Riemannian Submersions with Discrete Spectrum

We prove some estimates on the spectrum of the Laplacian of the total space of a Riemannian submersion in terms of the spectrum of the Laplacian of the base and the geometry of the fibers. When the fibers of the submersions are compact and minimal, we prove that the spectrum of the Laplacian of the total space is discrete if and only if the spectrum of the Laplacian of the base is discrete. When the fibers are not minimal, we prove a discreteness criterion for the total space in terms of the relative growth of the mean curvature of the fibers and the mean curvature of the geodesic spheres in the base. We discuss in particular the case of warped products.

On the Hilbert transform in the framework of generalized functions

In this paper, a definition of the Hilbert transform operating on Colombeau's temperated generalized functions is given. Similar results to some theorems that hold in the classical theory, or in certain subspaces of Schwartz distributions, have been obtained in this framework.

Levy stable distributions via associated integral transform

We present a method of generation of exact and explicit forms of one-sided, heavy-tailed Levy stable probability distributions g(alpha)(x), 0 <= x < infinity, 0 < alpha < 1. We demonstrate that the knowledge of one such a distribution g a ( x) suffices to obtain exactly g(alpha)p ( x), p = 2, 3, .... Similarly, from known g(alpha)(x) and g(beta)(x), 0 < alpha, beta < 1, we obtain g(alpha beta)( x). The method is based on the construction of the integral operator, called Levy transform, which implements the above operations. For a rational, alpha = l/k with l < k, we reproduce in this manner many of the recently obtained exact results for g(l/k)(x). This approach can be also recast as an application of the Efros theorem for generalized Laplace convolutions. It relies solely on efficient definite integration. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4709443]

Two structurally discrete GH7-cellobiohydrolases compete for the same cellulosic substrate fiber

Background: Cellulose consisting of arrays of linear beta-1,4 linked glucans, is the most abundant carbon-containing polymer present in biomass. Recalcitrance of crystalline cellulose towards enzymatic degradation is widely reported and is the result of intra-and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds within and among the linear glucans. Cellobiohydrolases are enzymes that attack crystalline cellulose. Here we report on two forms of glycosyl hydrolase family 7 cellobiohydrolases common to all Aspergillii that attack Avicel, cotton cellulose and other forms of crystalline cellulose. Results: Cellobiohydrolases Cbh1 and CelD have similar catalytic domains but only Cbh1 contains a carbohydrate-binding domain (CBD) that binds to cellulose. Structural superpositioning of Cbh1 and CelD on the Talaromyces emersonii Cel7A 3-dimensional structure, identifies the typical tunnel-like catalytic active site while Cbh1 shows an additional loop that partially obstructs the substrate-fitting channel. CelD does not have a CBD and shows a four amino acid residue deletion on the tunnel-obstructing loop providing a continuous opening in the absence of a CBD. Cbh1 and CelD are catalytically functional and while specific activity against Avicel is 7.7 and 0.5 U. mg prot-1, respectively specific activity on pNPC is virtually identical. Cbh1 is slightly more stable to thermal inactivation compared to CelD and is much less sensitive to glucose inhibition suggesting that an open tunnel configuration, or absence of a CBD, alters the way the catalytic domain interacts with the substrate. Cbh1 and CelD enzyme mixtures on crystalline cellulosic substrates show a strong combinatorial effort response for mixtures where Cbh1 is present in 2: 1 or 4: 1 molar excess. When CelD was overrepresented the combinatorial effort could only be partially overcome. CelD appears to bind and hydrolyze only loose cellulosic chains while Cbh1 is capable of opening new cellulosic substrate molecules away from the cellulosic fiber. Conclusion: Cellobiohydrolases both with and without a CBD occur in most fungal genomes where both enzymes are secreted, and likely participate in cellulose degradation. The fact that only Cbh1 binds to the substrate and in combination with CelD exhibits strong synergy only when Cbh1 is present in excess, suggests that Cbh1 unties enough chains from cellulose fibers, thus enabling processive access of CelD.

How far is C-0(Gamma, X) with Gamma discrete from C-0(K, X) spaces?

For a locally compact Hausdorff space K and a Banach space X we denote by C-0(K, X) the space of X-valued continuous functions on K which vanish at infinity, provided with the supremum norm. Let n be a positive integer, Gamma an infinite set with the discrete topology, and X a Banach space having non-trivial cotype. We first prove that if the nth derived set of K is not empty, then the Banach-Mazur distance between C-0(Gamma, X) and C-0(K, X) is greater than or equal to 2n + 1. We also show that the Banach-Mazur distance between C-0(N, X) and C([1, omega(n)k], X) is exactly 2n + 1, for any positive integers n and k. These results extend and provide a vector-valued version of some 1970 Cambern theorems, concerning the cases where n = 1 and X is the scalar field.

A modified Primal-Dual Logarithmic-Barrier Method for solving the Optimal Power Flow problem with discrete and continuous control variables

The aim of solving the Optimal Power Flow problem is to determine the optimal state of an electric power transmission system, that is, the voltage magnitude and phase angles and the tap ratios of the transformers that optimize the performance of a given system, while satisfying its physical and operating constraints. The Optimal Power Flow problem is modeled as a large-scale mixed-discrete nonlinear programming problem. This paper proposes a method for handling the discrete variables of the Optimal Power Flow problem. A penalty function is presented. Due to the inclusion of the penalty function into the objective function, a sequence of nonlinear programming problems with only continuous variables is obtained and the solutions of these problems converge to a solution of the mixed problem. The obtained nonlinear programming problems are solved by a Primal-Dual Logarithmic-Barrier Method. Numerical tests using the IEEE 14, 30, 118 and 300-Bus test systems indicate that the method is efficient. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of dental tissue conditioners and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors on type I collagen microstructure analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical interaction of collagen with some substances usually applied in dental treatments to increase the durability of adhesive restorations to dentin. Initially, the similarity between human dentin collagen and type I collagen obtained from commercial bovine membranes of Achilles deep tendon was compared by the Attenuated Total Reflectance technique of Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Finally, the effects of application of 35% phosphoric acid, 0.1M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2% chlorhexidine, and 6.5% proanthocyanidin solution on microstructure of collagen and in the integrity of its triple helix were also evaluated by ATR-FTIR. It was observed that the commercial type I collagen can be used as an efficient substitute for demineralized human dentin in studies that use spectroscopy analysis. The 35% phosphoric acid significantly altered the organic content of amides, proline and hydroxyproline of type I collagen. The surface treatment with 0.1M EDTA, 2% chlorhexidine, or 6.5% proanthocyanidin did not promote deleterious structural changes to the collagen triple helix. The application of 6.5% proanthocyanidin on collagen promoted hydrogen bond formation. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.

Self-similarities of periodic structures for a discrete model of a two-gene system

We report self-similar properties of periodic structures remarkably organized in the two-parameter space for a two-gene system, described by two-dimensional symmetric map. The map consists of difference equations derived from the chemical reactions for gene expression and regulation. We characterize the system by using Lyapunov exponents and isoperiodic diagrams identifying periodic windows, denominated Arnold tongues and shrimp-shaped structures. Period-adding sequences are observed for both periodic windows. We also identify Fibonacci-type series and Golden ratio for Arnold tongues, and period multiple-of-three windows for shrimps. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Optimal mean-variance control for discrete-time linear systems with Markovian jumps and multiplicative noises

In this paper, we consider the stochastic optimal control problem of discrete-time linear systems subject to Markov jumps and multiplicative noises under two criteria. The first one is an unconstrained mean-variance trade-off performance criterion along the time, and the second one is a minimum variance criterion along the time with constraints on the expected output. We present explicit conditions for the existence of an optimal control strategy for the problems, generalizing previous results in the literature. We conclude the paper by presenting a numerical example of a multi-period portfolio selection problem with regime switching in which it is desired to minimize the sum of the variances of the portfolio along the time under the restriction of keeping the expected value of the portfolio greater than some minimum values specified by the investor. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

On the optical properties of copper nanocubes as a function of the edge length as modeled by the discrete dipole approximation

This Letter reports an investigation on the optical properties of copper nanocubes as a function of size as modeled by the discrete dipole approximation. In the far-field, our results showed that the extinction resonances shifted from 595 to 670 nm as the size increased from 20 to 100 nm. Also, the highest optical efficiencies for absorption and scattering were obtained for nanocubes that were 60 and 100 nm in size, respectively. In the near-field, the electric-field amplitudes were investigated considering 514, 633 and 785 nm as the excitation wavelengths. The E-fields increased with size, being the highest at 633 nm. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Neural coding tools, based on Information Theory, applied to discrete time series: from electrophysiology to neuroethology

This work is supported by Brazilian agencies Fapesp, CAPES and CNPq

Variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (VFC), en deportistas, durante la aplicación de cargas incrementales y estables de diferentes intensidades: un análisis tiempo-frecuencia (Wavelet) : tesis doctoral

Programa de doctorado: Salud, Actividad Física y Rendimiento Deportivo

Meditación Zen y fenómenos de sincronización y resonancia en el sistema cardiorespiratorio. Análisis Wavelet

[ES] El interés científico en la meditación ha crecido significativamente en las últimas décadas. La meditación es, tal vez, la práctica más adecuada para investigar las propiedades intrínsecas del Sistema nervioso autónomo (SNA), dado que conlleva un estado de total inmovilidad física y de cierto aislamiento del exterior (interiorización). En meditación, ya que no hay movimiento físico, el patrón respiratorio es ajustado según el proceso mental. Así, la modulación que ejerce la respiración sobre la frecuencia cardiaca está relacionada a la cualidad y al enfoque de la atención en la práctica. De los resultados obtenidos en nuestra investigación, podemos concluir que hay patrones específicos de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (VFC) que parecen reflejar fases o etapas en la práctica. Así, sujetos con una experiencia en meditación similar tienden a mostrar patrones análogos de variabilidad cardiaca. A medida que se progresa en la práctica meditativa, los diferentes sistemas oscilantes tienden a interaccionar entre ellos, hasta culminar con la aparición de un efecto resonante que establece un ?nuevo orden? en el sistema. Este proceso parece reflejar cambios graduales en la actividad del SNA para alcanzar un "modo de funcionamiento de bajo coste", donde los diversos mecanismos oscilatorios que intervienen en el control de la circulación sanguínea operan a la misma frecuencia. El fenómeno de resonancia implica un ?modo de funcionamiento de bajo coste? que probablemente favorece la práctica de la meditación. Así, este estado de ?orden? (aunque no sin variabilidad) podría ser considerado un atractor, al cual el sistema tiende a evolucionar cuando se haya alcanzado un nivel avanzado de mindfulness. El concepto de atractor, procedente de las modernas teorías que tratan con la dinámica de sistemas complejos no-lineales, parece mostrarse útil para describir de manera heurística el comportamiento del sistema en estados meditativos profundos. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis apoyan y complementan otros trabajos anteriores, además se añade la idea de una adaptación fisiológica gradual a la práctica de la meditación mindfulness, caracterizada por cambios específicos en la regulación autonómica de la VFC en las diferentes etapas de la práctica. Para el análisis de las series fisiológicas, de carácter fuertemente no lineal, se han implementado técnicas basadas en el análisis Wavelet y Dinámica Simbólica.

Le funzioni wavelet nelle applicazioni scientifiche

Le wavelet sono una nuova famiglia di funzioni matematiche che permettono di decomporre una data funzione nelle sue diverse componenti in frequenza. Esse combinano le proprietà dell’ortogonalità, il supporto compatto, la localizzazione in tempo e frequenza e algoritmi veloci. Sono considerate, perciò, uno strumento versatile sia per il contenuto matematico, sia per le applicazioni. Nell’ultimo decennio si sono diffuse e imposte come uno degli strumenti migliori nell’analisi dei segnali, a fianco, o addirittura come sostitute, dei metodi di Fourier. Si parte dalla nascita di esse (1807) attribuita a J. Fourier, si considera la wavelet di A. Haar (1909) per poi incentrare l’attenzione sugli anni ’80, in cui J. Morlet e A. Grossmann definiscono compiutamente le wavelet nel campo della fisica quantistica. Altri matematici e scienziati, nel corso del Novecento, danno il loro contributo a questo tipo di funzioni matematiche. Tra tutti emerge il lavoro (1987) della matematica e fisica belga, I. Daubechies, che propone le wavelet a supporto compatto, considerate la pietra miliare delle applicazioni wavelet moderne. Dopo una trattazione matematica delle wavalet, dei relativi algoritmi e del confronto con il metodo di Fourier, si passano in rassegna le principali applicazioni di esse nei vari campi: compressione delle impronte digitali, compressione delle immagini, medicina, finanza, astonomia, ecc. . . . Si riserva maggiore attenzione ed approfondimento alle applicazioni delle wavelet in campo sonoro, relativamente alla compressione audio, alla rimozione del rumore e alle tecniche di rappresentazione del segnale. In conclusione si accenna ai possibili sviluppi e impieghi delle wavelet nel futuro.