Äitiys kulttuurisina odotuksina

Tutkimuksen kohteena ovat äitiydelle tuotetut kulttuuriset odotukset, joita tarkastellaan kahdella yhteiskunnallisella keskustelufoorumilla. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan yhtäältä lastensuojelun perhetyössä toimivien ammattilaisten ja toisaalta median puhetta äitiydestä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on tehdä näkyväksi vaihtoehtoisia tapoja konstruoida äitiyttä hyvänä tai riittämättömänä sekä haastaa pohtimaan erilaisten tulkintojen perusteita ja seurauksia lastensuojelutyössä. Kulttuuriset, äitiyttä koskevat odotukset vaikuttavat myös siihen, miten äitiys henkilökohtaisella tasolla koetaan. Äitiyden kulttuurista määrittelyä analysoidaan kahdesta tekstiaineistosta. Yhtenä aineistona ovat Stakesissa vuonna 1999 toteutetun Perhetyöprojektin yhteydessä kerätyt, lastensuojelussa toimivien perhetyöammattilaisten ryhmäkeskustelut. Toisena aineistona on projektin ajankohtana ilmestyneistä suomalaisista naisten- ja perhelehdistä (Kotiliesi, Anna, Kaksplus) kerätyt äitien haastattelut. Tutkimuksessa kysytään 1) Mihin ammattilaisten äitejä koskeva huolipuhe kiinnittyy ja millaisia kulttuurisia äitiyden odotuksia se konstruoi? 2) Millaisia äitiyden odotuksia median äitihaastattelut konstruoivat? 3) Millaisen äitiyden odotushorisontin nämä puhekäytännöt yhdessä tuottavat? Analyysin teoreettis-metodologisina kulmakivinä ovat sosiaalinen konstruktionismi ja feministinen tietokäsitys. Analyysimenetelmänä on laadullinen, aineistojen ehdoilla etenevä, feministisesti ja kriittisesti sävyttynyt lukutapa, joka hyödyntää teemoittelun, diskurssianalyysin ja feministisen metodologian ideoita ja käsitteitä. Analysoitavana olevissa keskusteluissa äitiyttä konstruoidaan lapsen tarpeiden (ammattilaiset) ja naisen tarpeiden (media) näkökulmista. Ammattilaiset puhuvat tilanteista, joissa äitien toiminta rikkoo kulttuurista hyvän äidin kuvaa, vaarantaa lapsen hyvinvointia ja äitiyteen joudutaan puuttumaan ammatillisesti. Ammattilaisten tulkinnat kuvaavat taitavaa lapsen edun näkökulmasta tehtyä arviointia, jonka kiintopisteenä ovat äidit yksilöllisine ominaisuuksineen ja piirteineen. Ammatillisen huolipuheen keskiössä ovat äidin vuorovaikutussuhteet sekä äidin tunteet, käyttäytyminen ja asenteet. Riittävää äitiyttä konstruoi kodin luominen, kiintymyssuhteen rakentaminen ja lapsen ensisijaiseksi asettaminen. Sen sijaan vaikuttaa siltä, ettei äitiyden arviointia juurikaan tehdä suhteessa äidin muihin identiteetteihin tai äitiyden toteuttamisen kontekstiin. Paikoin ammattilaisten tulkinnat heijastavat myös stereotyyppisiä ja idealistisia odotuksia, joita vasten äitiyttä arvioidaan. Tällaiset piirteet voivat kertoa siitä, että äitien avuntarpeet jäävät lastensuojelutyössä kohtaamatta ja ymmärtämättä. Mediapuhe äitiydestä käydään naiseuden ja äitiyden mallien antamisen kontekstissa. Puheen keskiössä ovat mediajulkisuuteen päässeiden naisten äidiksi tuloon ja äitiyden toteuttamiseen liittyvät valinnat ja käyttäytyminen. Mediapuhe on puhetta kulttuuristen ja ammatillisten äitiyden odotusten rikkomisesta, uudelleen tulkinnasta ja niiden muovaamisesta itselle sopiviksi. Mediapuheessa hyvää äitiyttä konstruoi äidin itsenäisyys ja oma aika, sosiaalisen elämän rikkaus, ammatillinen identiteetti ja persoonalliset valinnat. Aineistojen kautta rakentuu moninaisten ja ristiriitaisten, äitejä eri suuntaan vetävien kulttuuristen odotusten kirjo. Odotukset jäsentyvät neljälle ulottuvuudelle: 1) lapselle omistautuva – itseään toteuttava, 2) emotionaalinen side – rationaalinen tehtävä, 3) odotuksia toteuttava – omaehtoinen, 4) itsenäinen - äitiyttä jakava. Äitiyden toteuttaminen kulttuurisesti ”oikein” on näiden odotusten välissä tasapainoilua. Ulottuvuuksien kautta esille tulevat kaksoisviestit voivat heikentää äitien itsetuntoa, tuottaa riittämättömyyden tunteita tai yllyttää suorittamaan äitiyttä. Myös äitiyden ammatillinen tukeminen edellyttää tasapainoilua, jottei äitejä idealisoida tai syyllistetä kulttuurisia odotuksia vasten.

Molluscan radiations and landscape evolution in Miocene Amazonia

This PhD study aims to exploit the rich archive provided by the Miocene mollusc fauna of the Pebas Formation and other inland Miocene Amazonian formations to reconstruct landscape evolution and biotic development in lowland Amazonia during the Neogene. Over 160 samples from more than 70 Pebas Formation outcrops mostly collected by the author were processed for this study. Additional samples were collected in Andean areas of Colombia and Venezuela and further material from other northwestern South American basins was studied in museums. Pebas Formation samples and well log data made available by Occidental Peru from three wells in the Marañon Basin in Peru were also investigated. During this study four genera and 74 species from the Pebas Formation have been described and a further 13 species have been introduced in open nomenclature, and several species were reported for the first time. The number of mollusc species attributed to the Pebas fauna has increased from around 50 to 156. The Pebas fauna is characterised as aquatic, endemic and extinct, and is a typical representative of a long-lived lake fauna. Fluvial taxa are not common, (marginal) marine taxa are rare. An additional molluscan fauna from the Miocene Solimões Formation of Brazil, containing 13 fresh water species was also described. The newly documented fauna was used to improve biostratigraphic framework of Miocene Amazonian deposits. Twelve mollusc zones were introduced, the upper eleven of which cover a time interval of approximately seven million years covered previously by only three pollen zones. An age model calculated for the borehole data indicates that the Pebas Formation was deposited between c. 24 and 11 Ma. The areal distribution of the outcropping mollusc zones uncovered a broad dome structure, termed here the Iquitos-Araracuara anteclise in the study area. The structure appears to have influenced river courses and also contributed to edaphic heterogeneity that may have been in part responsible for the current high biodiversity in the study area. The Pebas system was a huge system (> one million km2) dominated by relatively shallow lakes, but also containing swamps and rivers. The system was fed by rivers draining the emergent Andes in the west and lowlands and cratons to the east. The Pebas system was located at sea level and was open to marine settings through a northern portal running through the Llanos Basin and East Venezuela Basin towards the Caribbean. Cyclical baselevel changes possibly related to Mylankhovitch cycles, have been documented in depositional sequences of the Pebas Formation. The composition of the Pebasian mollusc fauna implies that the system was mostly a fresh water system. Such an interpretation is matched by strontium isotope ratios as well as very negative δ18O ratios found in the shells, but is at odds with oligohaline and mesohaline ichnofacies found in the same strata. The mollusc fauna of the Pebas Formation diversified through most of the existence of the lake system. The diversification was mostly the result of in-situ cladogenesis. The success of some of the Pebasian endemic clades is explained by adaptation to fresh water, low oxygen, common unconsolidated lake bottoms (soup grounds) as well as high predation intensity. Maximum diversity was reached at the base of the late Middle to early Late Miocene Grimsdalea pollen zone, some 13 Ma. At the time some 85 species co-occurred, 67 of which are considered as Pebasian endemics. A subsequent drop in species richness coincides with indications of elevated salinities, although a causal relation still needs to be established. Apparently the Pebas fauna went (almost) entirely extinct with the replacement of the lake system into a fluvio-tidal system during the Early Late Miocene, some 11 Ma.

PK-YRITYKSET INNOVAATTOREINA : Satunnaisista parannuksista kohti innovaatioiden virtaa. Yhteenveto tutkimusraportista, 3/2009

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, minkälaisia innovaatioita eri toimialojen pienissä yrityksissä on kehitetty ja minkälaisia kyvykkyyksiä se on edellyttänyt. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka suotuisana ympäristönä yritykset kokivat oman alueensa ja miten alueiden kehittämistyö on vaikuttanut yritysten kykyyn kilpailla. Teoreettiset oletukset perustuvat aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin innovaatiojohtamisen, yrittäjyyden ja pk-yritysten liiketoiminnan kehittämisen alueilta. Empiirinen aineisto on kerätty sähköpostikyselyllä tuottaen 733 kriteerit täyttävää vastausta. Kyselytutkimusta edelsi neljän alueen tapaustutkimus, jonka aikana luotiin teoreettinen rakennelma pienten yritysten innovaatiokyvykkyyden arvioimiseksi. Tämän tutkimuksen aineisto ei tue yleistä väitettä, jonka mukaan innovaatiotoiminta olisi harvinaisempaa tai vähäisempää kooltaan pienemmissä yrityksissä. Kokoa enemmän näyttäisi vaikuttavan innovaatiotoiminnan luonne ja siihen kytkeytyvä kyvykkyys. Yritysten innovaatio-toiminnan luonteen ja laajuuden perusteella tuloksista nousee neljä erilaista innovaattoriprofiilia: satunnainen parantaja, jatkuva parantaja, radikaali uudistaja ja monipuolinen kehittäjä. Innovaatiokyvykkyyttä tutkittiin seitsemän eri osatekijän suhteen. Eri profiilit omaavien yritysten kyvykkyyden tasot erosivat toisistaan merkittävästi. Tulokset vahvistavat käsityksiä siitä, että yksittäisen kyvykkyystekijän sijaan kyvykkyyskombinaatio vaikuttaa enemmän innovatiotoiminnan monipuolisuuteen. Innovaatiotoiminnan lisääntyessä ja monipuolistuessa, yritysten kyvykkyys-vaatimukset kasvavat kaikkien osatekijöiden suhteen. Yritykset ovat tiedostaneet innovaatio-kyvykkyyden kehittämisen tarpeet. Kyvykkyys on ajuri, jonka kyydissä pienet ja suuret innovaatiot syntyvät. Tämä tutkimus suosittelee, että innovaatiokyvykkyyden kehittäminen nostetaan näkyväm-mäksi tavoitteeksi. Pienissä yrityksissä luontevin tapa vahvistaa kyvykkyyksiä on integroida se yrityksen kehittämistoimintaan johtaen itse itseään ruokkivaksi prosessiksi. Haasteelliset kehittämis-tavoitteet edellyttävät monipuolista kyvykkyyksien vahvistamista ja vahvistuneet kyvykkyydet mahdollistavat entistä haastavampien kehittämistavoitteiden asettamisen. Parhaimmillaan tämä prosessi johtaa pienelle yritykselle soveltuvaan onnistumisen spiraaliin, joka samanaikaisesti kiihdyttää sekä kyvykkyyksien että innovaatioiden kehittämistä - tuotoksena jatkuva ja monipuolinen innovaatioiden virta. Tulokset vahvistavat ensimmäisessa vaiheessa toteutetun tapaustutkimuksen havaintoja siitä, että alueiden kehittämistyöstä hyötyvät yritykset, joiden kyvykkyystekijät ovat entuudestaan korkeaa tasoa. Pitkälle tuotteistetut julkiset palvelut soveltuvat parhaiten suuremmille yrityksille, joissa kehittämistoiminta on projektoitu ja kehittämistyö tehdään erillisten resurssien turvin. Sitä vastoin, valtaosassa pieniä yrityksiä kehittämistyö tapahtuu tavanomaisen liiketoiminnan ohessa ja samoilla resursseilla. Alueet tarjoavat varsin runsaasti luonteeltaan epäjatkuvia palveluja kohdistuen yksittäisten kyvykkyystekijöiden parantamiseen tai prosessin yksittäiseen vaiheeseen, usein innovaatioprosessin alkupäähän radikaalin innovaation kehittämiseksi. Tämän kyselyn tulokset suosittelevat myös toista reittiä: vahvistetaan ensin yritysten innovaatiokyvykkyyttä jatkuvaan pieniä askelia ottavaan innovaatiotoimintaan, josta matka jatkuu radikaalien uudistusten kautta moni-puoliseksi kehittämiseksi.

Virtuaalisuus esimiesviestinnässä

Pro gradu tutkielman tavoitteena on kuvata virtuaalisten viestintätyökalujen käyttöä osana esimiesviestintää. Erityisesti työssä käsitellään esimiesviestintää tehostavia keinoja sekä kriteereitä, joiden mukaan virtuaalinen viestintätyökalu voidaan valita eri viestintätilannetta kohden. Tarkoituksena oli myös empiirisen tutkimuksen avulla kartoittaa suomalaisten esimiesten virtuaalisten viestintätyökalujen käyttöä osana heidän esimiestyötään. Tutkielman empiiristä osiota varten haastateltiin kymmentä esimiestä eri yrityksistä ja toimi-aloilta. Tutkimuksen analyysi tehtiin käyttäen kvalitatiivisia tutkimusmenetelmiä. Virtuaaliset viestintätyökalut nähtiin erittäin tärkeäksi osaksi esimiesten arkipäiväisiä toimia. Niiden valinnassa käytettiin erilaisia kriteereitä, joista tärkeimmät perustuivat rationaaliseen valintaan. Erilaisia esimiesviestinnällisiä keinoja viestinnän tehostamiseksi käytettiin vähän. Tutkimuksen perusteella voitiin myös tehdä johtopäätös, että virtuaalisten viestintätyökalujen luokittelussa oli ristiriitoja haastateltavien kokemuksiin peilattuna.

Fish colonization of artificial reefs in a large Neotropical reservoir: material type and successional changes

Artificial reefs have barely been used in Neotropical reservoirs (about five studies in three reservoirs), despite their potential as a fishery management tool to create new habitats and also to understand fish ecology. We experimentally assessed how reef material (ceramic, concrete, and PVC) and time modulated fish colonization of artificial reefs deployed in Itaipu Reservoir, a large reservoir of the mainstem Parana´ River, Brazil. Fish richness, abundance, and biomass were significantly greater in the reef treatments than at control sites. Among the experimental reefs, ceramic followed by the concrete treatments were the materials most effectively colonized, harboring the majority of the 13 fish species recorded. Although dependent on material type, many of the regularities of ecological successions were also observed in the artificial reefs, including decelerating increases in species richness, abundance, mean individual size, and species loss rates with time and decelerating decreases of species gain and turnover rates. Species composition also varied with material type and time, together with suites of life history traits: more equilibrium species (i.e., fishes of intermediate size that often exhibit parental care and produce fewer but larger offspring) of the Winemiller-Rose model of fish life histories prevailed in later successional stages. Overall, our study suggests that experimental reefs are a promising tool to understand ecological succession of fish assemblages, particularly in tropical ecosystems given their high species richness and low seasonality

Predictors of psychiatric hospitalization during 6 months of maintenance treatment with olanzapine long-acting injection: post hoc analysis of a randomized, double-blind study.

BACKGROUND: Hospitalization is a costly and distressing event associated with relapse during schizophrenia treatment. No information is available on the predictors of psychiatric hospitalization during maintenance treatment with olanzapine long-acting injection (olanzapine-LAI) or how the risk of hospitalization differs between olanzapine-LAI and oral olanzapine. This study aimed to identify the predictors of psychiatric hospitalization during maintenance treatment with olanzapine-LAI and assessed four parameters: hospitalization prevalence, incidence rate, duration, and the time to first hospitalization. Olanzapine-LAI was also compared with a sub-therapeutic dose of olanzapine-LAI and with oral olanzapine. METHODS: This was a post hoc exploratory analysis of data from a randomized, double-blind study comparing the safety and efficacy of olanzapine-LAI (pooled active depot groups: 405 mg/4 weeks, 300 mg/2 weeks, and 150 mg/2 weeks) with oral olanzapine and sub-therapeutic olanzapine-LAI (45 mg/4 weeks) during 6 months' maintenance treatment of clinically stable schizophrenia outpatients (n=1064). The four psychiatric hospitalization parameters were analyzed for each treatment group. Within the olanzapine-LAI group, patients with and without hospitalization were compared on baseline characteristics. Logistic regression and Cox's proportional hazards models were used to identify the best predictors of hospitalization. Comparisons between the treatment groups employed descriptive statistics, the Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox's proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Psychiatric hospitalization was best predicted by suicide threats in the 12 months before baseline and by prior hospitalization. Compared with sub-therapeutic olanzapine-LAI, olanzapine-LAI was associated with a significantly lower hospitalization rate (5.2% versus 11.1%, p < 0.01), a lower mean number of hospitalizations (0.1 versus 0.2, p = 0.01), a shorter mean duration of hospitalization (1.5 days versus 2.9 days, p < 0.01), and a similar median time to first hospitalization (35 versus 60 days, p = 0.48). Olanzapine-LAI did not differ significantly from oral olanzapine on the studied hospitalization parameters. CONCLUSIONS: In clinically stable schizophrenia outpatients receiving olanzapine-LAI maintenance treatment, psychiatric hospitalization was best predicted by a history of suicide threats and prior psychiatric hospitalization. Olanzapine-LAI was associated with a significantly lower incidence of psychiatric hospitalization and shorter duration of hospitalization compared with sub-therapeutic olanzapine-LAI. Olanzapine-LAI did not differ significantly from oral olanzapine on hospitalization parameters.

Effects of Temperature, Salinity and Fish in Structuring the Macroinvertebrate Community in Shallow Lakes: Implications for Effects of Climate Change

Climate warming may lead to changes in the trophic structure and diversity of shallow lakes as a combined effect of increased temperature and salinity and likely increased strength of trophic interactions. We investigated the potential effects of temperature, salinity and fish on the plant-associated macroinvertebrate community by introducing artificial plants in eight comparable shallow brackish lakes located in two climatic regions of contrasting temperature: cold-temperate and Mediterranean. In both regions, lakes covered a salinity gradient from freshwater to oligohaline waters. We undertook day and night-time sampling of macroinvertebrates associated with the artificial plants and fish and free-swimming macroinvertebrate predators within artificial plants and in pelagic areas. Our results showed marked differences in the trophic structure between cold and warm shallow lakes. Plant-associated macroinvertebrates and free-swimming macroinvertebrate predators were more abundant and the communities richer in species in the cold compared to the warm climate, most probably as a result of differences in fish predation pressure. Submerged plants in warm brackish lakes did not seem to counteract the effect of fish predation on macroinvertebrates to the same extent as in temperate freshwater lakes, since small fish were abundant and tended to aggregate within the macrophytes. The richness and abundance of most plant-associated macroinvertebrate taxa decreased with salinity. Despite the lower densities of plant-associated macroinvertebrates in the Mediterranean lakes, periphyton biomass was lower than in cold temperate systems, a fact that was mainly attributed to grazing and disturbance by fish. Our results suggest that, if the current process of warming entails higher chances of shallow lakes becoming warmer and more saline, climatic change may result in a decrease in macroinvertebrate species richness and abundance in shallow lakes

Crustacean and aquatic insect assemblages in the Mediterranean coastal ecosystems of Empord`a wetlands (NE Iberian peninsula)

Coastal wetlands are characterized by high biodiversity, which is one of the main criteria considered when establishing protection policies or when proposing adequate management actions. In this study, the crustacean and aquatic insect composition of the Empord`a wetlands is described. These two faunal groups contribute highly to the total biodiversity in these wetlands but are seldom considered when managing natural areas. A selection (84 sampling points) of all water body types present in the Empord`a wetlands were sampled monthly (surber and dip net with a 250 μm mesh). Sampling was carried out during 3 surveys (1991-92, 1996-97 and 1999-2000). A rich fauna of 125 crustacean and 295 aquatic insect taxa was identified. We characterized each water body type using the most abundant species and the relative species richness of the taxonomic groups. A classification of the water body types, according to similarity between inventories, groups the brackish and hyperhaline systems in one cluster and the various freshwater systems in another one. Among freshwater systems, lotic waters and freshwater wetlands have a high similarity, whereas rice fields and freshwater springs have a low similarity

Comparing Methods of Evaluating the Spread of Argentine Ants in Natural Habitats: Pitfall Traps vs. Baiting

Two methods of trapping Argentine ants in natural habitats are compared. both methods are used on the boundaries of an invaded area with the goal of assessing the spread of the invasion front. Pitfall surveys take longer to obtain results than bait surveys, but bait surveys are only a “snapshot” of the moment, with less chance of detecting Argentine ant workers. significant differences are found between the methods in terms of the number of traps occupied by Argentine ants, native ants or a combination of both. Differences in the richness of native ant species are found as well, showing that pitfall surveys are necessary to assess such richness. Despite this, no differences in the assessment of spread are found between the methods. bait surveys are an easier and faster method to assess the spread of Argentine ants, spread being one of the most important characteristics of biological invasions

Numerical Dominance of the Argentine Ant vs Native Ants and Consequences on Soil Resource Searching in Mediterranean Cork-Oak Forests (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

This study is focused on the dominance exerted by the invasive Argentine ant over native ants in a coastal Mediterranean area. Theimpact of this invasive ant on native ant assemblages and its consequences on total ant biomass and on the intensity of habitat explorationwere evaluated. Foraging ants were observed and their trajectories recorded during 5-minute periods in two study zones, one invaded andthe other non-invaded. Ant species detected, ant worker abundance, ant biomass and the intensity of soil surface searching done by antswere compared between the two zones. The Argentine ant invasion provoked a drastic reduction of the ant species richness. Apparentlyonly one native ant species is able to coexist with the Argentine ant, the cryptic Plagiolepis pygmaea. Ant worker abundance was also modified after the invasion: the number of Argentine ant workers detected, which represented 92% of the invaded zone, was two times higher than the number of native ant workers detected in the non-invaded zone. The total ant biomass was inversely affected, becoming four times lower in the invaded zone highly dominated by Linepithema humile. The higher number of Argentine ant workers and their fast tempo of activity implied an alteration of the intensity of soil surface searching: scanning by the Argentine ants in the invaded zone was higher than that done by the native ants in the non-invaded zone, and the estimated time for a complete soil surface scan was 64 minutes in the invaded zone and 108 minutes in the non-invaded zone. Consequently, resources will be discovered faster by ants in the invaded zone than in the non-invaded zone. The increase of the mean temperature and the decrease of the relative humidity from May to August reduced the ant activity in the two study zones but this reduction was greater in the invaded zone

Reduction of the Ant Mandible Gap Range After Biotic Homogenization Caused by an Ant Invasion (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

After most of the native ant species are displaced by the Argentine ant invasion, it is probable that some ecological processes carried out by natives are not replaced. In some cases this could be due to a morphological difference between the Argentine ant and the displaced native ants. The significant decrease in ant richness after the invasion (only two species detected in the invaded zones vs. 25 species in surrounding non-invaded zones) implies a drastic reduction in the ant mandible gap range (the mandible gap spectra of all the ant species in a community) in the invaded zones. This reduction could explain why some roles that were previously carried out by the displaced native species are not performed by the invasive species. This could be due to a functional inability to carry out these activities. The mandible gap waspositively correlated with the ant body mass in the 26 ant species considered. The functional inability hypothesis could be applied to other invasive ants as well as to the Argentine ant

Random walk radiosity with generalized absorption probabilities

The author studies random walk estimators for radiosity with generalized absorption probabilities. That is, a path will either die or survive on a patch according to an arbitrary probability. The estimators studied so far, the infinite path length estimator and finite path length one, can be considered as particular cases. Practical applications of the random walks with generalized probabilities are given. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the variance is given, together with heuristics to be used in practical cases. The optimal probabilities are also found for the case when one is interested in the whole scene, and are equal to the reflectivities

Indirect likelihood inference (revised)

Standard indirect Inference (II) estimators take a given finite-dimensional statistic, Z_{n} , and then estimate the parameters by matching the sample statistic with the model-implied population moment. We here propose a novel estimation method that utilizes all available information contained in the distribution of Z_{n} , not just its first moment. This is done by computing the likelihood of Z_{n}, and then estimating the parameters by either maximizing the likelihood or computing the posterior mean for a given prior of the parameters. These are referred to as the maximum indirect likelihood (MIL) and Bayesian Indirect Likelihood (BIL) estimators, respectively. We show that the IL estimators are first-order equivalent to the corresponding moment-based II estimator that employs the optimal weighting matrix. However, due to higher-order features of Z_{n} , the IL estimators are higher order efficient relative to the standard II estimator. The likelihood of Z_{n} will in general be unknown and so simulated versions of IL estimators are developed. Monte Carlo results for a structural auction model and a DSGE model show that the proposed estimators indeed have attractive finite sample properties.

Can salvage logging affect seed dispersal by birds into burned forests?

The recovery of vegetation in Mediterranean ecosystems after wildfire is mostly a result of direct regeneration, since the same species existing before the fire regenerate on-site by seeding or resprouting. However, the possibility of plant colonization by dispersal of seeds from unburned areas remains poorly studied. We addressed the role of the frugivorous, bird-dependent seed dispersal (seed rain) of fleshy-fruited plants in a burned and managed forest in the second winter after a fire, before on-site fruit production had begun. We also assessed the effect on seed rain of different microhabitats resulting from salvage logging (erosion barriers, standing snags, open areas), as well as the microhabitats of unlogged patches and an unburned control forest, taking account of the importance of perches as seed rain sites. We found considerable seed rain by birds in the burned area. Seeds, mostly from Olive trees Olea europaea and Evergreen pistaches Pistacia lentiscus, belonged to plants fruiting only in surrounding unburned areas. Seed rain was heterogeneous, and depended on microhabitat, with the highest seed density in the unburned control forest but closely followed by the wood piles of erosion barriers. In contrast, very low densities were found under perches of standing snags. Furthermore, frugivorous bird richness seemed to be higher in the erosion barriers than elsewhere. Our results highlight the importance of this specific post-fire management in bird-dependent seed rain and also may suggest a consequent heterogeneous distribution of fleshy-fruited plants in burned and managed areas. However, there needs to be more study of the establishment success of dispersed seeds before an accurate assessment can be made of the role of bird-mediated seed dispersal in post-fire regeneration

Effects of the sewage pollution in the structure and dynamics of the community of Cystoseira mediterranea (Fucales, Phaeophyceae)

We performed a study on the specific composition, structure, and dynamics of two Cystoseira mediterranea communities from the north-western Mediterranean submitted to different degrees of pollution. The structural complexity (species richness, specific distribution, and species and pattern diversity) and biomass production were lower in the polluted site. In this station, opportunistic algae (mainly Ulva rigida) loomed, and Mesophyllum lichenoides and some encrusting brown algae increased their cover. Other species (Jania rubens, and some Ceramiales) decreased their abundance when compared with the polluted site