Verständlichkeit von Bedienungsanleitungen : dysfunktionale Rezeption von Instruktionen

Das vorliegende Werk behandelt die Ursachen für die Nicht-, Schwer- und Missverständlichkeit von Bedienungsanleitungen und Instruktionen sowohl theoretisch durch eine Auswertung der einschlägigen Fachliteratur als auch praktisch durch eine empirische Untersuchung dreier Informationsprodukte. Zur Veranschaulichung der Tragweite von dysfunktionalen Instruktionen stellt die vorliegende Arbeit zunächst die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für Bedienungsanleitungen dar. Im Anschluss daran erläutert sie die thematisch relevanten Kommunikationstheorien, die grundlegenden Kommunikationsmodelle sowie die zentralen Theorien der Kognitionswissenschaft zur Textverarbeitung und zum Textverstehen als Grundlage für die durchgeführten Lese- und Benutzertests. Die praktische Untersuchung veranschaulicht die vielfältigen und omnipräsenten Ursachen für eine dysfunktionale Rezeption von Instruktionen und legt aufgrund der potenziell gefährlichen Folgen die Durchführung von Benutzertests zur retrospektiven Vermeidung von Kommunikationsstörungen und zur prospektiven Stärkung des Problembewusstseins bei der Erstellung von Bedienungsanleitungen nahe.

Spagnolo Tecnico Semplificato

L’obiettivo della presente dissertazione è quello di creare un nuovo linguaggio controllato, denominato Español Técnico Simplificado (ETS). Basato sulla specifica tecnica del Simplified Technical English (STE), ufficialmente conosciuta come ASD-STE100, lo spagnolo controllato ETS si presenta come un documento metalinguistico in grado di fornire ad un redattore o traduttore tecnico alcune regole specifiche per produrre un documento tecnico. La strategia di implementazione conduce allo studio preliminare di alcuni linguaggi controllati simili all’inglese STE, quali il Français Rationalisé e il Simplified Technical Spanish. Attraverso un approccio caratteristico della linguistica dei corpora, la soluzione proposta fornisce il nuovo linguaggio controllato mediante l’estrazione di informazioni specifiche da un corpus ad-hoc di lingua spagnola appositamente creato ed interrogato. I risultati evidenziano un metodo linguistico (controllato) utile a produrre documentazione tecnica priva di ogni eventuale ambiguità. Il sistema ETS, infatti, si fonda sul concetto della intelligibilità in quanto condizione necessaria da soddisfare nell’ambito della produzione di un testo controllato. E, attraverso la sua macrostruttura, il documento ETS fornisce gli strumenti necessari per rendere il testo controllato univoco. Infatti, tale struttura bipartita suddivide in maniera logica i dettami: una prima parte riguarda e contiene regole sintattiche e stilistiche; una seconda parte riguarda e contiene un dizionario di un numero limitato di lemmi opportunamente selezionati. Il tutto a favore del principio della biunivocità dei segni, in questo caso, della lingua spagnola. Il progetto, nel suo insieme, apre le porte ad un linguaggio nuovo in alternativa a quelli presenti, totalmente creato in accademia, che vale come prototipo a cui far seguire altri progetti di ricerca.

Konsekutivdolmetschen und Notation

Die Dissertation "Konsekutivdolmetschen und Notation" (Andres 2002) ist eine experimentelle Studie. Mit Hilfe einer von den Germersheimer Technikern konzipierten Spezialkamera wurde die Notizennahme von insgesamt 28 ProbandInnen, denen über Video die Fernsehansprache des französischen Staatspräsidenten zum Jahreswechsel 1996/1997 eingespielt wurde, gefilmt. Das Besondere an diesen Filmaufnahmen der Notizen war die mitlaufende Zeitschaltuhr. Damit konnte der zeitliche Abstand (Décalage) zur Originalrede gemessen werden. In der Verschriftung wurden die Originalrede, die Notizen und die Wiedergabe in ihrem temporalen Verlauf aufgezeichnet. Auch nonverbale Elemente wurden durch in Klammern hinter die jeweilige Äußerung gesetzte Anmerkungen integriert. Die Leistungen der ProbandInnen wurden von drei Dozentinnen bewertet. Die Auswertung der empirischen Daten erfolgte unter den Aspekten Effizienz und Knappheit, Quantität und Auswahl, Informationsstrukturierung, Décalage, Wissen und Erfahrung, Text als kommunikatives Ganzes. Auswertung der Dolmetschleistungen: Konsekutivdolmetschen ist eine komplexe Gesamtoperation, die sich aus zahlreichen miteinander vernetzten Teilen zusammensetzt. Faktoren wie Übung, Erfahrung, Wissen, das Verfügen über Sachkenntnis und Problemlösestrategien, spielen in diesem Prozess eine erhebliche Rolle. Daher ist es sinnvoll, im didaktischen Ansatz Einzeloperationen aus der Gesamtoperation herauszulösen und für Einzelbereiche die Fähigkeit zum Problemlösen zu trainieren. Die Grundvoraussetzung ist Verstehen, so dass vor allem Verstehenstechniken zu vermitteln sind. Insgesamt geht es darum, den Lernprozess so zu gestalten, dass Studierenden Strategien vermittelt werden, die es ihnen ermöglichen, defizitäre Daten der Textoberfläche durch differenzierte Erwartungsstrukturen zu ergänzen und zu lernen, Sinn zu konstruieren. In Bezug auf die Notation lassen die in der Untersuchung enthaltenen Daten den Schluss zu, dass es bei der Notation nicht um Fragen wie zielsprachliches oder ausgangssprachliches Notieren oder die Anzahl von Symbolen geht, sondern darum zu vermitteln, dass: (1) ein deutlich geschriebenes Notationssystem mit automatisierten Abkürzungsregeln und einem eindeutigen Stamm an Symbolen Zeitersparnis bewirkt, die für andere Operationen genutzt werden kann; (2) Verben und Tempusangaben für die Rekonstruktion des Gesagten ein wesentlicher Faktor sind; (3) Informationsgewichtung und -strukturierung in den Notizen die Verstehensoperationen intensivieren und die Textproduktion erleichtern; (4) Segmentierung und räumliche Anordnung in den Notizen das Zuordnen erleichtern und die Sprachproduktion positiv beeinflussen; (5) die Notation von Verknüpfungsmitteln ein wesentliches Element für die Herstellung von Kohäsion ist; (6) das Décalage in Abhängigkeit vom Faktor Verstehen Schwankungen unterworfen ist und sein darf; (7) jede Person das für sie individuelle Décalage herausfinden muss; (8) ein anhaltendes Décalage von mehr als 7 Sekunden zu Defiziten im Verstehens- oder im Notationsprozess führt; (9) diskontinuierliches Notieren zur Informationsstrukturierung oder -vervollständigung hilfreich sein kann; (10) rhetorische Merkmale in der Textproduktion leichter berücksichtigt werden, wenn diese in den Notizen markiert sind.rnSchließlich haben die Beobachtungen gezeigt, wie hilfreich für die Studierenden eine intensive Auseinandersetzung mit der Notation ist, wie wichtig ein trainiertes, verlässliches, effizientes Notationssystem als eine Teiloperation ist, die den Verstehensprozess stützt und damit entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Qualität der zielsprachlichen Umsetzung nimmt.

Learning Methods and Algorithms for Semantic Text Classification across Multiple Domains

Information is nowadays a key resource: machine learning and data mining techniques have been developed to extract high-level information from great amounts of data. As most data comes in form of unstructured text in natural languages, research on text mining is currently very active and dealing with practical problems. Among these, text categorization deals with the automatic organization of large quantities of documents in priorly defined taxonomies of topic categories, possibly arranged in large hierarchies. In commonly proposed machine learning approaches, classifiers are automatically trained from pre-labeled documents: they can perform very accurate classification, but often require a consistent training set and notable computational effort. Methods for cross-domain text categorization have been proposed, allowing to leverage a set of labeled documents of one domain to classify those of another one. Most methods use advanced statistical techniques, usually involving tuning of parameters. A first contribution presented here is a method based on nearest centroid classification, where profiles of categories are generated from the known domain and then iteratively adapted to the unknown one. Despite being conceptually simple and having easily tuned parameters, this method achieves state-of-the-art accuracy in most benchmark datasets with fast running times. A second, deeper contribution involves the design of a domain-independent model to distinguish the degree and type of relatedness between arbitrary documents and topics, inferred from the different types of semantic relationships between respective representative words, identified by specific search algorithms. The application of this model is tested on both flat and hierarchical text categorization, where it potentially allows the efficient addition of new categories during classification. Results show that classification accuracy still requires improvements, but models generated from one domain are shown to be effectively able to be reused in a different one.

Le collocazioni in traduzione e interpretazione tra italiano e inglese: Uno studio su eptic_01_2011

The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the differences in the phraseological patterns used by Italian and English translators and interpreters through the intermodal corpus EPTIC_01_2011. First, the most important studies and theories about corpus linguistics and collocations are introduced. After defining the notion of “corpus”, the different types of corpora are categorised, giving particular attention to the intermodal one. Then the dissertation focuses on a description of collocations, as defined by the main linguistics scholars, and it describes some attempts to apply corpus linguistics to the study of collocations. Secondly, EPTIC_01_2011 is presented, with a description of its structure and of the text editing process carried out applying specific editing conventions and adding a set of metadata before each text. The analysis of collocation candidate bigrams (adjective+noun/noun+adjective) from a quantitative point of view, was conducted applying a methodology adapted from Durrant and Schmitt (2009). Qualitative analysis was also performed on a subsection of the data. The results of the study are presented through examples and graphs, giving particular attention to the interpretation of the data analysed from a qualitative perspective. Finally, results are summarised and categorised, and suggestions are made concerning the diverging choices made in translation and interpreting. The final section concentrates on further studies that could be carried out in the future, as well as on suggestions for corpus enlargement.

Entity extraction e text classification come strumenti per la sentiment analysis di testi giornalistici

In this thesis we are going to talk about technologies which allow us to approach sentiment analysis on newspapers articles. The final goal of this work is to help social scholars to do content analysis on big corpora of texts in a faster way thanks to the support of automatic text classification.

Mining linkedin social media: Tecniche di data e text mining applicate a recommender system per la ricerca ed offerta di lavoro

La tesi riguarda lo sviluppo di recommender system che hanno lo scopo di supportare chi è alla ricerca di un lavoro e le aziende che devono selezionare la giusta figura. A partire da un insieme di skill il sistema suggerisce alla persona la posizione lavorativa più affine al suo profilo, oppure a partire da una specifica posizione lavorativa suggerisce all'azienda la persona che più si avvicina alle sue esigenze.

Una scossa all'economia: le conseguenze del sisma dell'Aquilano. Traduzione dall'inglese in italiano di un articolo di ricerca economica ed esperienza di collaborazione con gli autori.

The aim of this dissertation is to provide a translation from English into Italian of a specialised scientific article published in the Cambridge Working Papers in Economics series. In this text, the authors estimate the economic consequences of the earthquake that hit the Abruzzo region in 2009. An extract of this translation will be published as part of conference proceedings. The main reason behind this choice is a personal interest in specialised translation in the economic domain. Moreover, the subject of the article is of particular interest to the Italian readership. The aim of this study is to show how a non-specialised translator can tackle with such a highly specialised translation with the use of appropriate terminology resources and the collaboration of field experts. The translation could be of help to other Italian linguists looking for translated material in this particular domain where English seems to be the dominant language. In order to ensure consistent terminology and adequate style, the document has been translated with the use of different resources, such as dictionaries, glossaries and specialised corpora. I also contacted field experts and the authors of text. The collaboration with the authors proved to be an invaluable resource yet one to be carefully managed. This work is divided into 5 chapters. The first deals with domain-specific sublanguages. The second gives an overview of corpus linguistics and describes the corpora designed for the translation. The third provides an analysis of the article, focusing on syntactical, lexical and structural features while the fourth presents the translation, side-by-side with the source text. The fifth comments on the main difficulties encountered in the translation and the strategies used, as well as the relationship with the authors and their review of the published text. Appendix I contains the econometric glossary English – Italian.

Pontypool, traduci e muori. Traduzione di pontypool changes everything di tony burgess.

This work is focused on the translation of the first half of the novel Pontypool Changes Everything, written by Canadian author and screenplay writer Tony Burgess in 1998 and – quite surprisingly – still unpublished in Italy. Although the book disguises itself as a product for general consumption – more precisely as a tale of zombies – it is clear from the very beginning that the author is not interested in conforming to the conventions of the genre to which his work belongs. On the contrary, he seems to exploit the recent success of zombiea-pocalypse inspired stories to build up a more complex type of narrative. Nonetheless, he writes a story that introduces certain innovative elements in the rather repetitive and seemingly outworn genre, like the idea of a language-borne virus. Burgess, who has a graduate degree in semiotics, was by his own admission “insufferably preoccupied with literary malformations” when he wrote the book. As a matter of fact his narrative tackles issues – albeit superficially and always entertainingly – that seem to stem from the theories which originated in the field of linguistics around the second half of the twentieth century. It goes without saying that translating – as much as reading – such a book is both a difficult and compelling operation. As a translator you are required to constantly shift from one strategy to another, paying great attention to the semantic nuances of the written words whilst keeping in mind what the actual intention of the text is. Together with the book translation, this dissertation offers a brief introduction to the fundamental principles of translation and a detailed analysis of some of the translation problems posed by the novel.

Über die Bedeutsamkeit linguistischen Wissens im privatwirtschaftlichen Arbeitsfeld

Until today, linguistics as an academic field does not aim at responding to the expectations of the job market. However, on the backdrop of an increasing interrelation of politics, economy and science, questions as to the applicability of linguistics to labour processes and the employability of linguists are raised and need to be answered. In analysing data gained in the course of 21 interviews conducted with linguists working in the private sector of economy, several issues have shown to be of major interest. This paper addresses firstly in what ways linguistics was likely to be seen as relevant for the jobs held by the various interviewees from the point of view of their employers, which is then compared to the interviewees' own evaluations on the relevance of linguistic knowledge for their daily work. On the one hand it becomes clear that there are differences between the three comparable situations in which the analysed transfer of knowledge takes place (Quereinstieg, Schnittstellenjob, "sprachperformativer Job"). One the other hand linguistic expertise in the extra-academic field seems to be most salient or approved of when it comes to language competence in text production or communicative situations, which further complicates the attempt to make linguistics transparent for non-linguists.