Fertilización foliar en maíz, ensayos y metaanálisis estadístico

Resumen: Existen evidencias que señalan zonas en la pampa húmeda con deficiencias de micronutrientes como el cinc, el boro y el cobre para el cultivo de maíz. Se cree que la fertilización foliar puede ser la técnica apropiada para cubrir estas deficiencias originando incrementos en los rendimientos. Por otra parte, mediante esta técnica es posible agregar pequeñas cantidades de macro-nutrientes que pueden incrementar el rendimiento. Sin embargo esta no es una práctica generalizada en la Argentina y probablemente se deba a su respuesta de baja magnitud y muchas veces errática en ensayos. En consecuencia se realizó un trabajo con el objetivo de encontrar la respuesta promedio en rendimiento del maíz que esta técnica posee. Por un lado se llevaron a cabo cuatro ensayos en la campaña 2009/2010 para encontrar esta respuesta y por el otro se realizó un meta-análisis estadístico, que resumió 31 ensayos, totalizando 108 tratamientos sin contabilizar testigos. El meta-análisis estadístico es una herramienta estadística ampliamente utilizada en otros países y otros campos de estudio como la medicina, pero es en la Argentina algo novedoso. Se incluyeron en este meta-análisis ensayos de Satus Ager S.A., empresa sin interés comercial en la venta de fertilizantes y del INTA como organismo técnico independiente. En las publicaciones de estos ensayos, de los 108 tratamientos evaluados solamente un 6,4% eran señalados como significativamente distintos a sus testigos, demostrando la escasa potencia de los ensayos pequeños para detectar incrementos en el rendimiento. Al realizar el meta-análisis se detectó heterogeneidad y falta de normalidad en los datos, la que fue solucionada subdividiendo a los ensayos en líneas endocriadas e híbridos. Los fertilizantes foliares aumentaron el rendimiento en 3,8% y 5,7% para las líneas endocriadas y los híbridos respectivamente. Ambas respuestas fueron estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,0001). Para los híbridos se encontró, además, que a mayor rendimiento del testigo, mayor respuesta del fertilizante, no solo en kg sino también en % (p = 0,002).

Salario mínimo : una propuesta para aumentar su eficacia en disminuir la pobreza

Con aproximadamente un tercio de la población viviendo con ingresos inferiores a la línea de pobreza, la preocupación por mejorar la distribución del ingreso en nuestro país es legítima. En este marco, resulta muy pertinente evaluar estrategias que tiendan a fortalecer el salario mínimo y asegurar su funcionalidad, especialmente en un contexto de informalidad masiva como el que prevalece en Argentina. La propuesta que se analiza en este número es que el salario mínimo sea no imponible para la determinación de las cargas sociales en pequeñas empresas. Esto incentivaría un proceso de “blanqueo” en las relaciones laborales y fortalecería la “cultura del trabajo”

Biomasa y nutrientes de arboles de sombra temporal y permanente en sistemas agroforestales con Coffea arabiga L de cinco años en el Pacifico de Nicaragua

Chavarria, E; Hernández, J. 2,006. Biomasa y nutrientes de árboles de sombra temporal y permanente en sistemas agroforestales con Coffea arabiga L de 5 años en el pacífico de Nicaragua. La presente investigación se realizó en sistemas agroforestales con café (Coffea arábiga L.) en el Municipio de Masatepe, Nicaragua, determinando el aporte de biomasa y los contenidos de N, P, K, Ca y Mg. de la sombra temporal y permanente. Se evaluaron dos factores de estudio en un diseño de bloques completamente al azar con arreglo de parcelas subdivididas: A) Tipo de sombra: temporal estableciéndose de forma homogénea y mixtas, especies de leguminosas más no leguminosas para sombra de café como Cajanus cajan y Ricinus communis y en sombra permanente, especies de árboles leguminosas y/o maderables (Inga laurina, Simarouba glauca, Samanea saman, Tabebuia rosea) y una parcela de café a pleno sol, distribuidas en parcelas grandes; B) Los niveles de insumos: Convencional Intensivo (CI) y Convencional Extensivo (CE), Orgánico Intensivo (OI) y Orgánico Extensivo (OE); relativos a aportes de nutrientes, manejo de enfermedades, malezas e insectos dañinos. La biomasa de sombra temporal se cuantificó en 2,002 por podas y 2,003 por eliminación de la misma. También se cuantificó la biomasa en la sombra permanente por podas en 2,004 y de raleo 2,005. La biomasa total por especie y tratamientos en sombra temporal y permanente, se obtuvieron a partir de los componentes hojas, tallos menores a 2 cm, tallos mayores de 2 cm de diámetro y tronco. Se tomó una muestra de biomasa fresca por tratamiento, se secó al horno a temperaturas de 65 ºC, para obtener el contenido de materia seca. A este mismo material, se procedió a la determinación de las concentraciones de los elementos minerales anteriormente mencionados. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la especie de sombra temporal no leguminosa Higuera (Ricinus communis) presentó el mayor aporte de materia seca con 4,356 kg ha-1 en dos años (2,002 + 2,003), representando también los mayores contenidos de N, P, K, Ca y Mg con 82, 28, 165, 68 y 57 kg ha-1 respectivamente. Respecto a las especies de sombra permanente, sometidas al manejo de poda el nivel de sombra Il+Sg produce los mayores aportes de MS con 5,695.66 kg ha-1 a-1 de los cuales el 39 % se recicla en el sistema, este mismo tipo de sombra aporta al sistema los mayores contenidos de N, P, K, Ca y Mg con 64, 55, 55, 66 y 36 % respectivamente. En el manejo de raleo el tipo de sombra que produjo mayor cantidad de MS es Sg+Tr con 9,096.89 kg ha-1 a-1 aportando al sistema el 45 %, este mismo tipo de sombra aporta al sistema las mayores cantidades de N, P, K, Ca y Mg con 67, 54, 70, 80 y 44 % respectivamente. Los porcentaje restante de materia seca y nutrientes tanto en poda y raleo correspondiente a tallos mayores de 2 cm de diámetro, es extraído del sistema como leña y postes respectivamente.

Piezoelectricity Of Zno Films Prepared By Sol-Gel Method

ZnO piezoelectric thin films were prepared on crystal substrate Si(111) by sol-gel technology, then characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The ZnO films characterized by X-ray diffraction are highly oriented in (002) direction with the growing of the film thickness. The morphologies, roughness and grain size of ZnO film investigated by AFM show that roughness and grain size of ZnO piezoelectric films decrease with the increase of the film thickness. The roughness dimension is 2.188-0.914 nm. The piezoelectric coefficient d(33) was investigated with a piezo-response force microscope (PFM). The results show that the piezoelectric coefficient increases with the increase of thickness and (002) orientation. When the force reference is close to surface roughness of the films, the piezoelectric coefficient measured is inaccurate and fluctuates in a large range, but when the force reference is big, the piezoelectric coefficient d(33) changes little and ultimately keeps constant at a low frequency.

Estudio de los principales índices productivos de un hato cebú en explotación semi-intensiva en el trópico seco de Nicaragua

El presente trabajo se realizó en los registros de un Hato Cebú en la empresa Genética Jorge Camargo, ubicada a11 ½ kilómetros de la Ciudad de Rivas, a una latitud 11 26.N y una longitud de 85 50’w y una elevación de msnm, con temperatura promedio anual, humedad relativa y precipitación promedio anual en los últimos catorce años de 26.22C, 80.23% y 1.150mm respectivamente. Las variables en estudio fueron PNC, EDC, PMDC, PDC205D, GMDD con promedio de 31.004+2.67kg, 6.039-+ 0.937 mes, 409.84+ 36.98 kg, 181.5+ 28.99 kg, 0741+_ 0.159 kg respectivamente. En el ANDEVA las variables PNC, EDC, PDC205D, GMDD resultaron significativas para el año de parto (AP) para PNC, EDC, PMDC, PDC205D, GMDD resultaros significativas el mes de parto (MP) y para EDC resulto significativo la EMP no así para PNC, GMDD. Las correlaciones lineales EDC con PNC resulto ser significativa y con un valor de -0.06 de la misma manera la EDC, GMDD, EMP, EMDC con PDC205D resultaron ser significativa con valor de -0.637 y -0.20 respectivamente. La dependencia y valor de -0.637 y -0.20 respectivamente. La dependencia lineal de PNC con SC es significativa con un valor -1.01 kg/kg, asimismo el PDC205D con GMDD, PNC y EMDC resultan significativos y con valor de 1.0 kg/kg, 1.0 Kg/kg y -.025 kg/mes respectivamente, así como también la GMDD con PNC resulto ser significativa, así como también la GMDD con PNC resultó ser significativa y con valor de -0.002 kg/kg.

O clero no parlamento brasileiro

v. 1. Assembléia Geral Constituinte e Legislativa (1823) -- v. 2. Câmara dos Deputados(1826-1829) -- v. 3. Câmara dos Deputados (1830-1842) -- v. 4. Câmara dos Deputados (1843-1862) -- v. 5. Câmara dos Deputados (1861-1889) : índice de pessoas, índice de assuntos. No v. 5 inclui dicionário biobibliográfico dos eclesiásticos que participaram, com ao menos uma intervenção, dos debates parlamentares.

Disciplinamento do processo e julgamento do mandado de injunção : uma análise sistemática

Analisa o Projeto de Lei nº 6.002/1990 e apensos, que pretendem disciplinar o processo e julgamento do mandado de injunção individual e coletivo. A abordagem e o desenvolvimento da pesquisa serão realizados no contexto da judicialização da política ou do ativismo judicial, questionando-se qual será a efetividade dos limites/parâmetros impostos ao Supremo Tribunal Federal, acaso o Projeto de Lei nº 6.002/1990 e apensos, se transformem em norma jurídica. Tem-se como hipótese compreender se o pretenso disciplinamento limitará o ativismo judicial que retira o protagonismo do Poder Legislativo e o seu papel preponderante de poder legiferante. Os objetivos específicos da pesquisa são examinar a extensão e os efeitos das decisões do Supremo Tribunal Federal no julgamento de alguns mandados de injunção; avaliar se a conduta omissiva do Poder Legislativo causa prejuízos à sua própria imagem e se essa omissão inviabiliza o exercício de direitos, liberdades e prerrogativas constitucionais. A metodologia do trabalho será balizada na análise sistemática dos Mandados de Injunção números 107/1989-DF, 631/2000-MS, 670/2002-ES, 708/2004-DF, 712/2004-PA, 721/2005- DF, 758/2007-DF, 786/2007-DF e 795/2007-DF; na análise do Projeto de Lei nº 6.002/1990 e apensos; na Constituição Federal. O trabalho terá como principais referenciais teóricos e conceituais fontes e bibliografia apropriadas, a exemplo dos doutrinadores Alexandre de Moraes, Cândido Rangel Dinamarco, José Afonso da Silva, José Joaquim Gomes Canotilho,Luís Roberto Barroso e Manoel Gonçalves Ferreira Filho.

A escolha democrática dos representantes por meio do voto eletrônico e a manutenção e continuidade da democracia com auxílio da urna eletrônica

Apresenta a urna eletrônica como agente essencial para a manutenção da democracia. São apresentadas as origens do voto no Brasil, indo até a proposta e execução do ambicioso projeto de eleições gerais com base em urnas eletrônicas. Descreve como se deu o desenvolvimento do equipamento. Os requisitos de segurança da informação são apresentados no contexto da votação eletrônica tendo como parâmetro a norma ISO 27.002. Observa que há melhorias que devem ser continuamente realizadas a fim de garantir a efetiva realização de um processo eleitoral seguro e confiável.

Effects of commercial fishing regulations on stranding rates of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).

Fisheries management actions taken to protect one species can have unintended, and sometimes positive, consequences on other species. For example, regulatory measures to reduce fishing effort in the winter gillnet fishery for spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) off North Carolina (NC) also led to decreases in the number of bycaught bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). This study found that a marked decrease in fishing effort for spiny dogfish in NC also corresponded with a marked decrease in winter stranding rates of bottlenose dolphins with entanglement lesions (P= 0.002). Furthermore, from 1997 through 2002, there was a significant positive correlation (r2 = 0.79; P= 0.0003) between seasonal bycatch estimates of bottlenose dolphins in gill nets and rates of stranded dolphins with entanglement lesions. With this information, stranding thresholds were developed that would enable the detection of those increases in bycatch in near real-time. This approach is valuable because updated bycatch estimates from observer data usually have a time-lag of two or more years. Threshold values could be used to detect increases in stranding rates, triggering managers immediately to direct observer effort to areas of potentially high bycatch or to institute mitigation measures. Thus, observer coverage and stranding investigations can be used in concert for more effective fishery management.

Piezoelectricity of ZnO films prepared by sol-gel method

ZnO piezoelectric thin films were prepared on crystal substrate Si(111) by sol-gel technology, then characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The ZnO films characterized by X-ray diffraction are highly oriented in (002) direction with the growing of the film thickness. The morphologies, roughness and grain size of ZnO film investigated by AFM show that roughness and grain size of ZnO piezoelectric films decrease with the increase of the film thickness. The roughness dimension is 2.188-0.914 nm. The piezoelectric coefficient d(33) was investigated with a piezo-response force microscope (PFM). The results show that the piezoelectric coefficient increases with the increase of thickness and (002) orientation. When the force reference is close to surface roughness of the films, the piezoelectric coefficient measured is inaccurate and fluctuates in a large range, but when the force reference is big, the piezoelectric coefficient d(33) changes little and ultimately keeps constant at a low frequency.

Seasonal Stability Tests in gretl. An Application to International Tourism Data

The seasonal stability tests of Canova & Hansen (1995) (CH) provide a method complementary to that of Hylleberg et al. (1990) for testing for seasonal unit roots. But the distribution of the CH tests are unknown in small samples. We present a method to numerically compute critical values and P-values for the CH tests for any sample size and any seasonal periodicity. In fact this method is applicable to the types of seasonality which are commonly in use, but also to any other.

Valuing a Natura 2000 network site to inform land use options using a discrete choice experiment: An illustration from the Basque Country

One of the main problems that public institutions face in the management of protected areas, such as the European Natura 2000 network, is determining how to design and implement sustainable management plans that account for the wide range of marketed and non-marketed benefits they provide to society. This paper presents an application of a stated preference valuation approach aimed at evaluating the social preferences of the population of the Basque Country, Spain, for the key attributes of a regional Natura 2000 network site. According to our results, individuals’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) is higher for attributes associated with non-use values (native tree species and biodiversity conservation) than for attributes associated with use values (agricultural development and commercial forestry). The paper concludes that management policies related to Natura 2000 network sites should account for both for the importance of non-use values and the heterogeneity of the population's preferences in order to minimize potential land use conflicts.

The nutritional status of pre-school children, Kainji Lake communities, Nigeria: a baseline survey

This survey was carried out to provide the Kainji Lake Fisheries Promotion Project (KLFPP), whose overall goal is the improvement of the standard of living of fishing communities around Kainji Lake, Nigeria, and an increase in the availability of fish to consumers, with nutritional status baseline data for long-term monitoring and evaluation of the overall project goal. In a cross-sectional survey, baseline anthropometric data was collected from 768 children, aged 3-60 months in 389 fisherfolk households around the southern sector of Kainji Lake, Nigeria. In addition, data was collected on the nutritional status and fertility of the mothers, vaccination coverage of children and child survival indicators. For control purposes, 576 children and 292 mothers from non-fishing households around Kainji Lake were likewise covered by the survey. A standardised questionnaire was used to collect relevant information, while anthropometric measurements were made using appropriate equipment. Data compilation and analysis was carried out with DATAEASE registered and EPI-INFO registered software, using NCHS reference data for the analysis of anthropometric measurements. The prevalence of stunted children in fishing households was high at 40%, while the prevalence of wasted and underweight children was likewise high at 10% and 29% respectively. Children from non-fishing households had a marginally lower prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight with 37%, 7% and 25 % respectively, although these differences were not statistically significant. Considering the fact that the survey was carried out during a period of relative food abundance, the prevalence of wasting and underweight children is likely to be much higher during periods of food shortage. The prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight was relatively high for children aged 3 to 23 months, suggesting an increased risk of malnutrition during this period, most likely associated with inadequate weaning practices. The prevalence of malnourishment amongst women of child-bearing age was relatively high, irrespective of occupation of the household, with an average of 11% undernourished and 6% wasted. Vaccination coverage was very low while infant and child mortality were extremely high with about 1 in 5 children dying before their fifth birthday. Based on the ethical obligation to maximise the potential benefits of the survey, recommendations for activities to improve community nutrition and health were made for communication to relevant authorities. (PDF contains 52 pages)

Reactions of oxygen containing ligands in the coordination sphere of permethylhafnocene and permethyltantalocene

A series of terl-butylperoxide complexes of hafnium, Cp*₂Hf(R)(OOCMe₃) (Cp* = ((η⁵-C₅Me₅); R = Cl, H, CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂CHMe₂, CH=CHCMe₃, C₆H₅, meta-C₆H₃(CH₂)2) and Cp*(η⁵-C₅(CH₃)₄CH₂CH₂CH₂)Hf(OOCMe₃), has been synthesized. One example has been structurally characterized, Cp*₂Hf(OOCMe₃)CH₂CH₃ crystallizes in space group P2₁/c, with a = 19.890(7)Å, b = 8.746(4)Å, c = 17.532(6)Å, β = 124.987(24)°, V = 2498(2)ų, Z = 4 and R_F = 0.054 (2222 reflections, I > 0). Despite the coordinative unsaturation of the hafnium center, the terl-butylperoxide ligand is coordinated in a mono-dentate ligand. The mode of decomposition of these species is highly dependent on the substituent R. For R = H, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂CHMe₂ a clean first order conversion to Cp*₂Hf(OCMe₃)(OR) is observed (for R CH₂CH₃, ΔHǂ = 19.6 kcal•mol^-1, ΔSǂ = -13 e.u.). These results are discussed in terms of a two step mechanism involving η²-coordination of the terl-butylperoxide ligand. Homolytic O-O bond cleavage is observed upon heating of Cp*₂Hf(OOCMe₃) R (R = C₆H₆, meta-C₆H₃(CH₃)₂). In the presence of excess 9,10-dihydroanthracene thermolysis of Cp*₂Hf(OOCMe₃)C₆H₆ cleanly affords Cp*₂Hf(C₆H₆)OH and HOCMe₃ (ΔHǂ = 22.6 kcal•mol^-1, ΔSǂ = -9 e.u.). The O-O bond strength in these complexes is thus estimated to be 22 kcal•mol^-1.

Cp*₂Ta(CH₂)H, Cp*₂Ta(CHC₆H₅)H, Cp*₂Ta(C₆H₄)H, Cp*₂Ta(CH₂=CH₂)H and Cp*₂Ta(CH₂=CHMe)H react, presumably through Cp*₂Ta-R intermediates, with H₂O to give Cp*₂Ta(O)H and alkane. Cp*₂Ta(O)H was structurally characterized: space group P2₁/n, a= 13.073(3)Å, b = 19.337(4)Å, c = 16.002(3)Å, β = 108.66(2)°, V = 3832(1)ų, Z = 8 and R_F = 0.0672 (6730 reflections). Reaction of terlbutylhydroperoxide with these same starting materials ultimately yields Cp*₂Ta(O)R and HOCMe₃. Cp*₂Ta(CH₂=CHR)OH species are proposed as intermediates in the olefin hydride reactions. Cp*₂Ta(O₂)R species can be generated from the reaction of the same starting materials and O₂. Lewis acids have been shown to promote oxygen insertion in these complexes.

Boundary-layer transition on a slender cone in hypervelocity flow with real gas effects

The laminar to turbulent transition process in boundary layer flows in thermochemical nonequilibrium at high enthalpy is measured and characterized. Experiments are performed in the T5 Hypervelocity Reflected Shock Tunnel at Caltech, using a 1 m length 5-degree half angle axisymmetric cone instrumented with 80 fast-response annular thermocouples, complemented by boundary layer stability computations using the STABL software suite. A new mixing tank is added to the shock tube fill apparatus for premixed freestream gas experiments, and a new cleaning procedure results in more consistent transition measurements. Transition location is nondimensionalized using a scaling with the boundary layer thickness, which is correlated with the acoustic properties of the boundary layer, and compared with parabolized stability equation (PSE) analysis. In these nondimensionalized terms, transition delay with increasing CO₂ concentration is observed: tests in 100% and 50% CO₂, by mass, transition up to 25% and 15% later, respectively, than air experiments. These results are consistent with previous work indicating that CO₂ molecules at elevated temperatures absorb acoustic instabilities in the MHz range, which is the expected frequency of the Mack second-mode instability at these conditions, and also consistent with predictions from PSE analysis. A strong unit Reynolds number effect is observed, which is believed to arise from tunnel noise. N_Tr for air from 5.4 to 13.2 is computed, substantially higher than previously reported for noisy facilities. Time- and spatially-resolved heat transfer traces are used to track the propagation of turbulent spots, and convection rates at 90%, 76%, and 63% of the boundary layer edge velocity, respectively, are observed for the leading edge, centroid, and trailing edge of the spots. A model constructed with these spot propagation parameters is used to infer spot generation rates from measured transition onset to completion distance. Finally, a novel method to control transition location with boundary layer gas injection is investigated. An appropriate porous-metal injector section for the cone is designed and fabricated, and the efficacy of injected CO₂ for delaying transition is gauged at various mass flow rates, and compared with both no injection and chemically inert argon injection cases. While CO₂ injection seems to delay transition, and argon injection seems to promote it, the experimental results are inconclusive and matching computations do not predict a reduction in N factor from any CO₂ injection condition computed.