877 resultados para trecce link Markov Alexander geometria


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Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Monográfico con el título: 'Alumnos de altas capacidades : reflexiones sobre educación'

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Comprobar que el aprendizaje sigue el proceso descrito por Markov. Muestra tomada al azar entre los alumnos del Centro de Educación Especial 'Santísimo Cristo de la Misericordia' de Espinardo (Murcia). Está formada por dos grupos de edades comprendidas entre los 6 y 14 años y con características intelectuales distintas. Grupo I: 20 sujetos que se encuentran en el estadio de no conservación. Grupo II: 10 sujetos que se encuentran en estadio intermedio. La investigación se llevó a cabo en el grupo I siguiendo los pasos siguientes: A/ Diagnóstico operatorio para situar a los sujetos en el nivel de no conservación, aunque en distintos subniveles; B/ Aprendizaje operatorio mediante ejercicios con materiales discretos y aprendizaje con materiales continuos a través de 5 situaciones. A lo largo de este aprendizaje se utilizó el test-postest para establecer la adquisición de cada paso y los ejercicios concretos para alcanzar el siguiente. El grupo II sirvió para construir el vector de probabilidad I en la matriz inicial. Material operatorio. El estudio se sitúa en el modelo cognitivo, desde el punto de vista de la Psicología Genética y describe una situación experimental utilizando para el análisis de los datos matrices de transición 3 x 3 con los vectores de probabilidad y vectores de probabilidad obtenidos directamente del proceso de aprendizaje. Las diferencias más altas encontradas entre los vectores de probabilidad de los aprendizajes y los vectores de probabilidad de la matriz de transición, fueron menores del 3. En este estudio se han encontrado hasta 11 conductas en la adquisición de la conservación de la cantidad. Se ha comprobado con esta investigación que el aprendizaje de la conservación del número sigue un modelo markoviano, y se termina exponiendo que es posible establecer una matriz de transición 11 x 11 con estimadores de máxima probabilidad para los parámetros con el fin de poder establecer si los 11 niveles son genéticamente diferentes por donde han de pasar los individuos en la adquisición del concepto de número, o son conductas distintas del mismo nivel genético.

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El plegament de paper es un art, pero tambe una ciencia. I encara que hi hagi gent que continua considerant la papiroflexia exclusivament un entreteniment, tambe es una eina molt interessant i util per modelitzar aspectes relacionats amb la tecnica, amb la medecina, la computacio o les matematiques. Algunes vegades, per fer una papirola, es necessiten dies i el plegador va insistint fins obtenir la figura que desitja. Tot i que tambe es cert que de vegades per fer-ne d’altres, com les que presentarem al taller, nomes calen uns minuts

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The electron hole transfer (HT) properties of DNA are substantially affected by thermal fluctuations of the π stack structure. Depending on the mutual position of neighboring nucleobases, electronic coupling V may change by several orders of magnitude. In the present paper, we report the results of systematic QM/molecular dynamic (MD) calculations of the electronic couplings and on-site energies for the hole transfer. Based on 15 ns MD trajectories for several DNA oligomers, we calculate the average coupling squares 〈 V2 〉 and the energies of basepair triplets X G+ Y and X A+ Y, where X, Y=G, A, T, and C. For each of the 32 systems, 15 000 conformations separated by 1 ps are considered. The three-state generalized Mulliken-Hush method is used to derive electronic couplings for HT between neighboring basepairs. The adiabatic energies and dipole moment matrix elements are computed within the INDO/S method. We compare the rms values of V with the couplings estimated for the idealized B -DNA structure and show that in several important cases the couplings calculated for the idealized B -DNA structure are considerably underestimated. The rms values for intrastrand couplings G-G, A-A, G-A, and A-G are found to be similar, ∼0.07 eV, while the interstrand couplings are quite different. The energies of hole states G+ and A+ in the stack depend on the nature of the neighboring pairs. The X G+ Y are by 0.5 eV more stable than X A+ Y. The thermal fluctuations of the DNA structure facilitate the HT process from guanine to adenine. The tabulated couplings and on-site energies can be used as reference parameters in theoretical and computational studies of HT processes in DNA

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Charge transfer properties of DNA depend strongly on the π stack conformation. In the present paper, we identify conformations of homogeneous poly-{G}-poly-{C} stacks that should exhibit high charge mobility. Two different computational approaches were applied. First, we calculated the electronic coupling squared, V2, between adjacent base pairs for all 1 ps snapshots extracted from 15 ns molecular dynamics trajectory of the duplex G15. The average value of the coupling squared 〈 V2 〉 is found to be 0.0065 eV2. Then we analyze the base-pair and step parameters of the configurations in which V2 is at least an order of magnitude larger than 〈 V2 〉. To obtain more consistent data, ∼65 000 configurations of the (G:C)2 stack were built using systematic screening of the step parameters shift, slide, and twist. We show that undertwisted structures (twist<20°) are of special interest, because the π stack conformations with strong electronic couplings are found for a wide range of slide and shift. Although effective hole transfer can also occur in configurations with twist=30° and 35°, large mutual displacements of neighboring base pairs are required for that. Overtwisted conformation (twist38°) seems to be of limited interest in the context of effective hole transfer. The results may be helpful in the search for DNA based elements for nanoelectronics

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Comparison of donor-acceptor electronic couplings calculated within two-state and three-state models suggests that the two-state treatment can provide unreliable estimates of Vda because of neglecting the multistate effects. We show that in most cases accurate values of the electronic coupling in a π stack, where donor and acceptor are separated by a bridging unit, can be obtained as Ṽ da = (E2 - E1) μ12 Rda + (2 E3 - E1 - E2) 2 μ13 μ23 Rda2, where E1, E2, and E3 are adiabatic energies of the ground, charge-transfer, and bridge states, respectively, μij is the transition dipole moments between the states i and j, and Rda is the distance between the planes of donor and acceptor. In this expression based on the generalized Mulliken-Hush approach, the first term corresponds to the coupling derived within a two-state model, whereas the second term is the superexchange correction accounting for the bridge effect. The formula is extended to bridges consisting of several subunits. The influence of the donor-acceptor energy mismatch on the excess charge distribution, adiabatic dipole and transition moments, and electronic couplings is examined. A diagnostic is developed to determine whether the two-state approach can be applied. Based on numerical results, we showed that the superexchange correction considerably improves estimates of the donor-acceptor coupling derived within a two-state approach. In most cases when the two-state scheme fails, the formula gives reliable results which are in good agreement (within 5%) with the data of the three-state generalized Mulliken-Hush model