of adult behaviour of Spissipes Section species of Culex (Melanoconion) in South-Eastern Brazil

A study of Spissipes Section of Culex (Melanoconion) adults behaviour was carried out from August 1992 through December 1993 in human dominated (anthropic) environment in the Ribeira Valley, S.Paulo State, Brazil. By sampling at several sites it the dominance of Culex ribeirensis and Cx. sacchettae became evident even through a total number of ten species was recorded. Those two mosquitoes showed a clear tendency to frequent the domiciliary environment where they were caught, both indoor and outdoor, through the use of the human bait. In the outside environments, the residual patchy forests seems to display a concentration role, from which these adults spread to the open land and reach the dwellings. As their vector competence has been demonstrated through the virus isolations in natural conditions, it is advisable to pay attention to the presence of these mosquitoes in the man-made environment.

Overview of the tuning template for radiography in Europe

HENRE II (Higher Education Network for Radiography in Europe)

Learning techniques for automatic email message tagging

A organização automática de mensagens de correio electrónico é um desafio actual na área da aprendizagem automática. O número excessivo de mensagens afecta cada vez mais utilizadores, especialmente os que usam o correio electrónico como ferramenta de comunicação e trabalho. Esta tese aborda o problema da organização automática de mensagens de correio electrónico propondo uma solução que tem como objectivo a etiquetagem automática de mensagens. A etiquetagem automática é feita com recurso às pastas de correio electrónico anteriormente criadas pelos utilizadores, tratando-as como etiquetas, e à sugestão de múltiplas etiquetas para cada mensagem (top-N). São estudadas várias técnicas de aprendizagem e os vários campos que compõe uma mensagem de correio electrónico são analisados de forma a determinar a sua adequação como elementos de classificação. O foco deste trabalho recai sobre os campos textuais (o assunto e o corpo das mensagens), estudando-se diferentes formas de representação, selecção de características e algoritmos de classificação. É ainda efectuada a avaliação dos campos de participantes através de algoritmos de classificação que os representam usando o modelo vectorial ou como um grafo. Os vários campos são combinados para classificação utilizando a técnica de combinação de classificadores Votação por Maioria. Os testes são efectuados com um subconjunto de mensagens de correio electrónico da Enron e um conjunto de dados privados disponibilizados pelo Institute for Systems and Technologies of Information, Control and Communication (INSTICC). Estes conjuntos são analisados de forma a perceber as características dos dados. A avaliação do sistema é realizada através da percentagem de acerto dos classificadores. Os resultados obtidos apresentam melhorias significativas em comparação com os trabalhos relacionados.

Occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in hospitality venues: are genetic- or proteomics-based biomarkers predictive of respiratory diseases?

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is recognized as an occupational hazard in the hospitality industry. Although Portuguese legislation banned smoking in most indoor public spaces, it is still allowed in some restaurants/bars, representing a potential risk to the workers’ health, particularly for chronic respiratory diseases. The aims of this work were to characterize biomarkers of early genetic effects and to disclose proteomic signatures associated to occupational exposure to ETS and with potential to predict respiratory diseases development. A detailed lifestyle survey and clinical evaluation (including spirometry) were performed in 81 workers from Lisbon restaurants. ETS exposure was assessed through the level of PM 2.5 in indoor air and the urinary level of cotinine. The plasma samples were immunodepleted and analysed by 2D-SDSPAGE followed by in-gel digestion and LC-MS/MS. DNA lesions and chromosome damage were analysed innlymphocytes and in exfoliated buccal cells from 19 cigarette smokers, 29 involuntary smokers, and 33 non-smokers not exposed to tobacco smoke. Also, the DNA repair capacity was evaluated using an ex vivo challenge comet assay with an alkylating agent (EMS). All workers were considered healthy and recorded normal lung function. Interestingly, following 2D-DIGE-MS (MALDI-TOF/TOF), 61 plasma proteins were found differentially expressed in ETS-exposed subjects, including 38 involved in metabolism, acute-phase respiratory inflammation, and immune or vascular functions. On the other hand, the involuntary smokers showed neither an increased level of DNA/chromosome damage on lymphocytes nor an increased number of micronuclei in buccal cells, when compared to non-exposed non-smokers. Noteworthy, lymphocytes challenge with EMS resulted in a significantly lower level of DNA breaks in ETS-exposed as compared to non-exposed workers (P<0.0001) suggestive of an adaptive response elicited by the previous exposure to low levels of ETS. Overall, changes in proteome may be promising early biomarkers of exposure to ETS. Likewise, alterations of the DNA repair competence observed upon ETS exposure deserves to be further understood. Work supported by Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, ACSS and FCT/Polyannual Funding Program.

Da leitura à escrita : texto expositivo

Projeto de intervênção apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação para a obtenção do grau de mestre em Didática da Língua Portuguesa em 1º e 2º Ciclos do Ensino Básico

Prestação de serviços de assessoria e fiscalização da obra de "reabilitação das coberturas, acessibilidades e segurança da antiga escola Veiga Beirão - Palácio Valadares, em Lisboa"

O presente relatório diz respeito a um estágio de natureza profissional realizado com o objectivo de constituir Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil no perfil de Edificações, do Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa. O estágio subordinado ao tema “Prestação de serviços de Assessoria, Fiscalização e Coordenação de Segurança da Obra de REABILITAÇÃO DAS COBERTURAS, ACESSIBILIDADES E SEGURANÇA DA ANTIGA ESCOLA VEIGA BEIRÃO – PALÁCIO VALADARES, EM LISBOA”, decorreu na Pengest – Planeamento, Engenharia e Gestão, S.A., empresa vocacionada para a prestação de serviços de Assessoria, Gestão, Coordenação e Fiscalização de Obras, sector no qual possui vasta e diversificada experiência, e reconhecidos mérito e competência. O objectivo da empreitada é o de recuperação deste imóvel, intervenção necessária à instalação no local da Exposição “República e Ensino” enquadrada no âmbito das Comemorações do Centenário da República. A empreitada foi adjudicada ao Empreiteiro Teixeira Duarte, S.A, pelo valor de €998.072,76. O prazo é de 4,5 meses prevendo-se a conclusão para 18 de Março de 2010. Embora a proposta de estágio tenha decorrido no início de 2010, no âmbito do tema que viria a ser proposto e de forma a integrar a Estagiária numa empresa em pleno funcionamento, o estágio teve início aquando do início da empreitada, em Novembro de 2009. Exceptuando os trabalhos de montagem da grua-torre e dos andaimes para a cobertura provisória, que decorreram antes da consignação, foi acompanhado todo o processo de Fiscalização. A Estagiária participou na análise do Plano de Trabalhos, nas vistorias às fracções autónomas e edifícios adjacentes, nas visitas à obra e na elaboração de relatórios mensais. Acompanhou os procedimentos da Pengest no Controlo do Planeamento, da Qualidade e Financeiro. Em relação à Coordenação de Segurança em obra, por ser um tema tão vasto e específico, teve acesso aos relatórios, não tendo efectivamente participado nas actividades desenvolvidas sobre esta matéria. Sob a co-orientação da Eng.ª Isabel Vicente, responsável da Fiscalização e orientação do Eng.º José Pedro Fernandes do ISEL, a estagiária desenvolveu este estágio de forma proveitosa, sempre com o auxílio de uma equipa experiente em Gestão e Fiscalização.

Análise crítica ao processo de auditoria da qualidade

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade para a obtenção do Grau deMestre em Auditoria Orientada por Alcina Augusta de Sena Portugal Dias

Contributos para a caracterização de um perfil de competências dos técnicos de radiologia na valência de ressonância magnética

Mestrado em Intervenção Sócio-Organizacional na Saúde - Área de especialização: Políticas de Administração e Gestão de Serviços de Saúde.

Os subprocessos do processo de escrita

O presente estudo pretende demonstrar a importância do ensino explícito e sistemático do processo de escrita e dos seus subprocessos: a planificação, a textualização, a revisão e a edição, alunos do 4.º ano do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, como forma de contribuir para a melhoria da sua competência textual. Pretende-se que os alunos do grupo experimental interiorizem a dimensão processual da escrita, levando-os a planificar, textualizar, rever, e editar, de forma a escrever melhores textos: expositivos e descritivos. Nesse sentido, foi traçado um desenho investigativo assente no seguinte dispositivo pedagógico: pré-teste, plano de intervenção e ação e pós-teste. O plano de intervenção e ação consistiu na implementação de um Percurso de Ensino/Aprendizagem para a Compreensão do Processo de Escrita na Produção de um Texto Escrito, constituído por nove sequências didáticas. Constata-se, a partir de uma análise qualitativa dos pré e pós-testes, que houve uma progressão do grupo sujeito ao plano de intervenção e ação, quanto à interiorização da dimensão processual da escrita, produzindo, deste modo, textos com maior coesão e coerência, em comparação com o grupo de controlo, comprovando, assim, os objetivos e as questões orientadoras do estudo.

Eastwards / westwards: which direction for gender studies in the 21st century?

Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the XXIst Century? is a collection of essays which focus on themes and methods that characterize current research into gender in Asian countries in general. In this collection, ideas derived from Gender Studies elsewhere in the world have been subjected to scrutiny for their utility in helping to describe and understand regional phenomena. But the concepts of Local and Global – with their discoursive productions – have not functioned as a binary opposition: localism and globalism are mutually constitutive and researchers have interrogated those spaces of interaction between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’, bearing in mind their own embeddedness in social and cultural structures and their own historical memory. Contributors to this collection provided a critical transnational perspective on some of the complex effects of the dynamics of cultural globalization, by exploring the relation between gender and development, language, historiography, education and culture. We have also given attention to the ideological and rhetorical processes through which gender identity is constructed, by comparing textual grids and patterns of expectation. Likewise, we have discussed the role of ethnography, anthropology, historiography, sociology, fiction, popular culture and colonial and post-colonial sources in (re)inventing old/new male/female identities, their conversion into concepts and circulation through time and space. This multicultural and trans-disciplinary selection of essays is totally written in English, fully edited and revised, therefore, it has a good potential for an immediate international circulation. This project may trace new paths and issues for discussion on what concerns the life, practices and narratives by and about women in Asia, as well as elsewhere in the present day global experience. Academic readership: Researchers, scholars, educators, graduate and post-graduate students, doctoral students and general non-fiction readers, with a special interest in Gender Studies, Asia, Colonial and Post-Colonial Literature, Anthropology, Cultural Studies, History, Historiography, Politics, Race, Feminism, Language, Linguistics, Power, Political and Feminist Agendas, Popular Culture, Education, Women’s Writing, Religion, Multiculturalism, Globalisation, Migration. Chapter summary: 1. “Social Gender Stereotypes and their Implication in Hindi”, Anjali Pande, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. This essay looks at the subtle ways in which gender identities are constructed and reinforced in India through social norms of language use. Language itself becomes a medium for perpetuating gender stereotypes, forcing its speakers to confirm to socially defined gender roles. Using examples from a classroom discussion about a film, this essay will highlight the underlying rigid male-female stereotypes in Indian society with their more obvious expressions in language. For the urban woman in India globalisation meant increased economic equality and exposure to changed lifestyles. On an individual level it also meant redefining gender relations and changing the hierarchy in man-­woman relationships. With the economic independence there is a heightened sense of liberation in all spheres of social life, a confidence to fuzz the rigid boundaries of gender roles. With the new films and media celebrating this liberated woman, who is ready to assert her sexual needs, who is ready to explode those long held notions of morality, one would expect that the changes are not just superficial. But as it soon became obvious in the course of a classroom discussion about relationships and stereotypes related to age, the surface changes can not become part of the common vocabulary, for the obvious reason that there is still a vast gap between the screen image of this new woman and the ground reality. Social considerations define the limits of this assertiveness of women, whereas men are happy to be liberal within the larger frame of social sanctions. The educated urban woman in India speaks in favour of change and the educated urban male supports her, but one just needs to scratch the surface to see the time tested formulae of gender roles firmly in place. The way the urban woman happily balances this emerging promise of independence with her gendered social identity, makes it necessary to rethink some aspects of looking at gender in a gradually changing, traditional society like India. 2. “The Linguistic Dimension of Gender Equality”, Alissa Tolstokorova, Kiev Centre for Gender Information and Education, Ukraine. The subject-matter of this essay is gender justice in language which, as I argue, may be achieved through the development of a gender-related approach to linguistic human rights. The last decades of the 20th century, globally marked by a “gender shift” in attitudes to language policy, gave impetus to the social movement for promoting linguistic gender equality. It was initiated in Western Europe and nowadays is moving eastwards, as ideas of gender democracy progress into developing countries. But, while in western societies gender discrimination through language, or linguistic sexism, was an issue of concern for over three decades, in developing countries efforts to promote gender justice in language are only in their infancy. My argument is that to promote gender justice in language internationally it is necessary to acknowledge the rights of women and men to equal representation of their gender in language and speech and, therefore, raise a question of linguistic rights of the sexes. My understanding is that the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights in 1996 provided this opportunity to address the problem of gender justice in language as a human rights issue, specifically as a gender dimension of linguistic human rights. 3. “The Rebirth of an Old Language: Issues of Gender Equality in Kazakhstan”, Maria Helena Guimarães, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. The existing language situation in Kazakhstan, while peaceful, is not without some tension. We propose to analyze here some questions we consider relevant in the frame of cultural globalization and gender equality, such as: free from Russian imperialism, could Kazakhstan become an easy prey of Turkey’s “imperialist dream”? Could these traditionally Muslim people be soon facing the end of religious tolerance and gender equality, becoming this new old language an easy instrument for the infiltration in the country of fundamentalism (it has already crossed the boarders of Uzbekistan), leading to a gradual deterioration of its rich multicultural relations? The present structure of the language is still very fragile: there are three main dialects and many academics defend the re-introduction of the Latin alphabet, thus enlarging the possibility of cultural “contamination” by making the transmission of fundamentalist ideas still easier through neighbour countries like Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan (their languages belong to the same sub-group of Common Turkic), where the Latin alphabet is already in use, and where the ground for such ideas shown itself very fruitful. 4. “Construction of Womanhood in the Bengali Language of Bangladesh”, Raasheed Mahmood; University of New South Wales, Sydney. The present essay attempts to explore the role of gender-based language differences and of certain markers that reveal the status accorded to women in Bangladesh. Discrimination against women, in its various forms, is endemic in communities and countries around the world, cutting across class, race, age, and religious and national boundaries. One cannot understand the problems of gender discrimination solely by referring to the relationship of power or authority between men and women. Rather one needs to consider the problem by relating it to the specific social formation in which the image of masculinity and femininity is constructed and reconstructed. Following such line of reasoning this essay will examine the nature of gender bias in the Bengali language of Bangladesh, holding the conviction that as a product of social reality language reflects the socio-cultural behaviour of the community who speaks it. This essay will also attempt to shed some light on the processes through which gender based language differences produce actual consequences for women, who become exposed to low self-esteem, depression and systematic exclusion from public discourse. 5. “Marriage in China as an expression of a changing society”, Elisabetta Rosado David, University of Porto, Portugal, and Università Ca’Foscari, Venezia, Italy. In 29 April 2001, the new Marriage Law was promulgated in China. The first law on marriage was proclaimed in 1950 with the objective of freeing women from the feudal matrimonial system. With the second law, in 1981, values and conditions that had been distorted by the Cultural Revolution were recovered. Twenty years later, a new reform was started, intending to update marriage in the view of the social and cultural changes that occurred with Deng Xiaoping’s “open policy”. But the legal reform is only the starting point for this case-study. The rituals that are followed in the wedding ceremony are often hard to understand and very difficult to standardize, especially because China is a vast country, densely populated and characterized by several ethnic minorities. Two key words emerge from this issue: syncretism and continuity. On this basis, we can understand tradition in a better way, and analyse whether or not marriage, as every social manifestation, has evolved in harmony with Chinese culture. 6. “The Other Woman in the Portuguese Colonial Empire: The Case of Portuguese India”, Maria de Deus Manso, University of Évora, Portugal. This essay researches the social, cultural and symbolic history of local women in the Portuguese Indian colonial enclaves. The normative Portuguese overseas history has not paid any attention to the “indigenous” female populations in colonial Portuguese territories, albeit the large social importance of these social segments largely used in matrimonial and even catholic missionary strategies. The first attempt to open fresh windows in the history of this new field was the publication of Charles Boxer’s referential study about Women in lberian Overseas Expansion, edited in Portugal only after the Revolution of 1975. After this research we can only quote some other fragmentary efforts. In fact, research about the social, cultural, religious, political and symbolic situation of women in the Portuguese colonial territories, from the XVI to the XX century, is still a minor historiographic field. In this essay we discuss this problem and we study colonial representations of women in the Portuguese Indian enclaves, mainly in the territory of Goa, using case studies methodologies. 7. “Heading East this Time: Critical Readings on Gender in Southeast Asia”, Clara Sarmento, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. This essay intends to discuss some critical readings of fictional and theoretical texts on gender condition in Southeast Asian countries. Nowadays, many texts about women in Southeast Asia apply concepts of power in unusual areas. Traditional forms of gender hegemony have been replaced by other powerful, if somewhat more covert, forms. We will discuss some universal values concerning conventional female roles as well as the strategies used to recognize women in political fields traditionally characterized by male dominance. Female empowerment will mean different things at different times in history, as a result of culture, local geography and individual circumstances. Empowerment needs to be perceived as an individual attitude, but it also has to be facilitated at the macro­level by society and the State. Gender is very much at the heart of all these dynamics, strongly related to specificities of historical, cultural, ethnic and class situatedness, requiring an interdisciplinary transnational approach.

Culturas, políticas e novas identidades: uma leitura europeia sobre questões de género na Ásia

Este ensaio discute algumas leituras críticas de textos teóricos da área das ciências sociais e humanas sobre o estatuto de género em países asiáticos, tentando estabelecer quais as suas principais problemáticas e metodologias. Presta especial atenção à questão das vozes femininas silenciadas e das práticas ignoradas do quotidiano das mulheres, problematizando o que sucede – ou pode suceder – quando às mulheres é permitido não só possuir um espaço social próprio (“a room of their own”, para citar Virginia Woolf), mas também uma voz própria. Para Edward Said o conceito ocidental de orientalismo implicava uma concepção masculina particular do mundo, mais evidente em romances e diários de viagem, onde as mulheres eram geralmente criaturas da fantasia masculina de poder. Esta concepção masculina do mundo oriental tende a ser estática, construindo-se assim o estereótipo do “eterno oriental”. As mulheres, tal como o “oriental”, nunca falam de si mesmos, das suas verdadeiras emoções, desejos e histórias: têm de ser representados, alguém tem de falar por si. No âmbito deste estudo, analisam-se alguns processos ideológicos e retóricos através dos quais a identidade das mulheres é construída e representada, tanto pelas próprias mulheres, como por vozes substitutas. A etnografia, a antropologia, a historiografia, a ficção, a cultura popular, os media e todos os tipos de fontes textuais e visuais desempenham um papel de relevo na invenção e na reinvenção de antigas e de novas identidades femininas, e na circulação destas no tempo e no espaço.

Breakfast in America é só um mata-bicho do outro lado do Atlântico?

Polissema - Revista de Letras do ISCAP 2003/N.º 3

O Contributo do sistema SAP R/3 no controlo interno na REFER

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Auditoria Orientador: Mestre Agostinho Sousa Pinto