Does the collective strategy ensure the small and medium sized perdurability?

El posicionamiento estratégico se define como el punto de partida de toda reflexión de la organización (por más pequeña que sea) que pretende poner un lugar dentro de la empresa el”give back” del propio rendimiento. En el caso de la estrategia colectiva, no sólo hay una visión de un dirigente (manager), al contrario hay una gran cantidad de visiones de diferentes gestores, que tendrá que tomar decisiones comunes beneficiosas para sus propios intereses y el común de los intereses de cada empresa. Por lo tanto, es esencial que la situación actual y los objetivos a alcanzar estén claramente definidos desde el comienzo de la elaboración de la estrategia, para evitar las posibles divergencias que puedan poner en riesgo la coherencia de la estrategia. Con los problemas encontrados en la PYME francesa, como el inicio de la actividad, los problemas financieros, la integración organizativa y la competencia y el desarrollo de productos, la estrategia colectiva aparece como una posible solución que permite a la PYME perdurar en el tiempo. En Francia, impulsada por el Gobierno y otras instituciones financieras y administrativas, esta estrategia ha conseguido resultados que antes no se habían pensado, como lo demuestra el estudio de modelo urbano el cuál es presentado en esta investigación. Esta es la razón y el por qué se eligió este tema.

TU Graz: Course: 707.000 Web Science and Web Technology: Lecture 2: Small World Problem

We will discuss several examples and research efforts related to the small world problem and set the ground for our discussion of network theory and social network analysis. Readings: An Experimental Study of the Small World Problem, J. Travers and S. Milgram Sociometry 32 425-443 (1969) [Protected Access] Optional: The Strength of Weak Ties, M.S. Granovetter The American Journal of Sociology 78 1360--1380 (1973) [Protected Access] Optional: Worldwide Buzz: Planetary-Scale Views on an Instant-Messaging Network, J. Leskovec and E. Horvitz MSR-TR-2006-186. Microsoft Research, June 2007. [Web Link, the most recent and comprehensive study on the subject!] Originally from: http://kmi.tugraz.at/staff/markus/courses/SS2008/707.000_web-science/

Social Networks and Small World phenomena

Social Networking tools like Facebook yield recognisable small world phenomena, that is particular kinds of social graphs that facilitate particular kinds of interaction and information exchange.

Systems in the Small

This is a presentation introducing students to the idea of Algorithms. It is intended for students who are technical, but are not Computer Science students. The presentation covers definitions, characteristics, complexity and some simple examples.

INFO1010 Presentations - small group exercise

Quick in class exercise to familiarise students with key points in presentation. timing is tight, but possible to run four groups with four minute presentation, one minute feedback on each slot, and five minute wash up. Associated coursework specification and mark scheme included, but also located at This item will be online at: http://www.edshare.soton.ac.uk/4201/ slides specify two scenarios

Networks and RegionalCompetitiveness: Towards a Transaction Cost Approach of Small-Scale Cooperation

A preoccupation with competition often dominates the study of governance. A focus on competition often unnecessarily precludes the possibility that regional institutions can suspend competition in certain areas and facilitate cooperation among potential rivals, thereby potentially contributing to their mutual success. In many ways companies cooperating through these types of networks have a greater degree of flexibility than firms which are forced to rely solely on hierarchies or markets for solutions to their problems. In order to fully understand how such networks work, this article first parses out differences in definitions of networks in order to understand how the type of network mentioned above actually differs from other uses of this term. Then it develops a theory of governance that goes beyond hierarchies and markets by demonstrating how this type of network can lead to reductions in transaction costs. This claim is illustrated on hand from examples of alternative forms of organization in Germany and Italy.

The Intrapreneur Innovation:Led by Medium and Small Size Companies‘Managers*(Qualitative Research)

This research is focused on an exploratory study developed with Pymes managers and theirroles as intrapreneurs. Using their leadership to impel innovation into organizations.Looking to determined how Pymes employers incentive into organizations individuals or groupinnovations. Therefore, it is possible to think that managers lead the innovation process, whichis classified gradually according to companies needs in order to improve their competitiveness.Organization must have intrapreneuring and organized culture with flexible structure to generateindividual autonomy. A characteristic is the amount of capital risk needed; that is why it isnecessary encourage their work and their risk tolerance.

Lethal Closeness: The Evolution of a Small-World Drug Trafficking Network

The evolution of the drug trafficking network –so-called– ‘Cartel del Norte del Valle’, is studied using network analysis methods. We found that the average length between any pair of its members was bounded by 4 –an attribute of smallworld networks. In this tightly connected network, informational shocks induce fear and the unleashing of searches of threatening nodes, using available paths. Lethal violence ensues in clusters of increasing sizes that fragment the network, without compromising, however, the survival of the largest component, which proved to be resilient to massive violence. In spite of a success from the point of view of head counting, the US’ socialization program for drug traffickers did not effectively change the cyclical dynamics of the drug dealing business: war survivors took over what was left from the old network initiating a new cycle of business and violence.

Learning in community : small group leadership for educational change.

Resumen de la autora. Este art??culo pertenece al monogr??fico 'John Elliott: su pensamiento y su influencia'

Small-area variation in health care affecting the choice of cesarean delivery: the case of a Colombian health insurer

In the midst of health care reform, Colombia has succeeded in increasing health insurance coverage and the quality of health care. In spite of this, efficiency continues to be a matter of concern, and small-area variations in health care are one of the plausible causes of such inefficiencies. In order to understand this issue, we use individual data of all births from a Contributory-Regimen insurer in Colombia. We perform two different specifications of a multilevel logistic regression model. Our results reveal that hospitals account for 20% of variation on the probability of performing cesarean sections. Geographic area only explains 1/3 of the variance attributable to the hospital. Furthermore, some variables from both demand and supply sides are found to be also relevant on the probability of undergoing cesarean sections. This paper contributes to previous research by using a hierarchical model and by defining hospitals as cluster. Moreover, we also include clinical and supply induced demand variables.

Big fish, small fish : el inglés, una lengua integrada en el contexto comunicativo del aula infantil.

Resumen basado en la publicación

The story of small fry.

Una historia sobre una foca huérfana y su lucha por la supervivencia. En la segunda parte del libro, los niños aprenderán sobre las focas huérfanas en la vida real y descubrir la forma en que aumentan las probabilidades de sobrevivir con la ayuda de las personas que cuidan de ellas.

The world of the cell : life on a small scale.

Este título pertenece a una serie que ofrece en profundidad una visión de las células en todo el mundo vivo, su estructura y los procesos en que se basa la vida en la Tierra. Examina cómo se unen las células y cómo mantienen la vida mediante el control de una compleja serie de reacciones químicas. En él se muestran las diferencias entre los dos tipos de células: las procariotas (bacterias y arqueas) y los eucariotas (todas las demás). Cómo en las primeras formas de vida las células fueron probablemente muy similares a algunas bacterias de hoy en día. La nueva clasificación del reino arqueas también puede ofrecer pistas sobre el origen de la vida en la Tierra. Tiene un cuadro sumario de bioquímica imprescindible para el origen de la vida, glosario, referencias bibliográficas e índice.

Development of different spatial frames of reference for orientation in small-scale environments

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Cancer mortality inequalities in urban areas: a Bayesian small area analysis in Spanish cities

Intra-urban inequalities in mortality have been infrequently analysed in European contexts. The aim of the present study was to analyse patterns of cancer mortality and their relationship with socioeconomic deprivation in small areas in 11 Spanish cities